A1 · 入门 章节 2

Questions, Negation, and Requests

5 总规则
54 例句
6 分钟
本章规则 快速练习

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Transform your Hindi from simple statements into dynamic conversations and polite requests.

  • Negate sentences using the simple marker 'nahiṃ'.
  • Formulate essential questions to navigate daily life.
  • Give instructions and make polite requests using proper verb endings.
Unlock the power of 'No', 'What', and 'Please'!

你将学到什么

Hey friend! Ready to take a huge leap in your Hindi learning journey? This chapter is like a magic toolkit that teaches you how to truly express yourself. First, you'll master saying 'no' by placing 'nahiṃ' (नहीं) right before the verb – super simple and practical for phrases like 'I don't want this.' Next, we dive into asking questions! Imagine being in a bustling Indian market, wanting to ask 'What is it?' (kyā), 'Who?' (kaun), 'Where?' (kahā̃), or 'When?' (kab). You'll learn to form these questions by simply replacing the information you seek with the right question word, just before the verb. This skill is key to navigating conversations and getting information. We'll also explore the dictionary form of Hindi verbs, ending in '-na' (nā), which acts like their basic identity. Then comes the exciting part: giving friendly instructions to peers (using 'tum' and adding '-o' to the verb stem), like 'Come here!' or 'Read!' You'll also learn to make very polite requests (with 'aap' and adding '-iye' or '-jiye' to the verb stem), such as 'Please come in' or 'Please help me.' Picture yourself at a party in India: you can ask names, decline food, or politely ask for water. After this chapter, you won't just be a listener! You'll express needs, ask questions, and confidently connect. Don't worry; this is easier than you think, and you'll be speaking Hindi in no time!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Negate basic identity and existence sentences correctly.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Ask information-seeking questions using the four core 'K' words.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: Differentiate between friendly commands and formal requests.

章节指南

Overview

Hey friend! Welcome to a truly transformative chapter in your Hindi language learning journey! This guide is designed to empower you with essential communication tools, making you an active participant rather than just a listener.
For A1 Hindi learners, mastering questions, negation, and basic commands is absolutely fundamental. It's like unlocking the first level of a video game – suddenly, you can interact with the world around you!
In this chapter, we'll equip you with the skills to confidently say no, ask crucial questions like What? Who? Where? and When?, and even give simple instructions or make polite requests. Imagine navigating an Indian market, asking for directions, or politely declining an extra helping of food – these are the real-world scenarios you'll soon conquer. This Hindi grammar A1 guide focuses on practical, everyday usage, ensuring you can apply what you learn immediately.
By the end of this section, you won't just understand basic Hindi sentences; you’ll be able to construct your own, engage in simple exchanges, and feel much more comfortable in Hindi-speaking environments. We'll break down each concept, from the simple placement of nahīṃ (नहीं) for negation to the nuances of formal and informal requests. Get ready to boost your Hindi conversational skills and connect with people on a deeper level!

How This Grammar Works

Let's dive into the core mechanics of expressing yourself in Hindi. We’ll start with the simplest way to say no, then move on to asking questions, understanding verbs, and finally, giving commands and making requests.
Saying No: Negation with 'Nahin'
Negation in Hindi is wonderfully straightforward. To make a sentence negative, you simply place the word nahīṃ (नहीं) – meaning no or not – directly before the verb. It's that easy!
* Maiṃ jātā hūm̐. (मैं जाता हूँ।) (I go.)
* Maiṃ nahīṃ jātā hūm̐. (मैं नहीं जाता हूँ।) (I do not go.)
* Yah kitāb hai. (यह किताब है।) (This is a book.)
* Yah kitāb nahīṃ hai. (यह किताब नहीं है।) (This is not a book.)
Asking Questions in Hindi: What, Who, Where, When
Asking questions is crucial for any conversation. You'll learn to use key interrogative words by replacing the information you seek with the appropriate question word. These typically come before the verb, similar to nahīṃ.
* Kyā (क्या) – What?
* Yah kyā hai? (यह क्या है?) (What is this?)
* Kaun (कौन) – Who?
* Vaha kaun hai? (वह कौन है?) (Who is that?)
* Kahā̃ (कहाँ) – Where?
* Aap kahā̃ se haiṃ? (आप कहाँ से हैं?) (Where are you from?)
* Kab (कब) – When?
* Aap kab āeṃge? (आप कब आएँगे?) (When will you come?)
Hindi Verbs: The Dictionary Form (-na)
Every Hindi verb has a basic, dictionary form that ends with -nā (ना). This is its infinitive form, like to eat or to read in English.
* Khānā (खाना) – To eat
* Paṛhnā (पढ़ना) – To read
* Ānā (आना) – To come
* Jānā (जाना) – To go
Hindi Commands: The Friendly 'Tum'
When speaking to friends, family, or people your age (informal you), you use the pronoun tum (तुम). To give a friendly command, you take the verb stem (remove the -nā from the dictionary form) and add -o (ओ).
* From khānā (खाना) (to eat), stem is khā (खा).
* Khāo! (खाओ!) (Eat!)
* From paṛhnā (पढ़ना) (to read), stem is paṛh (पढ़).
* Paṛho! (पढ़ो!) (Read!)
Polite Requests in Hindi: The 'Aap' Form
For formal situations, elders, strangers, or anyone you wish to show respect, you use the pronoun aap (आप) (formal you). To make a polite request, take the verb stem and add -iye (इये) or -jīye (जिये). Verbs ending in a vowel stem usually take -jīye, while consonant stems usually take -iye.
* From ānā (आना) (to come), stem is ā (आ). (vowel stem)
* Āīye! (आइए!) (Please come!)
* From jānā (जाना) (to go), stem is jā (जा). (vowel stem)
* Jāīye! (जाइए!) (Please go!)
* From paṛhnā (पढ़ना) (to read), stem is paṛh (पढ़). (consonant stem)
* Paṛhiye! (पढ़िए!) (Please read!)
* From likhnā (लिखना) (to write), stem is likh (लिख). (consonant stem)
* Likhiye! (लिखिए!) (Please write!)

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: Maiṃ nahīṃ hūm̐ jātā. (मैं नहीं हूँ जाता।)
✓ Correct: Maiṃ nahīṃ jātā hūm̐. (मैं नहीं जाता हूँ।)
*Explanation:* The negation word nahīṃ (नहीं) always comes directly before the verb it negates. In Hindi, the helping verb (like hūm̐ - हूँ) often comes at the very end.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: Aap jao! (आप जाओ!)
✓ Correct: Aap jāīye! (आप जाइए!)
*Explanation:* When addressing someone formally with aap (आप), you must use the polite imperative ending (-iye / -jīye) for commands and requests. Using the informal -o ending with aap is grammatically incorrect and can sound disrespectful.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: Vaha kyā hai? (वह क्या है?) (Meaning Who is that?)
✓ Correct: Vaha kaun hai? (वह कौन है?)
*Explanation:* Kyā (क्या) is for what (things/concepts), while kaun (कौन) is for who (people). Using them interchangeably is a common beginner mistake.

Real Conversations

A

A

Kyā yah aapkī kitāb hai? (क्या यह आपकी किताब है?) (Is this your book?)
B

B

Nahīṃ, yah merī kitāb nahīṃ hai. (नहीं, यह मेरी किताब नहीं है।) (No, this is not my book.)
A

A

Aap kab āeṃge? (आप कब आएँगे?) (When will you come?)
B

B

Maiṃ śām ko āūm̐gā. (मैं शाम को आऊँगा।) (I will come in the evening.)
A

A

Kṛpā karke yaha baiṭhiye. (कृपा करके यहाँ बैठिए।) (Please sit here.)
B

B

Dhanyavād! (धन्यवाद!) (Thank you!)

Quick FAQ

Q

How do I know where to place question words like kyā (क्या) or kahā̃ (कहाँ) in a sentence?

Generally, Hindi question words are placed just before the verb or the element they are asking about, replacing the information you're seeking. For instance, if you're asking What is this?, kyā (क्या) replaces this thing and goes near is.

Q

Is there a simple rule for when to use -iye (इये) vs. -jīye (जिये) for polite requests?

Yes, it's quite simple for Hindi verb conjugations. If the verb stem ends in a vowel (like ā from ānā), you usually add -jīye. If the verb stem ends in a consonant (like paṛh from paṛhnā), you usually add -iye.

Q

What is the significance of the -nā (ना) ending in Hindi verbs?

The -nā (ना) ending signifies the infinitive or dictionary form of a verb, equivalent to to [verb] in English (e.g., khānā - to eat). It's the base form from which all other conjugations are derived.

Q

Can I use kyā (क्या) at the beginning of a sentence to turn any statement into a yes/no question?

Absolutely! Placing kyā (क्या) at the very beginning of a declarative sentence is a common way to form a simple yes/no question in Hindi, without needing to change the word order of the rest of the sentence. For example,

Kyā aap thīk haiṃ?
(क्या आप ठीक हैं?) (Are you okay?).

Cultural Context

Understanding the nuances of tum (तुम) vs. aap (आप) is incredibly important in Hindi-speaking cultures. Using aap shows respect and politeness, especially towards elders, strangers, or people in positions of authority.
Misusing tum in a formal context can be considered impolite or even rude. This distinction highlights the value placed on respect and hierarchy in many South Asian societies. Similarly, using polite requests with -iye/-jīye is a mark of good manners, making your interactions smoother and more pleasant.

关键例句 (8)

1

मैं चिकन नहीं खाता।

我不吃鸡肉。

说不：用 'Nahin' 否定
2

वह ऑफिस नहीं जा रही।

她没去办公室。

说不：用 'Nahin' 否定
3

Aapka naam kya hai?

你叫什么名字？

印地语提问：什么、谁、哪里、什么时候 (क्या, कौन, कहाँ, कब)
4

Metro station kahaan hai?

地铁站在哪里？

印地语提问：什么、谁、哪里、什么时候 (क्या, कौन, कहाँ, कब)
5

मुझे सोना पसंद है।

我喜欢睡觉。

印地语动词：字典形式 (-na)
6

क्या तुम मेरे साथ चलना चाहते हो?平衡

你想和我一起走吗？

印地语动词：字典形式 (-na)
7

mera phone uthao

接一下我电话。

印地语命令式：友好的 'Tum' (动词 + o)
8

link whatsapp pe bhejo

把链接发到 WhatsApp 上。

印地语命令式：友好的 'Tum' (动词 + o)

技巧与窍门 (4)

🎯

懒人小技巧

如果你不确定动词怎么变位，直接说 Nahin 配合摇头，在 90% 的街头交流中都管用！
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 说不：用 'Nahin' 否定
💡

动词守门员

记住：印地语的动词永远在句尾，疑问词紧贴在它前面。比如： «चाय कहाँ है?»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 印地语提问：什么、谁、哪里、什么时候 (क्या, कौन, कहाँ, कब)
💡

“Na” 徽章

想象每个动词都戴着一个叫 «nā» 的名牌。在把它变成现在时或过去时之前，你得先摘掉这个名牌（词根）。比如 dekhnā。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 印地语动词：字典形式 (-na)
💬

神奇的 'Na' 尾巴

想让你的命令听起来更温柔、更像是在撒娇或请求吗？在结尾加个 na。比如：Suno na (听我说嘛)。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 印地语命令式：友好的 'Tum' (动词 + o)

核心词汇 (7)

नहीं(nahiṃ) no/not क्या(kyā) what कहाँ(kahā̃) where खाना(khānā) to eat पानी(pānī) water आना(ānā) to come बैठना(baiṭhnā) to sit

Real-World Preview

utensils

At a Friend's Dinner

Review Summary

  • [Subject] + [Object] + नहीं(nahiṃ) + [Verb]
  • [Subject] + [Question Word] + [Verb]?
  • Verb Root + इये(iye) / जिये(jiye)

常见错误

In English, we say 'No, I am...'. In Hindi, 'nahiṃ' must come immediately before the verb 'hūṃ' to negate the sentence properly.

Wrong: नहीं मैं छात्र हूँ(nahiṃ maiṃ chātra hūṃ)
正确: मैं छात्र नहीं हूँ(maiṃ chātra nahiṃ hūṃ)

Do not start every question with 'kyā'. If you use a specific word like 'kaun' (who), 'kyā' is unnecessary and redundant.

Wrong: क्या आप कौन हैं?(kyā āp kaun haiṃ?)
正确: आप कौन हैं?(āp kaun haiṃ?)

The '-o' ending is for 'Tum' (friends). When using 'Aap' (respectful), you must use the '-iye' ending to avoid sounding rude.

Wrong: आप यहाँ आओ(āp yahā̃ āo)
正确: आप यहाँ आइए(āp yahā̃ āiye)

Next Steps

You've just unlocked the ability to interact with the world in Hindi! Keep practicing those 'K' words—they are your best friends in India.

Practice negating 5 things you are not today.

Roleplay asking for directions using 'kahā̃ hai'.

Continue to: Daily Life and Abilities

快速练习 (8)

在空格处填入表示“谁”的疑问词。

वो ___ है?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: कौन
कौन 的意思是“谁”。क्या 是“什么”，कब 是“何时”。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 印地语提问：什么、谁、哪里、什么时候 (क्या, कौन, कहाँ, कब)

修正“你的生日是什么时候？”的语序。

कब आपका जन्मदिन है?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: आपका जन्मदिन कब है?
疑问词 कब 应该紧跟在句尾动词 है 之前。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 印地语提问：什么、谁、哪里、什么时候 (क्या, कौन, कहाँ, कब)

修正这个否定命令中的错误。

Wahaan nahi jaao.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Wahaan mat jaao.
在祈使句（命令）中，我们用 'mat' 表示否定，而不是 'nahi'。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 印地语命令式：友好的 'Tum' (动词 + o)

将单词排序以询问“医院在哪里？”

排列这些单词：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: अस्पताल कहाँ है
在印地语中，主语 (अस्पताल) 在前，疑问词 (कहाँ) 在中，动词 (है) 在最后。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 印地语提问：什么、谁、哪里、什么时候 (क्या, कौन, कहाँ, कब)

修正这个否定句中的错误。

Find and fix the mistake:

Main school jaata nahin.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Main school nahin jaata.
否定词 nahin 必须放在动词 jaata 之前，而不是之后。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 说不：用 'Nahin' 否定

为命令句选择正确的否定词。

Yahan ___ baitho! (别坐在这！)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: mat
对于祈使句（命令），我们使用 mat 而不是 nahin。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 说不：用 'Nahin' 否定

翻译“把水给我”。

Paani do.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Paani do
'Dena' 是不规则动词，在命令式中词干 'de' 变成了 'do'。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 印地语命令式：友好的 'Tum' (动词 + o)

完成“说” (bolna) 的命令式形式。

Zor se ___ (大声说)。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: bolo
去掉 'bolna' 结尾的 'na' 并加上 'o' 得到 'bolo'。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 印地语命令式：友好的 'Tum' (动词 + o)

Score: /8

常见问题 (6)

这是为了效率！既然 nahin 已经表达了否定，hai 就显得多余了。比如 Main nahin jaata 听起来更自然。
可以，别人能听懂，但会让你听起来像个死记硬背的初学者。
Main nahin jaata hai
听起来有点怪。
口语里可以！比如指着公交车问 Bas kahan? (车在哪？)，非常自然。
不一定。放在句首时它表示“是不是”，例如 «क्या तुम आ रहे हो?» (你来吗？)。
不是的。词根是核心部分（如 'dekh'），而不定式是词根加 'nā'（'dekhnā'），它是字典里的形式。
有的，它通常表现为阳性单数名词。即使女生说“我想看”，dekhnā 依然保持阳性。
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