Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
The '-le' particle indicates the tool, instrument, or method used to perform an action.
- Use '-le' after a noun to show the tool: 'kalam-le' (with a pen).
- Use '-le' to indicate the means of transport: 'bas-le' (by bus).
- Use '-le' to mark the agent of a transitive verb in past tense.
Instrumental Suffix Attachment
| Noun/Pronoun | Base Form | With -le | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Noun
|
Kalam
|
Kalam-le
|
With a pen
|
|
Noun
|
Bas
|
Bas-le
|
By bus
|
|
Pronoun
|
Ma
|
Maile
|
I (agent)
|
|
Pronoun
|
Timi
|
Timile
|
You (agent)
|
|
Pronoun
|
U
|
Usle
|
He/She (agent)
|
|
Pronoun
|
Hami
|
Hamile
|
We (agent)
|
Meanings
The instrumental case marker '-le' denotes the instrument, tool, or means by which an action is carried out.
Instrument/Tool
Using a physical object to perform an action.
“चक्कुले काट्नुहोस् (Chakku-le katnuhos - Cut with a knife)”
“कलमले लेख्नुहोस् (Kalam-le lekhnuhos - Write with a pen)”
Means of Transport
The vehicle used for travel.
“बसले जानुहोस् (Bas-le januhos - Go by bus)”
“कारले आउनुहोस् (Kaar-le aunuhos - Come by car)”
Agentive Marker
Marking the subject of a transitive verb in the past tense.
“रामले खायो (Ram-le khayo - Ram ate)”
“सीताले देखिन् (Sita-le dekhin - Sita saw)”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
Noun + le
|
Kalam-le
|
|
Negative
|
Noun + le + chaina
|
Kalam-le hoina
|
|
Question
|
Noun + le + ho?
|
Kalam-le ho?
|
|
Past Agent
|
Pronoun + le
|
Maile
|
|
Transport
|
Vehicle + le
|
Bas-le
|
|
Tool
|
Object + le
|
Chakku-le
|
フォーマル度スペクトル
मैले कलमले लेखें। (Writing)
मैले कलमले लेखें। (Writing)
मैले कलमले लेखेँ। (Writing)
कलमले लेखेँ। (Writing)
Uses of -le
Tools
- Kalam-le With pen
Transport
- Bas-le By bus
Past Agent
- Maile I (did)
レベル別の例文
कलमले लेख्नुहोस्।
Write with a pen.
बसले जानुहोस्।
Go by bus.
मैले खाएँ।
I ate.
हातले छुनुहोस्।
Touch with your hand.
रामले किताब पढ्यो।
Ram read the book.
मैले फोनले फोटो खिचेँ।
I took a photo with the phone.
सीताले चक्कुले तरकारी काटिन्।
Sita cut vegetables with a knife.
हामीले ट्याक्सीले घर गयौँ।
We went home by taxi.
शिक्षकले विद्यार्थीलाई पाठ पढाउनुभयो।
The teacher taught the lesson to the student.
मैले कम्प्युटरले काम पूरा गरेँ।
I finished the work with the computer.
सरकारले नयाँ नियम बनायो।
The government made a new rule.
उसले इमेलले जानकारी पठायो।
He sent the information by email.
प्रहरीले चोरलाई समात्यो।
The police caught the thief.
मैले इन्टरनेटले समाचार हेरेँ।
I watched the news via the internet.
डाक्टरले बिरामीलाई औषधि दिनुभयो।
The doctor gave medicine to the patient.
उसले आफ्नो बुद्धिले समस्या सुल्झायो।
He solved the problem with his intelligence.
लेखकले आफ्नो कलमले समाजको यथार्थ चित्रण गरे।
The author depicted the reality of society with his pen.
वैज्ञानिकले नयाँ प्रविधिले अनुसन्धान गरे।
The scientist conducted research using new technology.
उसले आफ्नो अनुभवले सबैलाई प्रभावित गर्यो।
He impressed everyone with his experience.
न्यायाधीशले कानुनले फैसला सुनाए।
The judge delivered the verdict according to the law.
परम्पराले मानिसलाई आफ्नो जरासँग जोड्छ।
Tradition connects people to their roots.
उसको दृढताले उसलाई सफलता दिलायो।
His determination brought him success.
भाषाले संस्कृतिलाई जीवन्त राख्छ।
Language keeps culture alive.
समयले सबै घाउ निको पार्छ।
Time heals all wounds.
間違えやすい
Both translate to 'with' in English.
Both can indicate means of transport.
Why does the subject change in past tense?
よくある間違い
Ma lekhe
Maile lekhe
Ram sanga lekhe
Ram-le lekhe
Bas ma gaye
Bas-le gaye
Kalam ma lekhe
Kalam-le lekhe
U-le khayo
Usle khayo
Hami-le gaye
Hamile gaye
Tim-le garyo
Timile garyo
Maile us-sanga kura gare
Maile us-sanga kura gare
Usle bas-ma ayo
Usle bas-le ayo
Maile chaku-sanga katne
Maile chaku-le katne
Usle kaam garyo
Usle kaam garyo
Maile lekhne
Maile lekhe
Usle gadi-ma gayo
Usle gadi-le gayo
文型パターン
मैले ___ ले लेखेँ।
हामी ___ ले गयौँ।
___ ले काम सक्यो।
तपाईंले ___ ले के गर्नुभयो?
Real World Usage
Maile pathaye.
Card-le tirchhu.
Maile project sakaye.
Bas-le januhos.
Maile photo here.
App-le order gare.
Pronoun Irregularity
Don't use -le for people
Transport means
Politeness
Smart Tips
Always check if the subject needs -le.
Use -le for the vehicle.
Attach -le directly to the tool name.
Memorize the irregular forms (Maile, Usle).
発音
Suffix -le
The 'le' is pronounced like 'lay' in 'layer'.
Statement
Maile kalam-le lekhe ↘
Neutral declarative statement.
暗記しよう
記憶術
Think of '-le' as a 'Le-ver' that helps you lift or do an action.
視覚的連想
Imagine a giant hand holding a pen with a big '-le' sticker on it.
Rhyme
When you use a tool or a bus to flee, just add the suffix -le.
Story
Yesterday, I (Maile) wrote a letter. I used a pen (kalam-le). I sent it by bus (bas-le).
Word Web
チャレンジ
Write 3 sentences about what you did today using '-le'.
文化メモ
The usage is standard across all dialects.
Similar usage, though some speakers might drop the suffix in very casual speech.
Standard Nepali rules apply.
The '-le' suffix is an inherited Indo-Aryan case marker.
会話のきっかけ
तपाईंले केले लेख्नुहुन्छ?
तपाईं कसरी आउनुभयो?
तपाईंले हिजो के गर्नुभयो?
तपाईंले कुन औजारले काम गर्नुहुन्छ?
日記のテーマ
よくある間違い
Test Yourself
म ___ लेख्छु। (pen)
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
राम बसमा गयो।
म लेख्छु।
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
I / pen / write
I went ___ taxi.
सीता ___ तरकारी काटिन्। (knife)
Score: /8
練習問題
8 exercisesम ___ लेख्छु। (pen)
Which is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
राम बसमा गयो।
म लेख्छु।
Match: Kalam, Bas, U
I / pen / write
I went ___ taxi.
सीता ___ तरकारी काटिन्। (knife)
Score: /8
よくある質問 (8)
Yes, it is the standard instrumental marker.
It is an irregular ergative form.
No, use -sanga.
No, it is primarily for past tense agents.
No, it is invariant.
Yes, like 'buddhi-le' (with intelligence).
Yes, it is standard in all registers.
The rule remains the same, just attach -le.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
con
Nepali uses -le for tools and -sanga for people.
avec
Nepali splits the function into two particles.
mit
Nepali uses a suffix instead of a preposition.
de
Nepali -le is also an ergative marker.
bi
Nepali uses a suffix.
yong
Nepali uses a simple suffix.
