A1 · 初級 チャプター 2

Questions, Negation, and Requests

5 トータルルール
54 例文
6 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Transform your Hindi from simple statements into dynamic conversations and polite requests.

  • Negate sentences using the simple marker 'nahiṃ'.
  • Formulate essential questions to navigate daily life.
  • Give instructions and make polite requests using proper verb endings.
Unlock the power of 'No', 'What', and 'Please'!

学べること

Hey friend! Ready to take a huge leap in your Hindi learning journey? This chapter is like a magic toolkit that teaches you how to truly express yourself. First, you'll master saying 'no' by placing 'nahiṃ' (नहीं) right before the verb – super simple and practical for phrases like 'I don't want this.' Next, we dive into asking questions! Imagine being in a bustling Indian market, wanting to ask 'What is it?' (kyā), 'Who?' (kaun), 'Where?' (kahā̃), or 'When?' (kab). You'll learn to form these questions by simply replacing the information you seek with the right question word, just before the verb. This skill is key to navigating conversations and getting information. We'll also explore the dictionary form of Hindi verbs, ending in '-na' (nā), which acts like their basic identity. Then comes the exciting part: giving friendly instructions to peers (using 'tum' and adding '-o' to the verb stem), like 'Come here!' or 'Read!' You'll also learn to make very polite requests (with 'aap' and adding '-iye' or '-jiye' to the verb stem), such as 'Please come in' or 'Please help me.' Picture yourself at a party in India: you can ask names, decline food, or politely ask for water. After this chapter, you won't just be a listener! You'll express needs, ask questions, and confidently connect. Don't worry; this is easier than you think, and you'll be speaking Hindi in no time!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Negate basic identity and existence sentences correctly.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Ask information-seeking questions using the four core 'K' words.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: Differentiate between friendly commands and formal requests.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Hey friend! Welcome to a truly transformative chapter in your Hindi language learning journey! This guide is designed to empower you with essential communication tools, making you an active participant rather than just a listener.
For A1 Hindi learners, mastering questions, negation, and basic commands is absolutely fundamental. It's like unlocking the first level of a video game – suddenly, you can interact with the world around you!
In this chapter, we'll equip you with the skills to confidently say no, ask crucial questions like What? Who? Where? and When?, and even give simple instructions or make polite requests. Imagine navigating an Indian market, asking for directions, or politely declining an extra helping of food – these are the real-world scenarios you'll soon conquer. This Hindi grammar A1 guide focuses on practical, everyday usage, ensuring you can apply what you learn immediately.
By the end of this section, you won't just understand basic Hindi sentences; you’ll be able to construct your own, engage in simple exchanges, and feel much more comfortable in Hindi-speaking environments. We'll break down each concept, from the simple placement of nahīṃ (नहीं) for negation to the nuances of formal and informal requests. Get ready to boost your Hindi conversational skills and connect with people on a deeper level!

How This Grammar Works

Let's dive into the core mechanics of expressing yourself in Hindi. We’ll start with the simplest way to say no, then move on to asking questions, understanding verbs, and finally, giving commands and making requests.
Saying No: Negation with 'Nahin'
Negation in Hindi is wonderfully straightforward. To make a sentence negative, you simply place the word nahīṃ (नहीं) – meaning no or not – directly before the verb. It's that easy!
* Maiṃ jātā hūm̐. (मैं जाता हूँ।) (I go.)
* Maiṃ nahīṃ jātā hūm̐. (मैं नहीं जाता हूँ।) (I do not go.)
* Yah kitāb hai. (यह किताब है।) (This is a book.)
* Yah kitāb nahīṃ hai. (यह किताब नहीं है।) (This is not a book.)
Asking Questions in Hindi: What, Who, Where, When
Asking questions is crucial for any conversation. You'll learn to use key interrogative words by replacing the information you seek with the appropriate question word. These typically come before the verb, similar to nahīṃ.
* Kyā (क्या) – What?
* Yah kyā hai? (यह क्या है?) (What is this?)
* Kaun (कौन) – Who?
* Vaha kaun hai? (वह कौन है?) (Who is that?)
* Kahā̃ (कहाँ) – Where?
* Aap kahā̃ se haiṃ? (आप कहाँ से हैं?) (Where are you from?)
* Kab (कब) – When?
* Aap kab āeṃge? (आप कब आएँगे?) (When will you come?)
Hindi Verbs: The Dictionary Form (-na)
Every Hindi verb has a basic, dictionary form that ends with -nā (ना). This is its infinitive form, like to eat or to read in English.
* Khānā (खाना) – To eat
* Paṛhnā (पढ़ना) – To read
* Ānā (आना) – To come
* Jānā (जाना) – To go
Hindi Commands: The Friendly 'Tum'
When speaking to friends, family, or people your age (informal you), you use the pronoun tum (तुम). To give a friendly command, you take the verb stem (remove the -nā from the dictionary form) and add -o (ओ).
* From khānā (खाना) (to eat), stem is khā (खा).
* Khāo! (खाओ!) (Eat!)
* From paṛhnā (पढ़ना) (to read), stem is paṛh (पढ़).
* Paṛho! (पढ़ो!) (Read!)
Polite Requests in Hindi: The 'Aap' Form
For formal situations, elders, strangers, or anyone you wish to show respect, you use the pronoun aap (आप) (formal you). To make a polite request, take the verb stem and add -iye (इये) or -jīye (जिये). Verbs ending in a vowel stem usually take -jīye, while consonant stems usually take -iye.
* From ānā (आना) (to come), stem is ā (आ). (vowel stem)
* Āīye! (आइए!) (Please come!)
* From jānā (जाना) (to go), stem is jā (जा). (vowel stem)
* Jāīye! (जाइए!) (Please go!)
* From paṛhnā (पढ़ना) (to read), stem is paṛh (पढ़). (consonant stem)
* Paṛhiye! (पढ़िए!) (Please read!)
* From likhnā (लिखना) (to write), stem is likh (लिख). (consonant stem)
* Likhiye! (लिखिए!) (Please write!)

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: Maiṃ nahīṃ hūm̐ jātā. (मैं नहीं हूँ जाता।)
✓ Correct: Maiṃ nahīṃ jātā hūm̐. (मैं नहीं जाता हूँ।)
*Explanation:* The negation word nahīṃ (नहीं) always comes directly before the verb it negates. In Hindi, the helping verb (like hūm̐ - हूँ) often comes at the very end.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: Aap jao! (आप जाओ!)
✓ Correct: Aap jāīye! (आप जाइए!)
*Explanation:* When addressing someone formally with aap (आप), you must use the polite imperative ending (-iye / -jīye) for commands and requests. Using the informal -o ending with aap is grammatically incorrect and can sound disrespectful.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: Vaha kyā hai? (वह क्या है?) (Meaning Who is that?)
✓ Correct: Vaha kaun hai? (वह कौन है?)
*Explanation:* Kyā (क्या) is for what (things/concepts), while kaun (कौन) is for who (people). Using them interchangeably is a common beginner mistake.

Real Conversations

A

A

Kyā yah aapkī kitāb hai? (क्या यह आपकी किताब है?) (Is this your book?)
B

B

Nahīṃ, yah merī kitāb nahīṃ hai. (नहीं, यह मेरी किताब नहीं है।) (No, this is not my book.)
A

A

Aap kab āeṃge? (आप कब आएँगे?) (When will you come?)
B

B

Maiṃ śām ko āūm̐gā. (मैं शाम को आऊँगा।) (I will come in the evening.)
A

A

Kṛpā karke yaha baiṭhiye. (कृपा करके यहाँ बैठिए।) (Please sit here.)
B

B

Dhanyavād! (धन्यवाद!) (Thank you!)

Quick FAQ

Q

How do I know where to place question words like kyā (क्या) or kahā̃ (कहाँ) in a sentence?

Generally, Hindi question words are placed just before the verb or the element they are asking about, replacing the information you're seeking. For instance, if you're asking What is this?, kyā (क्या) replaces this thing and goes near is.

Q

Is there a simple rule for when to use -iye (इये) vs. -jīye (जिये) for polite requests?

Yes, it's quite simple for Hindi verb conjugations. If the verb stem ends in a vowel (like ā from ānā), you usually add -jīye. If the verb stem ends in a consonant (like paṛh from paṛhnā), you usually add -iye.

Q

What is the significance of the -nā (ना) ending in Hindi verbs?

The -nā (ना) ending signifies the infinitive or dictionary form of a verb, equivalent to to [verb] in English (e.g., khānā - to eat). It's the base form from which all other conjugations are derived.

Q

Can I use kyā (क्या) at the beginning of a sentence to turn any statement into a yes/no question?

Absolutely! Placing kyā (क्या) at the very beginning of a declarative sentence is a common way to form a simple yes/no question in Hindi, without needing to change the word order of the rest of the sentence. For example,

Kyā aap thīk haiṃ?
(क्या आप ठीक हैं?) (Are you okay?).

Cultural Context

Understanding the nuances of tum (तुम) vs. aap (आप) is incredibly important in Hindi-speaking cultures. Using aap shows respect and politeness, especially towards elders, strangers, or people in positions of authority.
Misusing tum in a formal context can be considered impolite or even rude. This distinction highlights the value placed on respect and hierarchy in many South Asian societies. Similarly, using polite requests with -iye/-jīye is a mark of good manners, making your interactions smoother and more pleasant.

重要な例文 (4)

1

मैं चिकन नहीं खाता।

私はチキンを食べません。

Noの言い方：「Nahin」を使った否定
2

वह ऑफिस नहीं जा रही।

彼女はオフィスに行っていません。

Noの言い方：「Nahin」を使った否定
3

मुझे सोना पसंद है।

寝るのが好きです。

ヒンディー語の動詞：辞書形 (-na)
4

क्या तुम मेरे साथ चलना चाहते हो？

私と一緒に来る（歩く）？

ヒンディー語の動詞：辞書形 (-na)

ヒントとコツ (4)

🎯

「とりあえず」の裏技

動詞の活用に迷ったら、首を横に振りながら Nahin と言うだけで、街中の会話の90%は通じちゃいます！
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Noの言い方：「Nahin」を使った否定
💡

動詞はいつも最後！

ヒンディー語の質問では、動詞が必ず文の最後にきます。疑問詞はそのすぐ前に置きましょう。 «आपका नाम क्या है?»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語で質問する：何、誰、どこ、いつ (क्या, कौन, कहाँ, कब)
💡

「Na」の名札

動詞はみんな «-nā» という名札をつけてるよ。活用するときはこの名札を外して、新しい服（時制）を着せてあげてね。
mujhe cricket khelnā hai
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の動詞：辞書形 (-na)
💬

魔法の言葉 'Na'

命令の最後に 'na' をつけると、響きがぐっと柔らかくフレンドリーになるよ。お願いする時は Suno na (ねえ、聞いてよ) と言ってみてね。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の命令形：親しい 'Tum' (動詞 + o)

重要な語彙 (7)

नहीं(nahiṃ) no/not क्या(kyā) what कहाँ(kahā̃) where खाना(khānā) to eat पानी(pānī) water आना(ānā) to come बैठना(baiṭhnā) to sit

Real-World Preview

utensils

At a Friend's Dinner

Review Summary

  • [Subject] + [Object] + नहीं(nahiṃ) + [Verb]
  • [Subject] + [Question Word] + [Verb]?
  • Verb Root + इये(iye) / जिये(jiye)

よくある間違い

In English, we say 'No, I am...'. In Hindi, 'nahiṃ' must come immediately before the verb 'hūṃ' to negate the sentence properly.

Wrong: नहीं मैं छात्र हूँ(nahiṃ maiṃ chātra hūṃ)
正解: मैं छात्र नहीं हूँ(maiṃ chātra nahiṃ hūṃ)

Do not start every question with 'kyā'. If you use a specific word like 'kaun' (who), 'kyā' is unnecessary and redundant.

Wrong: क्या आप कौन हैं?(kyā āp kaun haiṃ?)
正解: आप कौन हैं?(āp kaun haiṃ?)

The '-o' ending is for 'Tum' (friends). When using 'Aap' (respectful), you must use the '-iye' ending to avoid sounding rude.

Wrong: आप यहाँ आओ(āp yahā̃ āo)
正解: आप यहाँ आइए(āp yahā̃ āiye)

Next Steps

You've just unlocked the ability to interact with the world in Hindi! Keep practicing those 'K' words—they are your best friends in India.

Practice negating 5 things you are not today.

Roleplay asking for directions using 'kahā̃ hai'.

Continue to: Daily Life and Abilities

クイック練習 (5)

空欄に正しい辞書形を入れてください。

Mujhe pizza ___ pasand hai. (食べる)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: khānā
「〜すること」という名詞の役割をする辞書形 'khānā' が正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の動詞：辞書形 (-na)

命令文にふさわしい否定の言葉を選んでください。

Yahan ___ baitho! (Don't sit here!)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: mat
命令や禁止の場合は、nahin ではなく mat を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Noの言い方：「Nahin」を使った否定

「私は寝たいです」という意味の文はどれ？

正しい翻訳を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Main sonā chāhtā hūn.
「〜したい」と言うときは、辞書形 'sonā' と 'chāhtā hūn' を組み合わせます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の動詞：辞書形 (-na)

ヒンディー語の文の間違いを直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Main cricket khelnī chāhtā hūn.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Main cricket khelnā chāhtā hūn.
目的語としての辞書形は、常に男性単数形の 'khelnā' を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ヒンディー語の動詞：辞書形 (-na)

否定文の間違いを見つけて直しましょう。

Find and fix the mistake:

Main school jaata nahin.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Main school nahin jaata.
否定の nahin は必ず動詞の「前」に来なければなりません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Noの言い方：「Nahin」を使った否定

Score: /5

よくある質問 (6)

ヒンディー語の効率化のためです。nahin だけで否定だと分かるので、現在形では hai を省くのが自然です。
意味は通じますが、少し教科書的で硬い印象になります。
Main nahin jaata hai
は少し不自然に聞こえます。
カジュアルな会話ならOKです。バスを指して Bas kahan? と言えば通じます。
文頭にあるときは「はい・いいえ」を聞く合図になります。真ん中なら「何」です。 «क्या आप ठीक हैं?»
違います。語幹は 'dekh'、辞書形はそれに 'nā' を足した dekhnā です。
はい、基本的には「男性単数名詞」として扱われます。女性が「見たい」と言うときも dekhnā はそのままです。
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