A2 · 初中級
チャプター 11
Actions in Motion: Ongoing States and Imminent Changes
5
トータルルール
52
例文
6
分
Chapter in 30 Seconds
Master the art of describing ongoing actions, static states, and imminent changes in Chinese.
- Express ongoing actions using 正在 (zhèngzài).
- Describe static states and background actions using 着 (zhe).
- Announce imminent events and state changes using 快要...了 (kuàyào...le) and 了 (le).
Bring your Chinese to life with action and change!
学べること
Hey there, language adventurer! You've already got a great grasp of Chinese basics, and now it's time to supercharge your conversations. This chapter,
Actions in Motion: Ongoing States and Imminent Changes,is all about bringing your Chinese to life! Ever wanted to say something is
happening right now? We'll dive into 正在 (zhèngzài), your secret weapon for the Chinese -ing — perfect for telling someone "I'm eating or She's watching TV." Then, we'll hit pause with the versatile particle 着 (zhe). You'll learn how to use it right after a verb to describe ongoing states, like someone wearing a hat or holding a book, essentially freezing a moment in time. But wait, there's more to 着 (zhe)! It also acts like a 'pause button' for actions, helping you describe how something is being done, adding depth to your sentences.
And what about those moments just before something happens? We've got you covered with 快要...了 (kuàyào...le), so you can confidently announce "It's about to rain! or The bus is coming soon!" Finally, we'll tackle the mighty sentence-final 了 (le) when it signals a change of state. This isn't just a tiny word; it's how you tell the world about new decisions, updated situations, or fresh developments – like "I've decided to go or The food is ready."
By the end of this chapter, you won't just understand these rules; you'll be able to confidently describe what’s happening around you, what people are doing, what they’re wearing, and what’s just about to unfold. Imagine telling a friend, in perfect Chinese, The cat is sleeping on the chair, and the movie is about to start.You'll sound so much more natural and expressive! Ready to make your Chinese flow? Let's go!
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中国語の助詞「着 (zhe)」：動作の「一時停止ボタン」「着」は動作の「一時停止ボタン」だと考えてみて！動作をフリーズさせて「状態」にしたり、メインの動詞に「〜しながら」というスパイスを添える役割があるよ。«着» «状态» «方式»
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持続状態の助詞 着 (zhe)動作が終わった後の「状態」をキープするのが «着» (zhe) です。写真で撮ったみたいに「着ている」「持っている」という瞬間を固定する «着» を使いこなしましょう！
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進行中のアクション：正在 (zhèngzài)動詞の前に «正在» を置くだけで、「今まさに〜している」という「中国語版-ing」が作れます！
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中国語で「〜しそうだ」と言う (kuàyào...le)「もうすぐ〜する」と言いたい時は «快要...了» を使おう！具体的な時間（日付や時刻）は入れないのがコツだよ。
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中国語の助詞「了」（Le）- 状態の変化文末の「了」は、新しい状況や決断を知らせる「変化のサイン」です。 «今» «もう» «〜になった» というニュアンスを意識しましょう。
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
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By the end you will be able to: Describe current activities and imminent future changes.
チャプターガイド
Overview
Welcome, language adventurer, to a crucial step in mastering Chinese grammar A2! This chapter,
Actions in Motion: Ongoing States and Imminent Changes,is designed to elevate your conversational Chinese from basic statements to dynamic descriptions. You've already built a solid foundation, and now it's time to add nuance and life to your sentences.
Understanding how to express what's happening *right now*, what state something is *in*, and what's *about to occur* is fundamental to sounding natural and expressive in Mandarin.
In this guide, we'll unlock the secrets of several powerful particles and structures that are absolutely essential for any A2 Chinese speaker. From the
Chinese -ing equivalent using 正在 (zhèngzài) to the versatile 着 (zhe) that describes ongoing states and manners of action, you'll learn to paint vivid pictures with your words. We’ll also tackle expressions for the near future with 快要...了 (kuàyào...le) and master the crucial function of the sentence-final 了 (le) in signaling a change of state.By the end of this journey, you won't just memorize rules; you'll intuitively know how to describe the world around you in real-time. Imagine confidently telling a friend,
The cat is sleeping on the chair, and the movie is about to start!This guide will help you achieve that level of fluency and make your Chinese flow more naturally than ever before. Get ready to supercharge your speaking and listening skills!
How This Grammar Works
Let's dive into the core mechanics of
Actions in Motion: Ongoing States and Imminent Changes,focusing on five key grammar points that will transform your A2 Chinese. First up, expressing actions *in progress* is simple with 正在 (zhèngzài). Think of it as the Chinese equivalent of
-ing. You place it before the verb: 我正在吃饭 (Wǒ zhèngzài chīfàn - I am eating).It emphasizes the action's ongoing nature.
Next, we have the incredibly versatile particle 着 (zhe). When placed immediately after a verb, it describes an *ongoing state* resulting from an action. For example, 他穿着一件红衣服 (Tā chuānzhe yī jiàn hóng yīfú - He is wearing a red shirt).
Here,
wearing isn't an action being performed *right now*, but a state of being dressed. This is The Ongoing State Particle 着 (zhe).
But 着 (zhe) has another trick! It can also act as a 'pause button' for actions, indicating how an action is performed, often describing a secondary, simultaneous action. This is "Chinese Particle 着 (zhe): The 'Pause Button' for Actions." For instance, 她笑着说 (Tā xiàozhe shuō - She smiled as she spoke / She spoke smilingly).
The smiling is the manner in which she spoke.
To express something
about to happen, we use the structure 快要...了 (kuàyào...le). This is how you convey "Saying 'About To' in Chinese." The 了 (le) at the end is crucial here. For example: 电影快要开始了 (Diànyǐng kuàyào kāishǐ le - The movie is about to start). It signals an imminent event.Finally, we explore the Chinese Particle
Le (了) - Change of State. This 了 (le) often appears at the end of a sentence to indicate a new situation, a completed change, or the realization of something. It's not about past tense, but about a shift from one state to another.For example, 我好了 (Wǒ hǎo le - I'm better now / I'm ready now), or 下雨了 (Xiàyǔ le - It's raining now). This signifies a change from not being ready/well, or from not raining.
Common Mistakes
- 1✗ Wrong: 我戴正在帽子。 (Wǒ dài zhèngzài màozi.)
✓ Correct: 我戴着帽子。 (Wǒ dàizhe màozi.)
*Explanation:* 正在 (zhèngzài) is for actions *in progress*, while 着 (zhe) after a verb describes an *ongoing state*.
Wearing a hat is a state, not an action being actively performed at that moment.- 1✗ Wrong: 我们吃饭。 (Wǒmen chīfàn.) (When meaning
We are eating.)
✓ Correct: 我们正在吃饭。 (Wǒmen zhèngzài chīfàn.)
*Explanation:* Without 正在 (zhèngzài) or other context, 我们吃饭 typically means
We eat or We ate. To explicitly state an action is *currently happening*, you need 正在 (zhèngzài).- 1✗ Wrong: 火车快要来了。 (Huǒchē kuàiyào lái.)
✓ Correct: 火车快要来了。 (Huǒchē kuàyào lái le.)
*Explanation:* When using 快要...了 (kuàyào...le) to express
about to, the final 了 (le) is essential. It completes the structure and signals the imminent change.
Real Conversations
A
A
你在做什么呢？ (Nǐ zài zuò shénme ne? - What are you doing?)
B
B
我正在看书。 (Wǒ zhèngzài kàn shū. - I am reading a book.)
A
A
他是不是戴着眼镜？ (Tā shì bu shì dàizhe yǎnjìng? - Is he wearing glasses?)
B
B
是的，他戴着眼镜，笑着跟我们说话。 (Shì de, tā dàizhe yǎnjìng, xiàozhe gēn wǒmen shuōhuà. - Yes, he's wearing glasses and speaking to us smilingly.)
A
A
电影快要开始了吗？ (Diànyǐng kuàyào kāishǐ le ma? - Is the movie about to start?)
B
B
快要开始了！我们进去吧。 (Kuàyào kāishǐ le! Wǒmen jìnqù ba. - It's about to start! Let's go in.)
Quick FAQ
Q
What's the main difference between 正在 (zhèngzài) and 着 (zhe)?
正在 (zhèngzài) emphasizes an action *in progress* (e.g., I am eating), while 着 (zhe) after a verb describes an *ongoing state* or the manner of an action (e.g., He is wearing a hat; She spoke smilingly).
Q
Can I use 了 (le) for a completed action if I'm also using 正在 (zhèngzài)?
No, 正在 (zhèngzài) specifically denotes an ongoing action, which by definition isn't completed. 了 (le) for completion is used with past or completed actions.
Q
Is 快要...了 (kuàyào...le) always about something happening very soon?
Yes, 快要...了 (kuàyào...le) always implies immediacy, meaning something is about to, soon to, or
on the verge ofhappening.
Cultural Context
These grammatical patterns are deeply embedded in everyday Chinese communication, reflecting a focus on current realities and immediate shifts. Native speakers use 正在 (zhèngzài) and 着 (zhe) constantly to precisely describe situations, making conversations vivid. The use of 快要...了 (kuàyào...le) often conveys a sense of anticipation or urgency, while the change-of-state 了 (le) is crucial for updating listeners on new developments, making communication dynamic and responsive.
Mastering them helps you sound more natural and engaged in any conversation.
重要な例文 (6)
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ヒントとコツ (4)
💡
「写真」か「動画」かで考えよう
壁の絵や帽子の状態など、写真に撮って静止画に見えるなら「«着»」を使います。走る動作など動画のような動きなら「«在»」を使いましょう。例えば「«墙上挂着画。»」のようにね。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の助詞「着 (zhe)」：動作の「一時停止ボタン」
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「〜している」より「〜の状態だ」
進行形（〜している）よりも、英語の受動態的な「〜された状態」をイメージすると分かりやすいですよ。例えば «穿着» は「服を着た状態」を指します。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 持続状態の助詞 着 (zhe)
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チャットでの短縮形
チャットでは「正」を省略して「在」だけで言うのが一般的です。«我在吃饭» の方が打つのも早くて楽ちんですよ。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 進行中のアクション：正在 (zhèngzài)
⚠️
具体的な時間のルール
「5時に〜」のように時間を決めて言う時は «快要» は使えません。その時は «就要...了» に入れ替えよう。 «明天就要走了。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語で「〜しそうだ」と言う (kuàyào...le)
重要な語彙 (6)
正在 (zhèngzài)
in the middle of
着 (zhe)
aspect marker for state
快要...了 (kuàyào...le)
about to
穿 (chuān)
to wear
下雨 (xiàyǔ)
to rain
决定 (juédìng)
to decide
Real-World Preview
coffee
A Busy Afternoon
Review Summary
- Verb + 着
- Subject + Verb + 着 + Object
- 正在 + Verb
- 快要 + Verb + 了
- Sentence + 了
よくある間違い
Ongoing states like 'wearing' use 着, not the process marker 正在.
Wrong:
我正在穿着衣服。(I am in the process of putting on clothes.)
正解:
我穿着衣服。(I am wearing clothes.)
The structure 快要...了 requires the final 了 to complete the imminent sense.
Wrong:
快要下雨。(It is about to rain.)
正解:
快要下雨了。(It is about to rain.)
For simple states or background descriptors, 着 is more natural than 正在.
Wrong:
他正在笑。
正解:
他笑着。
このチャプターのルール (5)
Next Steps
You've mastered the flow of time! Keep practicing, and these particles will become second nature.
Describe your room in 5 sentences using 着.
クイック練習 (6)
この文章の間違いを直してみよう。
Find and fix the mistake:
{他|tā}{快要|kuàyào}{走|zǒu}。
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {他|tā}{快要|kuàyào}{走|zǒu}{了|le}。
快要...了 のセットには、文末の 了 が絶対に必要なんだ。frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語で「〜しそうだ」と言う (kuàyào...le)
状態を説明するために、空欄を埋めてください。
ドアが開いています。 = {门|Mén} ___ {着|zhe}。
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {开|kāi}
ドアが「開いている」という状態を言うには、開くという動詞「{开|kāi}」の後に「{着|zhe}」を置きます。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の助詞「着 (zhe)」：動作の「一時停止ボタン」
この文の間違いを見つけてください。
Find and fix the mistake:
{他|Tā} {跑|pǎo} {着|zhe} {在|zài} {公|gōng}{园|yuán}。
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {他|Tā} {在|zài} {公|gōng}{园|yuán} {跑|pǎo} {步|bù}。
走る動作はダイナミックな動きなので、通常は「{在|zài}」を使います。「{跑|pǎo}{着|zhe}」は「走って（来る）」のように手段を言う時以外はあまり使いません。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の助詞「着 (zhe)」：動作の「一時停止ボタン」
時間の言葉を正しく使っているのはどっち？
正しい方を選んでね：
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {明天|míngtiān}{就要|jiùyào}{考试|kǎoshì}{了|le}。
「明日」などの具体的な時間がある時は、
快要 ではなく 就要 を使うのがルールだよ。frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語で「〜しそうだ」と言う (kuàyào...le)
「彼女は赤い服を着ている」という正しい文を選んでください。
正しい文を選択してください：
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {她|Tā} {穿|chuān} {着|zhe} {红|hóng}{色|sè} {の|de} {衣|yī}{服|fu}。
「{穿|chuān}{着|zhe}」で着ている状態を表します。「{在|zài}{穿|chuān}」だと、今まさに袖を通している最中という意味になります。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の助詞「着 (zhe)」：動作の「一時停止ボタン」
「バスがもうすぐ来る」と言いたい時、空欄に入る言葉を選んでね。
{公共汽车|gōnggòng qìchē} ___ {来|lái} {了|le}。
✓ Correct!
✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 快要
「もうすぐ〜する」という未来の直前を表すには
快要...了 が正解だよ。frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語で「〜しそうだ」と言う (kuàyào...le)
Score: /6
よくある質問 (6)
状態としては使いませんが、手段として「«走着去»（歩いて行く）」のように「どうやって行くか」を説明する時には使えます。
単なる事実や完了した動作に聞こえます。「«门开»」だけだと「ドアが開く」という動きに聞こえますが、「«门开着»」で「今開いている」とはっきり伝わります。
はい！口語では形容詞の後に «着呢» をつけて「すごく〜だ」という意味になります。例えば «忙着呢» (máng zhe ne) は「めちゃくちゃ忙しい」という意味です。
その場合は «在» (zài) や «正在» を使います。«我在吃饭» と言います。食べるのは動きのある動作なので、静止状態の «着» は使いません。
主に「食べる」「走る」などの動作動詞に使います。«我正在喜欢你» のように「好き」「知っている」などの状態を表す動詞には使えません。
意味はほぼ同じですが、«正在» の方が「今まさに！」という強調が強いです。«我在看书» は日常的で、«我正在看书» はより明確な進行を表します。
