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A1 verb #1,500 よく出る 6分で読める

نوشیدن

nooshidan 上位1,500

At the A1 level, the verb نوشیدن (nushidan) is introduced as a fundamental vocabulary item for daily routines and basic needs. Beginners learn to conjugate it in the simple present tense to express their habits or immediate desires regarding beverages. You will learn the core structure: subject + liquid + verb. For example, 'Man ab minusham' (I drink water) or 'U chay minushad' (He/she drinks tea). At this stage, the focus is on memorizing the present stem (نوش - nush) and attaching the correct personal endings (-am, -i, -ad, -im, -id, -and). While learners are taught that 'khordan' is used in street Persian, 'nushidan' is essential for reading basic texts, menus, and formal instructions. It is a regular verb, making it highly predictable and easy for beginners to master without worrying about irregular stem changes. Practice at this level involves simple affirmative and negative sentences, such as 'Man qahve neminusham' (I do not drink coffee).

As learners progress to the A2 level, the focus shifts to past events and more complex daily narratives. You will learn to form the simple past tense using the past stem نوشید (nushid). Sentences become more descriptive, incorporating time markers and locations. For example, 'Diruz dar kafe qahve nushidam' (Yesterday I drank coffee in the cafe). The concept of the continuous past (past imperfect) is also introduced, using the prefix 'mi-' with the past stem: 'Man har ruz shir minushidam' (I used to drink milk every day). At this stage, learners are expected to confidently ask questions using the verb, such as 'Aya shoma chay nushidid?' (Did you drink tea?). The vocabulary surrounding the verb expands to include various types of drinks like juice (abmive), herbal tea (damnoosh), and soft drinks (nushabe). Understanding the imperative form (benush / nanush) is also crucial for giving basic advice or instructions, such as 'Ab-e garm benush' (Drink warm water).

At the B1 level, learners begin to use نوشیدن in future tenses, conditional sentences, and subjunctive moods. The future tense is formed using the auxiliary verb 'khastan' (to want): 'Man farda chay khaham nushid' (I will drink tea tomorrow). The subjunctive mood becomes vital for expressing desires, obligations, or possibilities: 'Bayad ab benusham' (I must drink water) or 'Momken ast qahve benushad' (He might drink coffee). B1 learners also start to encounter the verb in more authentic, slightly formal contexts, such as reading news articles about health (e.g., the benefits of drinking green tea) or formal invitations. The distinction between 'nushidan' and 'khordan' becomes a conscious choice based on the social register. You will practice using the verb in subordinate clauses and complex sentences, enhancing your ability to narrate stories and express opinions about dietary habits and cultural practices surrounding tea and coffee in Iran.

Reaching the B2 level means you are comfortable with the literal uses of نوشیدن and are ready to explore its figurative and idiomatic applications. In Persian, 'drinking' is often used metaphorically to describe experiencing intense emotions or enduring hardships. For instance, the phrase 'zahr nushidan' (to drink poison) can refer to accepting a bitter reality or making a painful compromise, famously used in modern Iranian political history. You will also encounter the passive voice: 'Chay nushide shod' (The tea was drunk). At this level, your reading comprehension of contemporary literature, journalistic texts, and formal essays will significantly improve, as 'nushidan' frequently appears in these mediums. You will learn to appreciate the stylistic elegance of choosing 'nushidan' over 'khordan' in writing, and you will be able to discuss complex topics like the cultural significance of the 'Qahve-khane' (coffeehouse) and the rituals of tea drinking in Persian society.

At the C1 level, the mastery of نوشیدن involves a deep dive into classical Persian literature, poetry, and advanced rhetorical devices. You will frequently encounter the root 'nush' in compound words and poetic expressions. In the works of Hafez, Rumi, and Saadi, the act of drinking (often wine, 'mey' or 'sharab') is a profound metaphor for spiritual intoxication, divine love, and the pursuit of truth. You will analyze texts where 'nushidan' is used to convey the absorption of wisdom or the fleeting nature of life (as seen in Khayyam's Rubaiyat). The vocabulary expands to include sophisticated derivatives like 'nushdaroo' (a mythical panacea or an antidote that arrives too late, from the story of Rostam and Sohrab). At this stage, your spoken and written Persian should seamlessly integrate these cultural and literary nuances, allowing you to use the verb not just for physical hydration, but to articulate complex philosophical and emotional states.

At the C2 level, your understanding and application of نوشیدن are indistinguishable from that of a highly educated native speaker. You possess a comprehensive grasp of its etymological roots, tracing it back to Middle Persian, and you understand its evolution in both form and meaning. You can effortlessly navigate the subtle semantic shifts of the verb across different historical periods of Persian literature. In academic writing, philosophical discourse, or high-level literary critique, you employ 'nushidan' and its derivatives to construct elegant, persuasive arguments. You are fully aware of the sociolinguistic implications of using this verb in various registers, effortlessly switching between the colloquial 'khordan', the formal 'nushidan', and the archaic 'ashamidan' depending on the exact rhetorical effect you wish to achieve. Your command of the language allows you to invent your own poetic metaphors using the concept of 'nush', contributing to the rich, ongoing tradition of Persian literary expression.

練習する例文メモとヒント

نوشیدن 30秒で

The formal Persian verb for drinking liquids.
Conjugates regularly: present stem 'nush', past stem 'nushid'.
Often replaced by 'khordan' (to eat) in casual, everyday speech.
Root word 'nush' means sweet nectar or elixir in classical poetry.

The Persian verb نوشیدن (nushidan) is the formal and standard equivalent of the English verb 'to drink'. It refers specifically to the act of consuming liquids, such as water, tea, coffee, or juice. While in colloquial Persian, the verb خوردن (khordan), which primarily means 'to eat', is frequently used for both eating and drinking (e.g., آب خوردن - to drink water), نوشیدن remains the precise, elegant, and grammatically accurate term for liquids. Understanding the distinction between these two verbs is a fundamental milestone for learners of Persian, marking the transition from basic street-level communication to a more refined and literate command of the language.

Literal Meaning: The physical act of swallowing a liquid for hydration, nourishment, or pleasure.

من هر روز صبح یک لیوان شیر می‌نوشم.

Beyond its literal application, the root of this verb, نوش (nush), carries profound historical and literary weight. In classical Persian literature, 'nush' translates to a sweet drink, nectar, or even the elixir of life, often contrasted with نیش (nish), meaning a sting or poison.

Figurative Meaning: To absorb, experience deeply, or partake in something abstract, such as drinking the wine of love in Sufi poetry.

او جام زهر را نوشید.

The word is also part of the beautiful Persian phrase نوش جان (nush-e jan), which is said before or after a meal, meaning 'may it be sweet to your soul' (similar to bon appétit).

Etymology: Derived from Middle Persian 'nōšīdan', rooted in Old Persian and Avestan concepts of immortality and sweet nectar.

بیمار باید مایعات زیاد بنوشد.

ما در کافه قهوه نوشیدیم.

آیا مایلید چای بنوشید؟

By mastering this verb, you unlock a vast array of vocabulary, including words like نوشیدنی (beverage), نوشدارو (panacea), and دمنوش (herbal tea), all of which are central to Persian culture and daily life.

Using نوشیدن correctly requires an understanding of Persian verb conjugation and the distinction between formal and informal registers. As a regular verb, its conjugation follows standard rules without unpredictable stem changes. The infinitive is نوشیدن (nushidan). To form the past stem, we simply remove the final 'an', resulting in نوشید (nushid). To form the present stem, we look at the root, which is نوش (nush).

Present Tense: Formed by adding the prefix 'mi-' + present stem 'nush' + personal endings. Example: می‌نوشم (I drink).

او هر شب قبل از خواب آب می‌نوشد.

Past Tense: Formed by using the past stem 'nushid' + personal endings. Example: نوشیدم (I drank).

دیروز در مهمانی شربت نوشیدیم.

Imperative Mood: Formed with the prefix 'be-' + present stem. Example: بنوش (Drink!).

لطفاً این داروی تلخ را بنوشید.

از آن آب آلوده ننیوشید.

فردا با هم چای خواهیم نوشید.

The verb is strictly transitive, meaning it requires a direct object. You must specify what is being drunk, whether it is آب (water), چای (tea), قهوه (coffee), or شراب (wine). In passive constructions, it becomes نوشیده شدن (to be drunk), as in 'The tea was drunk' (چای نوشیده شد). Understanding these structures allows for sophisticated sentence building in both written and spoken Persian.

The verb نوشیدن is encountered in a variety of contexts, ranging from everyday formal situations to the highest echelons of Persian literature. While you might not hear it shouted across a bustling bazaar where 'khordan' reigns supreme, it is omnipresent in polite society, media, and written texts.

In Cafes and Restaurants: Menus often feature the category 'نوشیدنی‌ها' (Beverages). Waiters might politely ask what you would like to drink using this verb.

چه چیزی میل دارید بنوشید؟

In Literature and Poetry: Persian poetry, especially the works of Hafez, Rumi, and Omar Khayyam, is replete with references to drinking wine (mey or sharab) as a metaphor for divine love or spiritual intoxication.

بیا تا گل برافشانیم و می در ساغر اندازیم (Though a different verb here, the context of 'nush' is implied).

شراب عشق را باید نوشید.

In Health and Medicine: Doctors and health articles frequently use this verb when advising patients on hydration or taking liquid medication.

روزانه هشت لیوان آب بنوشید.

این دمنوش را گرم بنوشید.

Whether you are reading a classic ghazal, listening to the news, or receiving instructions from a physician, 'nushidan' is the undisputed king of liquid consumption in formal Persian.

When learning the verb نوشیدن, students often encounter a few specific pitfalls, mostly related to register (formality) and direct translation from English or other languages.

Overusing it in Casual Speech: The most common mistake is using 'nushidan' in highly informal settings. Saying 'Man ab minusham' to a close friend sounds unnaturally stiff, like saying 'I shall consume hydration' instead of 'I am drinking water'.

Incorrect (casual): من دارم آب می‌نوشم. Correct (casual): من دارم آب می‌خورم.

Using it for Soup: In some languages, you 'drink' soup. In Persian, you absolutely 'eat' soup (سوپ خوردن). Using 'nushidan' for soup is a glaring error.

Incorrect: سوپ را نوشیدم. Correct: سوپ را خوردم.

Confusing with Ashamidan: While 'ashamidan' also means to drink, it is even more archaic and formal than 'nushidan'. It is mostly seen on public signs (آب آشامیدنی - drinking water) rather than used as an active verb in speech.

این آب برای نوشیدن مناسب نیست.

او به جای چای، قهوه نوشید.

ما نباید نوشابه‌های گازدار بنوشیم.

By avoiding these common traps, your Persian will sound much more natural and contextually appropriate.

The Persian language is rich in synonyms, each carrying its own specific nuance, register, and historical context. When it comes to the concept of drinking, several verbs orbit around نوشیدن.

خوردن (Khordan): The most common alternative. While literally meaning 'to eat', it is the universal colloquial verb for drinking. 'Ab khordan' is what every Iranian says daily.

بیا آب بخوریم (Instead of بنوشیم).

آشامیدن (Ashamidan): A highly formal and somewhat archaic synonym. You will rarely hear this spoken, but you will see it in the adjective form 'ashamidani' (drinkable) on water bottles.

آب آشامیدنی در اینجا موجود است.

میل کردن (Meyl Kardan): A polite, deferential verb meaning 'to partake' or 'to have an appetite for'. It is used for both eating and drinking when addressing someone respectfully.

بفرمایید چای میل کنید.

من دوست دارم قهوه بنوشم.

آنها شربت خنک نوشیدند.

Understanding these subtle differences allows you to navigate Persian social situations with grace, knowing exactly when to use the formal 'nushidan', the casual 'khordan', or the respectful 'meyl kardan'.

How Formal Is It?

フォーマル

カジュアル

難易度

知っておくべき文法

レベル別の例文

من آب می‌نوشم.

I drink water.

Simple present tense: mi + nush + am.

او چای می‌نوشد.

He/she drinks tea.

Third person singular present.

ما شیر می‌نوشیم.

We drink milk.

First person plural present.

شما قهوه می‌نوشید.

You drink coffee.

Second person plural/formal present.

آنها آبمیوه می‌نوشند.

They drink juice.

Third person plural present.

من قهوه نمی‌نوشم.

I do not drink coffee.

Negative present tense: ne + mi + nush + am.

آیا تو چای می‌نوشی؟

Do you drink tea?

Interrogative simple present.

برادرم هر روز شیر می‌نوشد.

My brother drinks milk every day.

Using time adverbs with present tense.

دیروز یک لیوان آب نوشیدم.

Yesterday I drank a glass of water.

Simple past tense: nushid + am.

او صبحانه چای نوشید.

He drank tea for breakfast.

Simple past, third person singular.

ما در کافه قهوه نوشیدیم.

We drank coffee in the cafe.

Past tense with location.

شما دیشب چه نوشیدید؟

What did you drink last night?

Interrogative past tense.

آنها آب خنک نوشیدند.

They drank cold water.

Using adjectives with the object.

من قبلاً زیاد نوشابه می‌نوشیدم.

I used to drink a lot of soda.

Past continuous/habitual: mi + nushid + am.

لطفاً این آب را بنوش.

Please drink this water.

Imperative singular: be + nush.

از این بطری ننوشید.

Do not drink from this bottle.

Negative imperative plural: na + nushid.

من فردا با دوستانم چای خواهم نوشید.

I will drink tea with my friends tomorrow.

Future tense: khaham + nushid.

باید روزی هشت لیوان آب بنوشم.

I must drink eight glasses of water a day.

Subjunctive after 'bayad': be + nush + am.

شاید او امشب قهوه بنوشد.

He might drink coffee tonight.

Subjunctive after 'shayad'.

دوست دارم یک فنجان چای سبز بنوشم.

I would like to drink a cup of green tea.

Subjunctive after 'doost daram'.

اگر تشنه هستی، آب بنوش.

If you are thirsty, drink water.

Conditional sentence type 1.

پزشک گفت که مایعات گرم بنوشم.

The doctor said that I should drink warm liquids.

Reported speech with subjunctive.

وقتی رسیدیم، آنها در حال نوشیدن چای بودند.

When we arrived, they were drinking tea.

Past continuous using 'dar hal-e'.

نوشیدن آب برای سلامتی مفید است.

Drinking water is good for health.

Using the infinitive as a verbal noun (gerund).

او جام زهر را نوشید و تسلیم شد.

He drank the cup of poison and surrendered.

Figurative use of the verb.

چای در این مراسم با آداب خاصی نوشیده می‌شود.

Tea is drunk with special etiquette in this ceremony.

Passive voice present tense.

تمام قهوه‌ها تا قبل از ظهر نوشیده شد.

All the coffees were drunk before noon.

Passive voice past tense.

ای کاش دیروز آن داروی تلخ را می‌نوشیدم.

I wish I had drunk that bitter medicine yesterday.

Unreal past conditional/wish.

به محض اینکه آب را نوشید، حالش بهتر شد.

As soon as he drank the water, he felt better.

Time clause with 'be mahz-e inke'.

او ترجیح می‌دهد به جای چای، دمنوش گیاهی بنوشد.

She prefers to drink herbal tea instead of black tea.

Complex sentence with 'tarjih midahad'.

نوشیدن بیش از حد قهوه باعث بی‌خوابی می‌شود.

Drinking too much coffee causes insomnia.

Infinitive as subject with modifiers.

آنها در حال نوشیدن به سلامتی یکدیگر بودند.

They were drinking to each other's health.

Idiomatic expression 'nushidan be salamati'.

شاعر از نوشیدن می ناب در اشعارش سخن می‌گوید.

The poet speaks of drinking pure wine in his poems.

Literary context, verbal noun.

نوشدارو پس از مرگ سهراب دیگر سودی ندارد.

The panacea (healing drink) is of no use after Sohrab's death.

Use of the derivative 'nushdaroo'.

او با نوشیدن جرعه‌ای از آن آب، گویی جان تازه‌ای گرفت.

By drinking a sip of that water, it was as if he got a new life.

Advanced adverbial phrase of manner.

در ادبیات عرفانی، نوشیدن شراب نماد درک حقایق الهی است.

In mystical literature, drinking wine is a symbol of understanding divine truths.

Academic/literary analysis sentence.

هرگز گمان نمی‌کردم روزی مجبور به نوشیدن چنین شوکرانی شوم.

I never thought I would one day be forced to drink such hemlock.

Highly figurative, advanced vocabulary (shokaran).

آب حیات را در تاریکی می‌نوشند، چنانکه خضر نوشید.

The water of life is drunk in darkness, just as Khidr drank it.

Allusion to Islamic/Persian mythology.

عطش او برای یادگیری با خواندن هیچ کتابی فرو نمی‌نشست، گویی تشنه‌ای بود که آب شور می‌نوشید.

His thirst for learning was not quenched by reading any book, as if he were a thirsty man drinking salt water.

Complex simile and metaphor.

سنت نوشیدن چای در ایران ریشه‌های عمیق تاریخی و اجتماعی دارد.

The tradition of drinking tea in Iran has deep historical and social roots.

Formal academic statement.

مفهوم «نوش» و «نیش» در تقابل با یکدیگر، شالوده بسیاری از تمثیل‌های اخلاقی سعدی را می‌سازند.

The concept of 'nectar' (nush) and 'sting' (nish) in opposition to each other form the foundation of many of Saadi's moral allegories.

Philosophical analysis of the root word.

رند شیرازی با نوشیدن جام تجلی، از قید تعلقات دنیوی رها می‌گردد.

The rogue of Shiraz (Hafez), by drinking the cup of manifestation, is freed from the bonds of worldly attachments.

Deep literary critique using Sufi terminology.

نوشیدن زهر شکست در آن برهه تاریخی، تنها راه حفظ تمامیت ارضی کشور بود.

Drinking the poison of defeat at that historical juncture was the only way to preserve the country's territorial integrity.

Advanced political/historical metaphor.

در متون کهن، فعل آشامیدن بسامد بیشتری نسبت به نوشیدن داشته است.

In ancient texts, the verb 'ashamidan' had a higher frequency than 'nushidan'.

Linguistic and philological analysis.

او چنان محو تماشای زیبایی طبیعت شده بود که گویی عصاره هستی را می‌نوشید.

He was so absorbed in watching the beauty of nature that it was as if he were drinking the essence of existence.

Highly poetic and evocative prose.

تجربه زیسته او نشان داد که گاهی باید تلخی حقیقت را لاجرعه نوشید.

His lived experience showed that sometimes one must drink the bitterness of truth in one gulp.

Use of advanced adverbs (lajor'e).

استعاره نوشیدن نور در اشعار سهراب سپهری، نشانگر پیوند عمیق او با عرفان شرقی است.

The metaphor of drinking light in Sohrab Sepehri's poems indicates his deep connection with Eastern mysticism.

Literary criticism of modern poetry.

آنان که باده یقین نوشیده‌اند، از طوفان شک و تردید هراسی ندارند.

Those who have drunk the wine of certainty have no fear of the storm of doubt.

Classical philosophical aphorism.

よく使う組み合わせ

آب نوشیدن

چای نوشیدن

قهوه نوشیدن

شراب نوشیدن

دارو نوشیدن

نوشیدن مایعات

نوشیدن جرعه‌ای

در حال نوشیدن

لذت نوشیدن

نوشیدن زهر

よく使うフレーズ

نوش جان

نوشیدنی خنک

نوشیدنی گرم

آب آشامیدنی

نوشیدن به سلامتی

نوشدارو پس از مرگ سهراب

جرعه جرعه نوشیدن

یک نفس نوشیدن

نوشیدن چای عصرانه

نوشیدن قهوه تلخ

よく混同される語

نوشیدن vs خوردن

نوشیدن vs آشامیدن

نوشیدن vs مکیدن

慣用句と表現

間違えやすい

نوشیدن vs

文型パターン

使い方

note

While 'nushidan' is the correct verb for drinking, do not use it for eating soup. Soup is always 'eaten' (khordan) in Persian.

よくある間違い

Using 'nushidan' for soup.
Using 'nushidan' in very casual street slang.
Confusing the present stem 'nush' with 'nevis' (write).
Forgetting that it is a transitive verb and needs an object.
Using 'meyl kardan' for oneself instead of 'nushidan'.

ヒント

Regular Conjugation

Rejoice! 'Nushidan' is a regular verb. Once you know the present stem (nush) and past stem (nushid), you can easily form all tenses without worrying about exceptions.

Colloquial Shortcut

If you are struggling to remember 'nushidan' in a fast-paced conversation with friends, just use 'khordan'. Everyone will understand you perfectly.

Tea Time

Tea (chay) is central to Iranian life. Learning the verbs associated with it, like 'nushidan' and 'dam kardan' (to brew), will greatly enhance your cultural fluency.

Spotting the Root

Look out for the root 'nush' in other words. If you see it, the word likely has something to do with drinking, sweetness, or beverages.

Offering Drinks

Never use 'meyl kardan' for yourself. Say 'Man chay minusham' (I drink tea), but ask 'Shoma chay meyl darid?' (Would you like tea?).

Poetic Metaphors

When reading Hafez or Rumi, remember that 'drinking wine' is almost always a metaphor for spiritual enlightenment, not literal alcohol consumption.

Don't Confuse with Write

Be careful not to confuse نوشیدن (nushidan - to drink) with نوشتن (neveshtan - to write). They look somewhat similar to beginners but have completely different stems.

Medical Contexts

Doctors will always use 'nushidan' when giving advice. 'Ab-e faravan benushid' means 'drink plenty of water'.

Stress the Ending

In the present tense, the stress falls on the personal ending. Say 'mi-nu-SHAM', not 'MI-nu-sham'.

Academic Elegance

Using 'nushidan' instead of 'khordan' in your Persian essays will immediately elevate the tone and make your writing sound more sophisticated.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Imagine a 'NEW SHIELD' (nu-shid) made of ice that you melt and DRINK.

語源

Middle Persian

文化的な背景

The concept of 'nush' (nectar/sweet drink) is often contrasted with 'nish' (sting/poison) in classical literature to represent the dualities of life.

Tea is served at almost every social gathering in Iran. While people say 'chay khordan' casually, formal invitations will use 'nushidan' or 'meyl kardan'.

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

会話のきっかけ

"دوست داری چه چیزی بنوشی؟"

"معمولاً صبح‌ها قهوه می‌نوشی یا چای؟"

"آیا تا به حال دمنوش گل گاوزبان نوشیده‌ای؟"

"بهترین نوشیدنی برای فصل تابستان چیست؟"

"چرا در ایران اینقدر چای می‌نوشند؟"

日記のテーマ

درباره نوشیدنی مورد علاقه خود بنویسید.

تفاوت نوشیدن چای در فرهنگ شما و فرهنگ ایرانی چیست؟

خاطره‌ای از نوشیدن یک قهوه عالی در یک کافه بنویسید.

چرا شاعران ایرانی از استعاره نوشیدن شراب استفاده می‌کنند؟

اهمیت نوشیدن آب برای سلامتی را توضیح دهید.

よくある質問

10 問

No, in Persian, you 'eat' soup. You must use the verb خوردن (khordan) for soup. Using 'nushidan' for soup sounds very unnatural to a native speaker. 'Nushidan' is strictly for pure liquids like water, tea, or juice.

'Nushidan' specifically means to drink and is used in formal, written, or polite contexts. 'Khordan' primarily means to eat, but in everyday colloquial Persian, it is used for both eating and drinking. If you are talking to a friend, you say 'ab mikhoram', but in a book, it is written 'ab minushad'.

Yes, it is completely regular. The infinitive is نوشیدن. You drop the 'an' to get the past stem (نوشید) and the present stem is simply نوش. There are no irregular changes to memorize.

'Nush-e jan' translates literally to 'may it be sweet to your soul'. It is the Persian equivalent of 'bon appétit'. You say it to someone who is about to eat or drink, or after they have finished. It shares the same root 'nush'.

The word for beverage is نوشیدنی (nushidani). It is derived directly from the verb 'nushidan' by adding the suffix '-i', which turns the infinitive into a noun meaning 'something that can be drunk'.

You will rarely, if ever, need to speak the verb 'ashamidan'. It is highly formal and mostly archaic. However, you will see its adjective form 'ashamidani' on signs, such as 'ab-e ashamidani' (drinking water). Stick to 'nushidan' for formal speech.

To be very polite, you can use the verb میل کردن (meyl kardan). For example, 'Chay meyl darid?' (Would you like tea?) or 'Befarmayid chay meyl konid' (Please, have some tea). 'Nushidan' is also polite, but 'meyl kardan' is the standard for hospitality.

'Damnoosh' (دمنوش) is the Persian word for herbal tea. It combines 'dam' (from dam kardan, to brew/steep) and 'noosh' (from nushidan, to drink). It literally means a brewed drink.

Yes, extensively. In literature and poetry, it is used to describe absorbing wisdom, experiencing divine love (drinking wine), or enduring hardship (drinking poison). It is a very versatile verb in Persian arts.

To tell someone not to drink something, you replace the affirmative prefix 'be-' with the negative prefix 'na-'. So, 'benush' (drink) becomes 'nanush' (do not drink). For formal plural, 'benushid' becomes 'nanushid'.