A1 · 初級 チャプター 3

Daily Life and Abilities

4 トータルルール
44 例文
6 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master your daily routine and express your potential with confidence in Hindi.

  • Describe your daily habits using simple present endings.
  • Express actions happening right now using the continuous form.
  • Communicate your desires and physical abilities using auxiliary verbs.
From daily habits to big dreams: Talk about your life!

学べること

Hey there, motivated learner! Ready for a super practical chapter? In this lesson, you're going to unlock the most important daily conversations. No more worrying about how to talk about yourself and your actions! First off, you'll learn how to talk about your habits. For example,

I drink tea every day.
With the sweet Ta-Te-Ti rule, you can easily speak about the things you do routinely. After that, we'll move on to actions you're doing right now. With Raha Hai, you can say
I am learning Hindi now
or
I am reading a book.
This will be incredibly useful in your conversations! Now, imagine you're in a shop or a restaurant and you want something. How do you say I want this? Here, chāhnā comes to your aid to express your wishes and desires in Hindi. And if you want to say
I can do this
or
I know how to speak Hindi,
saknā is your savior! This way, you'll talk about your abilities and gain a lot of confidence. Don't worry, we'll go step-by-step with real-life examples. You'll see how easily you can use these sentences in your daily life and start real conversations. By the end of this chapter, you'll be able to confidently talk about your habits, what you're doing right now, what you want, and what you can do in Hindi. Ready? Let's dive in!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Describe three things you do every morning using the Ta-Te-Ti rule.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Tell someone what you are doing at this exact moment.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: Ask for items or express a wish to perform an action.
  4. 4
    By the end you will be able to: State your linguistic abilities and physical skills.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome, future Hindi speaker! This chapter is your gateway to essential daily conversations, laying a robust foundation for your A1 Hindi grammar journey. We know how crucial it is to start speaking from day one, and this guide will equip you with the tools to express yourself confidently about your routines, current actions, desires, and abilities.
Mastering these core concepts is fundamental for anyone looking to build practical communication skills in Hindi. You'll learn how to talk about habits with the Ta-Te-Ti rule, describe what's happening right now using raha hai, express your wants with chāhnā, and articulate what you can do with saknā.
These Hindi grammar points are not just theoretical; they are the building blocks of everyday interaction. Whether you're ordering food, discussing your day, or simply introducing yourself, the structures covered here will be indispensable. By the end of this lesson, you'll be able to construct sentences about your daily life and personal capabilities, making your Hindi learning journey both engaging and effective.
Get ready to transform your understanding and start speaking Hindi with newfound confidence!

How This Grammar Works

Let's break down the core Hindi grammar concepts that will empower your daily conversations. First up is the Simple Present: The Ta-Te-Ti Rule, which is used for habits, routines, and general truths. The verb stem takes the ending -ता (-tā) for masculine singular subjects, -ते (-te) for masculine plural or polite singular, and -ती (-tī) for feminine singular/plural.
For example, मैं पानी पीता हूँ (main pānī pītā hū̃ - I drink water [masc.]), हम स्कूल जाते हैं (ham skūl jāte hai - We go to school), वह चाय पीती है (vah chāy pītī hai - She drinks tea).
Next, for actions happening right now, we use the Hindi Present Continuous: What's Happening Now with raha hai. This structure is formed by the verb stem + रहा (rahā) for masculine singular, रही (rahī) for feminine singular/plural, or रहे (rahe) for masculine plural/polite singular, followed by the appropriate form of honā (to be) like हूँ (hū̃), है (hai), or हैं (hai). For instance, मैं पढ़ रहा हूँ (main paṛh rahā hū̃ - I am reading [masc.]), वह खाना खा रही है (vah khānā khā rahī hai - She is eating food), वे बात कर रहे हैं (ve bāt kar rahe hai - They are talking).
To express desires, we use Hindi 'Want': Expressing desires with चाहना (chāhnā). When you want a noun, you use chāhnā directly: मुझे पानी चाहिए (mujhe pānī cāhiye - I want water). Note that chāhiye is often used for want with nouns, and it's impersonal.
However, when you want to *do* something (a verb), you use the infinitive form of the verb + चाहना (chāhnā), which then conjugates like a regular verb: मैं जाना चाहता हूँ (main jānā chāhtā hū̃ - I want to go [masc.]).
Finally, to talk about what you can or are able to do, we use Expressing Ability with Saknā. This is a modal verb that attaches to the stem of another verb. The main verb's stem comes first, followed by सकना (saknā), which then conjugates according to the subject's gender and number.
For example, मैं हिंदी बोल सकता हूँ (main hindī bol saktā hū̃ - I can speak Hindi [masc.]), वह तैर सकती है (vah tair saktī hai - She can swim). These four grammar points will dramatically expand your ability to communicate in Hindi.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: मैं हिंदी बोलता है। (main hindī boltā hai - I speak Hindi [wrong verb agreement])
✓ Correct: मैं हिंदी बोलता हूँ। (main hindī boltā hū̃ - I speak Hindi [masc.])
*Explanation:* The verb honā (to be) at the end of simple present sentences must agree with the subject. For मैं (main - I), it's always हूँ (hū̃).
  1. 1✗ Wrong: वह किताब पढ़ रहा। (vah kitāb paṛh rahā - He reading book [missing verb])
✓ Correct: वह किताब पढ़ रहा है। (vah kitāb paṛh rahā hai - He is reading a book.)
*Explanation:* In the present continuous, रहा/रही/रहे (rahā/rahī/rahe) must always be followed by a form of honā (to be) like है (hai), हूँ (hū̃), or हैं (hai) to complete the sentence.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: मुझे जाना चाहता हूँ। (mujhe jānā chāhtā hū̃ - To me I want to go [incorrect construction])
✓ Correct: मैं जाना चाहता हूँ। (main jānā chāhtā hū̃ - I want to go [masc.])
*Explanation:* When expressing the desire to *do* something (a verb), चाहना (chāhnā) conjugates like a regular verb with मैं (main) as the subject, not मुझे (mujhe). मुझे (mujhe) is typically used with चाहिए (chāhiye) for wanting *things*.

Real Conversations

A

A

आप रोज़ क्या करते हैं? (āp roz kyā karte hai? - What do you do daily?)
B

B

मैं रोज़ सुबह कॉफ़ी पीता हूँ और अख़बार पढ़ता हूँ। (main roz subah kŏphī pītā hū̃ aur akhbār paṛhtā hū̃ - I drink coffee and read the newspaper every morning [masc.].)
A

A

तुम अभी क्या कर रहे हो? (tum abhī kyā kar rahe ho? - What are you doing right now?)
B

B

मैं अपना होमवर्क कर रहा हूँ। (main apnā homavark kar rahā hū̃ - I am doing my homework [masc.].)
A

A

क्या आप हिंदी बोल सकते हैं? (kyā āp hindī bol sakte hai? - Can you speak Hindi [polite]?)
B

B

हाँ, मैं थोड़ी हिंदी बोल सकता हूँ। मैं और सीखना चाहता हूँ। (hā̃, main thoṛī hindī bol saktā hū̃. main aur sīkhnā chāhtā hū̃ - Yes, I can speak a little Hindi. I want to learn more [masc.].)

Quick FAQ

Q

How do I choose between ta, te, and ti in Hindi simple present?

The ending depends on the subject's gender and number: -ता (-tā) for masculine singular, -ते (-te) for masculine plural or polite singular आप (āp), and -ती (-tī) for feminine singular or plural.

Q

Can I use chāhnā for future desires, or is it only for present wants?

चाहना (chāhnā) expresses a desire that exists *now*, even if the action itself is in the future. For example, मैं कल दिल्ली जाना चाहता हूँ (main kal dillī jānā chāhtā hū̃ - I want to go to Delhi tomorrow).

Q

Is saknā only for physical ability, or can it be used for permission or possibility in A1 Hindi?

While saknā primarily means can (ability), it can also imply permission or possibility in certain contexts, even at A1. For example, क्या मैं अंदर आ सकता हूँ? (kyā main andar ā saktā hū̃? - Can I come in? / May I come in?).

Cultural Context

In Hindi conversations, expressing desires with chāhnā (especially with chāhiye for nouns) is common and direct. However, when making requests or asking for favors, using saknā (e.g., क्या आप मेरी मदद कर सकते हैं? - kyā āp merī madad kar sakte hai?
- Can you help me?) is often a politer way to phrase things than a direct command. The use of polite forms like आप (āp) and corresponding verb endings is crucial, even with these simple grammar structures, to show respect in daily interactions.

重要な例文 (2)

1

Main coffee peenā chāhtā hūn.

コーヒーを飲みたいです。

ヒンディー語の「欲しい」：`चाहना` (chāhnā) で願望を伝えよう
2

Vah naī film dekhnā chāhtī hai.

彼女は新しい映画を見たがっています。

ヒンディー語の「欲しい」：`चाहना` (chāhnā) で願望を伝えよう

ヒントとコツ (4)

💬

尊敬は「複数形」で表す

先生や上司など、尊敬する人を呼ぶときは1人でも「グループ」として扱います。Aap (あなた) を使い、語尾は -te にします。:
Aap Hindi bolte hain.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 単純現在形：「タ・テ・ティ」のルール（習慣）
💡

「今向かってる！」のショートカット

電話で場所を聞かれたら、とりあえず «आ रहा हूँ» (今行ってるよ) と言えばOK。一番よく使う便利なフレーズです！
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の現在進行形：今何が起きているか (raha hai)
⚠️

「Mujhe」は使わないで！

chahna を使う時は、必ず Main（私は）から始めましょう。 Mujhe は chahiye（〜が必要）の時に使う言葉です。 «मैं घर जाना चाहता हूँ।»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の「欲しい」：`चाहना` (chāhnā) で願望を伝えよう
🎯

語根が主役！

とにかく動詞の最後にある 'nā' を取っちゃいましょう！ 'Khānā'（食べる）なら 'Khā' に、 'Jānā'（行く）なら 'Jā' にするだけ。これが一番大事なルールです。
Main pizza khā saktā hū̃.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Saknā を使った能力表現 (〜できる)

重要な語彙 (7)

पीना(peena) to drink बोलना(bolna) to speak चाय(chaay) tea काम(kaam) work पढ़ना(padhna) to read/study पानी(paani) water हिंदी(hindi) Hindi language

Real-World Preview

users

Meeting a New Friend

Review Summary

  • Stem + ta/te/ti + hoon/hai/ho/hain
  • Stem + raha/rahe/rahi + hoon/hai/ho/hain
  • Verb(na) + chaahta/chaahte/chaahti + auxiliary
  • Stem + sakta/sakte/sakti + auxiliary

よくある間違い

Learners often forget the auxiliary verb 'hoon' at the end. In Hindi, you must always include the 'to be' verb to complete the tense.

Wrong: मैं चाय पी रहा (Main chaay pee raha)
正解: मैं चाय पी रहा हूँ (Main chaay pee raha hoon)

Do not add 'ta' to the main verb when using 'sakna'. 'Sakna' attaches to the bare stem of the verb.

Wrong: वह हिंदी बोलता सकता है (Vah hindi bolta sakta hai)
正解: वह हिंदी बोल सकता है (Vah hindi bol sakta hai)

The verb ending must agree with the gender of the subject. 'Ladki' (girl) is feminine, so it requires 'padhti'.

Wrong: लड़की पढ़ता है (Ladki padhta hai)
正解: लड़की पढ़ती है (Ladki padhti hai)

Next Steps

Congratulations on completing the A1 Hindi Grammar course! You've gone from zero to being able to describe your world, your habits, and your dreams. Keep practicing these core patterns, and you'll be amazed at how much you can communicate!

Record a 30-second audio clip of your morning routine in Hindi.

Write 5 sentences about what your family members are doing right now.

Continue to: Talking About the Past

クイック練習 (9)

この文の間違いを直してください： 'हम फ़िल्म देखना चाहता है।'

間違いを見つけてください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: हम फ़िल्म देखना चाहते हैं。
'Ham' (私たち) は複数形なので、'chahta' は 'chahte' に、'hai' は 'hain' になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の「欲しい」：`चाहना` (chāhnā) で願望を伝えよう

男女混合の友達グループが食事をしている様子を表す文はどれ？

正しい文を選んでね：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: वे खाना खा रहे हैं。
複数の主語 (Ve) の場合は、'rahe hain' を使うのが正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の現在進行形：今何が起きているか (raha hai)

男性が話している場合、正しい「chahna」の形を選んでください。

मैं पिज़्ज़ा खाना ___ हूँ।

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: चाहता
主語が 'Main' で男性の場合、語尾は 'ta' になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の「欲しい」：`चाहना` (chāhnā) で願望を伝えよう

女の子について話している文の間違いを見つけてね： 'वह चाय पी रहा है।'

正しい文に直すと？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: वह चाय पी रही है。
女の子（女性単数）について話す時は、マーカーを 'rahi' にします。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の現在進行形：今何が起きているか (raha hai)

男性が話している場合の正しい形を選んでください。

Main cricket ___ hūn. (私はクリケットをします)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: khelta
主語が 'Main' で男性なので、男性単数語尾の '-ta' を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 単純現在形：「タ・テ・ティ」のルール（習慣）

女性が話している文として正しいものはどれですか？

正しい文を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: मैं पानी पीना चाहती हूँ।
'chahna' の主語は 'Main' で、女性の場合は 'chahti' を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の「欲しい」：`चाहना` (chāhnā) で願望を伝えよう

尊敬のレベルの間違いを直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Aap kahan rehta hai?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Aap kahan rehte hain?
'Aap' (あなた) は常に複数扱いの '-te' と 'hain' をセットで使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 単純現在形：「タ・テ・ティ」のルール（習慣）

女性が話している場合の正しい形を空欄に入れてね。

मैं गाना ___ हूँ। (गाना - 歌う)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: गा रही
話し手が女性なので、動詞の語幹 'ga' の後に 'rahi' を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の現在進行形：今何が起きているか (raha hai)

「彼女は読みます」という文として正しいのはどれ？

文法的に正しい文を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Vah padhti hai.
'Vah' が「彼女」を指す場合、動詞は女性語尾の '-ti' になります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 単純現在形：「タ・テ・ティ」のルール（習慣）

Score: /9

よくある質問 (6)

ヒンディー語は性別を大切にする言語だからです。動詞が変わることで、誰が行動しているかすぐに分かります。:
Main jata hūn.
習慣の「行く」は
Main jata hūn
、今まさに「行っている」は
Main ja raha hūn
です。ルーティンには前者を使います。
一言での直訳はないけれど、「raha」は「留まっている」というニュアンス。動詞とセットで「〜している最中」という意味になるよ。 «मैं खा रहा हूँ» で「食べている」だね。
はい、英語と同じだよ！ «मैं कल दिल्ली जा रहा हूँ» (明日デリーに行きます) のように、近い未来の予定も言えるんだ。
はい、でも会話では水やペンなどの「物」が欲しい時は mujhe chahiye をよく使い、chahna は「〜したい」という動作によく使われます。
動詞の前に nahin を置きます。例：
Main nahīn jānā chāhtā
（行きたくないです）。
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Questions, Negation, and Requests
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Talking About the Past
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