ولیکن 30秒で
- A formal conjunction meaning 'but' or 'however'.
- Used primarily in writing, news, and literature.
- Signals a high-register, sophisticated tone.
- Derived from Arabic 'wa' and 'lakin'.
The Persian word ولیکن (pronounced as 'va-likan') is a sophisticated conjunction used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or modifies what has just been said. While it is often translated simply as 'but' or 'however' in English, its usage is deeply rooted in formal, literary, and classical Persian contexts. In the hierarchy of Persian adversative conjunctions, ولیکن sits at the top of the formality scale, far above the everyday ولی (vali) or the standard اما (ama). It is a compound of the Arabic 'wa' (and) and 'lakin' (but/however), creating a rhythmic and weighted transition that signals to the reader or listener that the upcoming contrast is of significant importance or is being delivered with a certain level of poetic or academic gravity.
- Register
- Formal, Literary, Academic, and Classical. Rarely used in casual spoken conversation except for rhetorical effect.
- Grammatical Function
- Adversative Conjunction used to link two independent clauses or to begin a sentence that contrasts with the previous paragraph.
Historically, ولیکن has been a staple of Persian literature for over a millennium. From the epic verses of the Shahnameh to the mystical ghazals of Hafiz and Rumi, this word provides a rhythmic bridge that allows for complex philosophical shifts. In modern Persian, if you are writing a legal document, a high-level academic thesis, or a formal speech for a diplomatic event, ولیکن is your tool of choice. It implies a 'nevertheless' that carries the weight of history. Using it in a grocery store would sound like reciting a poem while buying milk—it creates a humorous or overly dramatic effect due to its high register.
کوشش بسیار نمودیم، ولیکن تقدیر چنین نبود.
When analyzing the structure of ولیکن, it is important to note that it is often interchangeable with لیکن (likan). The addition of the 'va' (and) prefix is a stylistic choice that often aids the meter in poetry or adds a smoother phonetic transition in prose. In contemporary formal writing, ولیکن is slightly more common than the bare لیکن. It functions as a 'pivot' word. Imagine a scale where you present one fact on the left, and ولیکن acts as the fulcrum that tips the scale toward a contrasting reality on the right. This word demands attention; it tells the audience that the most important part of the sentence is actually what follows it.
او دانشمند بزرگی است، ولیکن در بیان مقصود خود ناتوان است.
In terms of placement, ولیکن usually appears at the beginning of the second clause. Unlike some English adverbs like 'however', which can be moved around (e.g., 'He, however, did not go'), ولیکن is strictly a conjunction that sits between the ideas it connects. It creates a 'hard stop' and a 'new direction'. For learners at the B2 level, mastering this word signifies a transition from 'Basic Functional Persian' to 'Cultured Persian'. It shows you are not just communicating facts, but you are aware of the aesthetic and traditional nuances of the language.
Using ولیکن correctly requires an understanding of sentence balance. Because it is a formal word, the clauses it connects should ideally also maintain a formal or neutral-formal register. Mixing ولیکن with heavy slang or very informal verbal contractions (like 'میرم' instead of 'میروم') creates a linguistic dissonance that can sound awkward. It is the linguistic equivalent of wearing a tuxedo jacket with pajama pants.
- Sentence Pattern 1
- [Clause A: Positive/Neutral Statement] + , + ولیکن + [Clause B: Contrasting Statement]
In this pattern, ولیکن acts as the bridge. It is often preceded by a comma in modern punctuation, though in classical texts, punctuation was largely absent. The strength of the contrast provided by ولیکن is often more absolute than that of 'اما'. For example, if you say 'I wanted to come but I was tired' using ولیکن, it implies a more significant or formal barrier than if you used 'ولی'.
ظاهر امر ساده مینماید، ولیکن در باطن پیچیدگیهای بسیار دارد.
Another common use is in philosophical or ethical arguments. Writers use ولیکن to acknowledge a common truth before introducing a deeper, often more critical insight. This is very common in the works of 20th-century Iranian intellectuals and essayists. It allows the writer to show respect to an existing idea while firmly pivoting to their own perspective.
When translating from English, think of ولیکن as the best fit for 'nevertheless', 'nonetheless', or 'yet' in a literary context. If the English 'but' is being used to mean 'on the contrary' in a high-stakes debate, ولیکن is the Persian equivalent. It is also worth noting that in older texts, you might see ولیک (valik) without the 'an' ending, which is a poetic variation used to fit specific poetic meters (aruz).
او ثروت زیادی اندوخت، ولیکن هرگز طعم خوشبختی را نچشید.
Finally, consider the phonetic flow. The 'v' followed by the long 'a' and the 'l' creates a liquid transition. In public speaking (khotabeh), speakers often elongate the first syllable of ولیکن to create suspense before delivering the contrasting clause. This rhetorical use is a key feature of Persian oratory. Understanding the 'feel' of the word is just as important as knowing its dictionary definition.
If you walk down the streets of Tehran or Shiraz, you likely won't hear ولیکن in a conversation about the price of bread or the traffic. However, the moment you turn on the news, step into a university lecture hall, or open a classic book, the word appears everywhere. It is a 'prestige' word. It belongs to the world of the ketabi (bookish) language.
- News and Media
- In formal broadcasts, news anchors use 'ولیکن' to transition between conflicting reports or to provide a 'but' that sounds objective and authoritative.
In the realm of Persian cinema, particularly in historical dramas or films that depict the lives of the upper class or intellectuals, ولیکن is used to establish character. A character who uses ولیکن instead of ولی is immediately identified as being educated, traditional, or perhaps a bit pretentious. It is a social marker. In the famous TV series 'Hezardastan', which is known for its exquisite use of formal Persian, this word is a frequent guest in the dialogue of the elite characters.
دولت وعدههای بسیاری داد، ولیکن مردم هنوز منتظر تغییر هستند.
Religious sermons and philosophical discourses are another major 'home' for ولیکن. Because it is derived from Arabic components, it resonates with the clerical and theological style of Persian. When a speaker is discussing the nuances of morality or the intricacies of the soul, ولیکن provides the necessary weight for such heavy topics. It sounds 'eternal' compared to the 'temporary' feel of everyday words.
In the digital age, you might see ولیکن in long-form Facebook posts or Persian blogs (which are still quite popular for intellectual sharing). When an author wants to distance themselves from the 'fast and cheap' nature of social media communication, they often revert to a more classical style, employing words like ولیکن to signal that their post is a serious essay, not just a passing thought. It is a way of saying, 'Read this slowly; it matters.'
تکنولوژی زندگی را آسان کرده، ولیکن آرامش را از انسان ربوده است.
Lastly, in legal contracts and official government correspondence, ولیکن is used to define exceptions. 'The party of the first part shall fulfill the duties, *however* (ولیکن), if a natural disaster occurs...' This usage ensures there is no ambiguity about the formal nature of the exception being made. If you are preparing for the Persian proficiency exam (SAMFA) or working in a professional Persian-speaking environment, recognizing this word in these contexts is crucial.
The most common mistake learners make with ولیکن is misjudging the register. Because it is one of the first 'formal' words learners encounter, there is a temptation to use it everywhere to sound 'smarter'. However, using ولیکن in a casual text message to a friend about meeting for coffee is a linguistic mismatch. It feels like wearing a ball gown to a gym.
- Register Mismatch
- Mistake: Using 'ولیکن' in colloquial speech. Correction: Use 'ولی' or 'اما' for everyday situations.
Another frequent error is the redundant use of 'اما' and 'ولیکن' together. Since both mean 'but', you should never say 'اما ولیکن'. This is a tautology (saying the same thing twice) and is considered poor style. While you might see 'و لیکن' (with a space) in very old manuscripts, in modern Persian, it is written as one word ولیکن, and adding another 'but' before it is unnecessary.
❌ من گرسنه هستم اما ولیکن وقت ندارم غذا بخورم.
✅ من گرسنه هستم ولیکن وقت ندارم غذا بخورم.
Pronunciation can also be a pitfall. Some learners confuse the 'v' sound with a 'w' sound. In Persian, the 'و' in ولیکن is a labiodental fricative (like English 'v'), not a labio-velar approximant (like English 'w'). Pronouncing it as 'wa-likan' (like the Arabic original) is acceptable in a religious or very classical context, but in standard modern Persian, 'va-likan' is the standard.
Placement errors are less common because ولیکن naturally falls between clauses, but some learners try to use it as a standalone sentence starter without a previous context. In English, you can start a paragraph with 'But...'. In formal Persian, starting a paragraph with ولیکن requires that the previous paragraph has set up a premise that you are now contrasting. If used as the very first word of a whole document, it makes no sense.
او به مدرسه رفت. ولیکن درس نخواند.
Finally, learners sometimes confuse ولیکن with لیکن. While they are essentially the same, ولیکن is more common in prose. Using لیکن in a modern essay might feel slightly archaic or overly 'poetic' even for a formal register. Stick to ولیکن unless you are intentionally trying to sound like a 13th-century mystic.
Persian is rich with ways to say 'but'. Choosing the right one depends entirely on the context and the 'strength' of the contrast you want to convey. ولیکن is just one tool in a large toolkit.
- ولی (Vali)
- The most common, everyday version of 'but'. Use this in conversation, text messages, and casual emails.
- اما (Ama)
- Standard and neutral. It works in both spoken and written Persian. It is slightly more 'solid' than 'ولی' but less formal than 'ولیکن'.
- لیکن (Likan)
- The twin of 'ولیکن'. It is slightly more archaic. You'll find it more in classical poetry than in modern newspapers.
If you want to say 'however' in a way that emphasizes the 'despite this' aspect, you should use با این حال (ba in hal) or با این وجود (ba in vojud). These are multi-word phrases that function like 'nevertheless'. They are very common in academic writing and formal debate, often appearing at the start of a sentence followed by a comma.
هوا سرد بود؛ با این حال، او به پیادهروی رفت.
Another interesting alternative is منتهی (montaha). This is often used in spoken Persian when you are adding a 'catch' or a small condition to a statement. For example: 'I'll come, *but* (منتهی) I can only stay for an hour.' It has a slightly different flavor than ولیکن, focusing more on the limitation or the 'end point' of the previous statement.
For a very strong contrast, similar to 'on the contrary', you can use بلکه (balke). This is used when you are correcting a negative statement. 'He is not just a teacher, *but rather* (بلکه) a mentor.' This is a specific type of 'but' that ولیکن cannot replace. Understanding these distinctions is the key to achieving B2 and C1 levels of proficiency.
او نه تنها نیامد، بلکه تماسی هم نگرفت.
In summary, use ولی for your friends, اما for your boss, and ولیکن for your dissertation or your book of poetry. By choosing the right 'but', you tell your audience exactly what kind of conversation you are having.
豆知識
In classical Persian poetry, this word is often shortened to 'ولیک' (valik) to fit the 'Aruz' meter. Poets like Rumi used it to create a dramatic pause before a spiritual revelation.
発音ガイド
- Pronouncing the first letter as 'w' (wa-likan) which sounds too Arabic.
- Stressing the first syllable (VÁ-likan).
- Using a soft 'k' sound like 'ch'.
- Shortening the 'i' sound to 'ih' (valikan).
- Adding an extra 'e' sound at the end (valikane).
レベル別の例文
من سیب دوست دارم ولیکن پرتقال نه.
I like apples but not oranges.
Basic contrast between two nouns.
هوا گرم است ولیکن خوب است.
The weather is hot but it is good.
Connecting two adjectives.
او آمد ولیکن زود رفت.
He came but he left early.
Connecting two short verbs.
کتاب بزرگ است ولیکن سبک است.
The book is big but it is light.
Contrast of physical properties.
غذا خوشمزه است ولیکن تند است.
The food is delicious but it is spicy.
Adjective contrast.
من تهرانی هستم ولیکن در شیراز زندگی میکنم.
I am from Tehran but I live in Shiraz.
Contrast of origin and residence.
اسم او را میدانم ولیکن او را ندیدهام.
I know his name but I haven't seen him.
Contrast of knowledge vs experience.
چای داغ است ولیکن قند ندارد.
The tea is hot but it has no sugar.
Simple negative contrast.
او درس خواند ولیکن در امتحان موفق نشد.
He studied but he didn't succeed in the exam.
Contrast of effort and result.
خانه قدیمی است ولیکن بسیار زیباست.
The house is old but it is very beautiful.
Formal adjective contrast.
او پول دارد ولیکن خوشحال نیست.
He has money but he is not happy.
Thematic contrast.
سفر طولانی بود ولیکن خستهکننده نبود.
The trip was long but it wasn't tiring.
Negative adjective contrast.
این موبایل گران است ولیکن کیفیت خوبی دارد.
This mobile is expensive but it has good quality.
Commercial contrast.
او فارسی صحبت میکند ولیکن نمیتواند بنویسد.
He speaks Persian but he cannot write.
Contrast of skills.
ما به رستوران رفتیم ولیکن جا نبود.
We went to the restaurant but there was no room.
Situational contrast.
فیلم شروع شد ولیکن او هنوز نیامده بود.
The movie started but he hadn't come yet.
Temporal contrast.
او تمام تلاش خود را کرد، ولیکن نتیجه مطلوب حاصل نشد.
He did his best, but the desired result was not obtained.
Formal result clause.
این روش علمی است، ولیکن اجرای آن دشوار مینماید.
This method is scientific, but its implementation seems difficult.
Academic contrast.
او در خانوادهای ثروتمند بزرگ شد، ولیکن همیشه ساده زیست.
He grew up in a wealthy family, but he always lived simply.
Biographical contrast.
پروژه به اتمام رسید، ولیکن هزینههای آن بیش از حد انتظار بود.
The project finished, but its costs were beyond expectation.
Business contrast.
او با نظر من موافق بود، ولیکن ترجیح داد سکوت کند.
He agreed with my opinion, but he preferred to remain silent.
Psychological contrast.
کتاب اطلاعات مفیدی دارد، ولیکن زبان آن بسیار پیچیده است.
The book has useful information, but its language is very complex.
Formal critique.
او در ظاهر آرام بود، ولیکن در درون اضطراب داشت.
He was calm on the outside, but he had anxiety inside.
Internal vs external contrast.
جاده برفی بود، ولیکن راننده با احتیاط به مسیر ادامه داد.
The road was snowy, but the driver cautiously continued the path.
Narrative transition.
نظریه او نوآورانه است، ولیکن شواهد کافی برای اثبات آن وجود ندارد.
His theory is innovative, but there isn't enough evidence to prove it.
Scientific argumentation.
دولت سیاستهای جدیدی وضع کرد، ولیکن تاثیر آنها هنوز مشهود نیست.
The government enacted new policies, but their impact is not yet visible.
Political analysis.
او نویسندهای چیرهدست است، ولیکن آثارش در میان توده مردم محبوبیت ندارد.
He is a skillful writer, but his works are not popular among the masses.
Literary contrast.
تکنولوژی زندگی را سرعت بخشیده، ولیکن عمق روابط انسانی را کاسته است.
Technology has sped up life, but it has diminished the depth of human relations.
Sociological observation.
او به تمام تعهدات خود عمل کرد، ولیکن طرف مقابل به وعدهاش پایبند نماند.
He fulfilled all his obligations, but the other party did not stay committed to their promise.
Legal/Ethical contrast.
این دارو موثر است، ولیکن عوارض جانبی بسیاری به همراه دارد.
This medicine is effective, but it brings many side effects.
Medical context.
او در سخنرانی خود به نکات مهمی اشاره کرد، ولیکن از بیان جزئیات خودداری نمود.
In his speech, he pointed out important points, but he refrained from stating details.
Formal reporting.
اقتصاد کشور در حال رشد است، ولیکن نرخ تورم همچنان نگرانکننده است.
The country's economy is growing, but the inflation rate is still worrying.
Economic report.
حقیقت تلخ است، ولیکن پذیرش آن تنها راه رهایی است.
Truth is bitter, but accepting it is the only way to liberation.
Philosophical maxim.
او در آثار خود از زبانی ثقیل بهره میبرد، ولیکن مفاهیم عمیقی را بیان میکند.
In his works, he utilizes a heavy language, but expresses deep concepts.
Literary criticism.
عدالت آرمانی والا است، ولیکن تحقق آن در جوامع بشری دشوار مینماید.
Justice is a high ideal, but its realization in human societies seems difficult.
Political philosophy.
او به سنتهای دیرین وفادار بود، ولیکن همواره از نوآوری استقبال میکرد.
He was loyal to ancient traditions, but he always welcomed innovation.
Character complexity.
تاریخ تکرار میشود، ولیکن هر بار با چهرهای متفاوت ظاهر میگردد.
History repeats itself, but each time it appears with a different face.
Historiographical insight.
او در میانه میدان نبرد بود، ولیکن روحش در پی آرامش میگشت.
He was in the middle of the battlefield, but his soul was seeking peace.
Poetic narrative.
علم مرزهای دانش را گسترش داده، ولیکن بر مجهولات بشر نیز افزوده است.
Science has expanded the boundaries of knowledge, but it has also added to human unknowns.
Epistemological contrast.
او به مقام والایی دست یافت، ولیکن فروتنی خود را از دست نداد.
He attained a high position, but he did not lose his humility.
Moral contrast.
این جستار به بررسی آرای کانت میپردازد، ولیکن از منظر پدیدارشناسی نیز بدان مینگرد.
This essay examines Kant's views, but also looks at them from a phenomenological perspective.
Advanced academic discourse.
ساختار اثر منسجم است، ولیکن در برخی فصول دچار اطناب ممل گشته است.
The structure of the work is coherent, but in some chapters, it has suffered from tedious prolixity.
Sophisticated literary terminology (itnab-e momel).
او در پی کشف حقیقت مطلق بود، ولیکن به نسبیت معرفت دست یافت.
He was in search of discovering absolute truth, but he reached the relativity of knowledge.
Philosophical paradox.
نثر او به شیوه بیهقی است، ولیکن واژگان معاصر را نیز برمیتابد.
His prose is in the style of Beyhaqi, but it also tolerates contemporary vocabulary.
Stylistic analysis.
قانون باید عام و شمولگرا باشد، ولیکن نباید از مقتضیات زمانه غافل بماند.
Law must be general and inclusive, but it must not remain ignorant of the requirements of the times.
Legal philosophy.
او در بیان مصائب ملت کوشا بود، ولیکن از ورطه شعارزدگی پرهیز میکرد.
He was diligent in expressing the nation's sufferings, but he avoided the abyss of sloganeering.
Intellectual critique.
جهان در حال دگرگونی است، ولیکن برخی اصول اخلاقی لایتغیر مینمایند.
The world is changing, but some moral principles seem immutable.
Metaphysical assertion.
او به کمال مطلوب در هنر دست یافت، ولیکن همواره خود را شاگرد میدانست.
He achieved ideal perfection in art, but he always considered himself a student.
Paradox of mastery.
よく使う組み合わせ
よく使うフレーズ
— A formal way to introduce a crucial point that people might overlook.
ولیکن باید دانست که این تنها نیمی از حقیقت است.
— Used to introduce an opposing viewpoint in a formal debate.
ولیکن از سوی دیگر، منتقدان نظر متفاوتی دارند.
— Meaning 'but in any case' or 'regardless'.
ولیکن به هر تقدیر، ما باید حرکت کنیم.
— Used to show a contrast that leads to a final conclusion.
بحثهای زیادی شد، ولیکن در نهایت به توافق رسیدیم.
— A phrase used to pivot from a myth/belief to a reality.
شایعات زیاد است، ولیکن حقیقت این است که او استعفا داده.
— A formal way to say 'but unfortunately'.
درخواست شما بررسی شد، ولیکن با کمال تاسف پذیرفته نشد.
— Used to add a 'but' that is also a necessary note.
ولیکن لازم به ذکر است که این مهلت تمدید نمیشود.
— Used to introduce a 'but' that goes against what people think.
ولیکن بر خلاف تصور عموم، این گیاه سمی نیست.
— A very formal 'but it is worth mentioning'.
ولیکن شایان ذکر است که این تحقیق ادامه دارد.
— Used to contrast a surface appearance with reality.
او لبخند میزد، ولیکن در واقع بسیار غمگین بود.
慣用句と表現
— Speak little but speak well like a pearl, but (often used to qualify advice).
کم گوی و گزیده گوی چون در، ولیکن در جای خود فریاد هم لازم است.
Literary— His appearance is like an infidel's grave (beautiful outside), but his inside...
ظاهرش چون گور کافر پر ز نقش، ولیکن باطنش تاریک و وحشتناک.
Classical— But what is the use? (A common rhetorical question in literature).
پشیمان شد، ولیکن چه سود؟
Poetic— You came late, O beloved, but... (Famous poetic trope).
دیر آمدی ای نگار، ولیکن خوش آمدی.
Classical Poetry— But let's not ignore the truth/fairness (Used to give credit where it's due).
او اشتباه کرد، ولیکن از حق نگذریم که زحمت هم کشید.
Formal/Neutral— But where is the listening ear? (Meaning: but no one listens).
همه نصیحت میکنند، ولیکن کو گوش شنوا؟
Formal/Idiomatic— But between my moon and the moon of the sky... (Used to show a massive difference).
هر دو زیبایند، ولیکن میان ماه من تا ماه گردون تفاوت بسیار است.
Literary— But alas, the opportunity has passed (the bread fell from the mouth).
فرصت خوبی بود، ولیکن افسوس که نان از دهان افتاد.
Formal/Metaphorical— But a big stone is a sign of not hitting (meaning: big talk but no action).
وعدههای بزرگ داد، ولیکن سنگ بزرگ نشانه نزدن است.
Idiomatic— But whatever happens / regardless of everything...
ولیکن هر چه باشد، او پدر من است.
Standard語族
名詞
関連
暗記しよう
記憶術
Think of 'Vali' (but) and 'Can' (like the English word). 'Vali' + 'Can' = 'Velikan'. Imagine a King saying 'Vali can do it, *however* (velikan) he must be careful.'
視覚的連想
Imagine a bridge that is very old and made of stone (representing formality) connecting two different mountains. The bridge has the word 'ولیکن' carved into it.
語源
Derived from the Arabic compound 'wa' (and) + 'lakinna' (but/however). Over centuries, it was assimilated into Persian, with the Arabic 'lakinna' becoming 'likan' or 'likin' in Persian phonology.
元の意味： And but; and however.
Indo-European (Persian) with Semitic (Arabic) loan components.Summary
Use 'ولیکن' (velikan) when you want to say 'but' in a formal or literary context. It adds weight and elegance to your sentences, showing a high level of Persian proficiency. Example: 'او پیروز شد، ولیکن به سختی' (He won, but with difficulty).
- A formal conjunction meaning 'but' or 'however'.
- Used primarily in writing, news, and literature.
- Signals a high-register, sophisticated tone.
- Derived from Arabic 'wa' and 'lakin'.
関連コンテンツ
関連フレーズ
academicの関連語
اعمال کردن
B2To apply, to implement; to put into operation or effect.
عامل شدن
B2何かの要因や原因になること。
اعتبار علمی
B2大学や研究者の学術的な信頼性や名声のこと。
اعتبار بخشیدن
B2何かを検証する、または公式に承認すること。
اعتبار سنجی کردن
B2妥当性を確認または検証すること。
اعتباربخشی
B2認定とは、個人または機関が特定の基準を満たしていることの公式な認識です。
اعتمادپذیر
B2信頼できる; 頼りになる。
اعتراف کردن
B2告白する、認める。犯罪を犯したり、何か間違ったことをしたりしたことを認めること。 (彼は嘘をついたことを認めなければならない。彼はその犯罪を告白した。)
عضو هیئت علمی
B2A faculty member; a professional academic engaged in teaching and research at a university.
عقلانی
B2合理的；理性や論理に基づいた。
