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A2 verb #4,000 よく出る 10分で読める

过敏

guòmǐn 上位4,000

練習する例文メモとヒント过敏 30秒で

解説过敏 in your Level:

At the A1 level, you only need to know that '过敏' (guòmǐn) means 'allergic.' You should learn the simplest sentence structure: '我 (I) + 对 (to) + [Food] + 过敏 (allergic).' For example, '我对牛奶过敏' (I am allergic to milk). This is a survival phrase. You don't need to worry about complex grammar or different types of allergies yet. Just focus on being able to tell a waiter or a friend about your most dangerous allergies. Remember that '对' is like a bridge connecting you to the thing that makes you sick. Also, learn the question '你过敏吗？' (Are you allergic?) which is a simple way to ask someone else. At this stage, treat '过敏' like a simple adjective that describes your condition. If you go to a Chinese restaurant, being able to say '我对花生过敏' (I'm allergic to peanuts) is the most important use of this word. You might also hear it when someone sneezes and says '花粉' (pollen). Keep it simple and focus on nouns for food and animals.

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At the A2 level, you should be able to use '过敏' in more varied contexts, such as talking about pets or the weather. You should start using degree adverbs like '很' (very) or '有点儿' (a little bit). For example, '我对猫有一点儿过敏' (I'm a little allergic to cats). You should also recognize the word in slightly longer sentences, like '因为我对海鲜过敏，所以我不吃虾' (Because I'm allergic to seafood, I don't eat shrimp). At this level, you are expected to understand that '过敏' is the reason for certain behaviors or choices. You should also be familiar with the negative form: '我对什么都不过敏' (I'm not allergic to anything). You might start to see '过敏' used with '药' (medicine), which is important for basic healthcare. The focus at A2 is on cause and effect—using '因为...所以...' (because... therefore...) to explain your allergy. You should also be able to ask more specific questions, like '你对这种药过敏吗？' (Are you allergic to this kind of medicine?).

By B1, you should understand '过敏' as a condition that can change or be managed. You will encounter phrases like '过敏反应' (allergic reaction) and '过敏症状' (allergy symptoms). You should be able to describe what happens when you have an allergy, using words like '打喷嚏' (sneeze), '发痒' (itch), or '红肿' (red and swollen). At this level, you might use '过敏' to talk about skincare and environmental factors in more detail. For example, '我的皮肤很容易过敏，所以我不随便换护肤品' (My skin is easily allergic, so I don't change skincare products casually). You should also understand the difference between '过敏' and '敏感' (sensitive). You'll start to hear the word in more formal settings, such as a doctor explaining a diagnosis. You might also encounter the metaphorical use of the word in casual conversation, where someone says they are 'allergic' to a certain type of person or music, though this is still secondary to the medical meaning. You should be comfortable using '过敏' in the past tense with '了' to describe a specific incident: '我昨天吃鱼过敏了' (I had an allergic reaction after eating fish yesterday).

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At the B2 level, you should be able to discuss '过敏' in a semi-professional or academic context. This includes understanding '过敏原' (allergen) and '过敏体质' (allergic constitution/disposition). You should be able to read articles about health and the environment that use '过敏' as a key term. For example, a report on rising '花粉过敏' (pollen allergy) rates due to climate change. You should also be able to use more sophisticated sentence structures, such as '由于...导致了过敏' (Due to... it led to an allergy). At this stage, you should be aware of the nuances in medical advice, such as '过敏期间避免吃辛辣食物' (Avoid spicy food during an allergy flare-up). You should also be able to distinguish between different types of allergies, such as '季节性过敏' (seasonal allergies) and '药物过敏' (drug allergies). Your vocabulary should expand to include related medical terms like '抗过敏药' (anti-allergy medicine/antihistamines). Metaphorical usage becomes more common in your own speech, using '过敏' to describe a strong aversion to abstract concepts or social behaviors.

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At the C1 level, you should have a nuanced understanding of '过敏' in various registers, from highly technical medical journals to literary metaphors. You should be able to discuss the immunology of allergies using terms like '免疫系统' (immune system) and '过度反应' (overreaction). In a literary context, '过敏' might be used to describe a character's hyper-sensitivity to their environment or the emotions of others. You should be able to interpret complex sentences where '过敏' is part of a larger technical term, such as '过敏性鼻炎' (allergic rhinitis) or '过敏性哮喘' (allergic asthma). You can participate in deep discussions about public health policies regarding food labeling and allergens in schools. You should also be able to use the word with precision in writing, choosing between '过敏,' '不耐受' (intolerance), and '排斥' (rejection) based on the exact medical or social situation. You understand the cultural history of how allergies have been perceived in China versus the West, and you can articulate these differences in a sophisticated manner.

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At the C2 level, your mastery of '过敏' is indistinguishable from that of a highly educated native speaker. You can understand and use the word in the most specialized medical contexts, such as discussing '过敏性休克' (anaphylactic shock) protocols or the molecular structure of '过敏原.' You are capable of reading and critiquing medical research papers written in Chinese regarding '脱敏治疗' (desensitization therapy). Beyond medicine, you can use '过敏' with extreme subtlety in social and political commentary. For example, describing a society's '过敏反应' to a new policy or cultural shift, implying an immediate and widespread systemic rejection. You can navigate any high-stakes situation involving allergies, such as legal disputes over food labeling or medical malpractice cases involving allergic reactions. Your use of the word is flexible, spanning from the most casual slang to the most rigorous academic discourse, and you understand every subtle connotation and historical evolution of the term in the Chinese language.

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練習する例文メモとヒント

过敏 30秒で

过敏 (guòmǐn) is the standard Chinese word for 'to be allergic' or 'allergy.'
It is used with the preposition '对' (duì) to indicate the allergen.
It covers food, medicine, environmental factors, and metaphorical aversions.
Common symptoms associated are sneezing, itching, and rashes.

The term 过敏 (guòmǐn) is a vital medical and everyday term in Chinese that literally translates to 'excessive sensitivity.' In a clinical sense, it refers to the body's immune system reacting abnormally to a foreign substance that is typically harmless to most people. However, its usage in modern Mandarin extends far beyond the doctor's office, permeating social interactions, dining habits, and even metaphorical descriptions of personality traits or psychological aversions.

Etymological Breakdown: The character 过 (guò) means to exceed, surpass, or cross a limit. The character 敏 (mǐn) relates to sensitivity, agility, or quickness. Combined, they describe a state where one's sensitivity has surpassed the normal or healthy threshold.

When you are in China or speaking with Chinese natives, you will most frequently encounter this word in the context of food and environment. Because Chinese cuisine often involves complex mixtures of ingredients—such as peanut oil, shellfish, or soy—clearly communicating a guòmǐn is a matter of safety. It is not merely a preference; it is a physiological boundary.

我对花生过敏，请不要放花生酱。(Wǒ duì huāshēng guòmǐn, qǐng bùyào fàng huāshēngjiàng.)

Translation: I am allergic to peanuts; please do not add peanut butter.

Beyond physical reactions like rashes (hóngzhěn) or sneezing (pèntì), 过敏 can be used metaphorically. For instance, if someone is extremely sensitive to criticism or a particular topic, you might hear it used to describe their psychological 'allergy' to that subject. It implies an immediate, sharp, and perhaps disproportionate reaction.

Clinical Context: In a hospital (yīyuàn), a doctor will ask if you have any drug allergies: '你对什么药物过敏吗？' (Nǐ duì shénme yàowù guòmǐn ma?). This is standard procedure before administering antibiotics like penicillin.

春天到了，很多人对花粉过敏。(Chūntiān dàole, hěnduō rén duì huāfěn guòmǐn.)

Translation: Spring has arrived; many people are allergic to pollen.

In summary, 过敏 is an essential 'survival' word. Whether you are navigating a menu, visiting a pharmacy, or describing your reaction to the spring air, this word serves as the primary bridge to explain that your body is rejecting a specific stimulus. It functions as a verb-object structure in many cases but is most commonly treated as a stative verb or adjective describing a condition triggered by an external agent.

Grammatically, 过敏 is almost always used with the preposition 对 (duì), which means 'towards' or 'to.' The standard sentence pattern is: [Subject] + 对 + [Allergen] + 过敏. Unlike English, where you 'have' an allergy, in Chinese, you 'are allergic towards' something.

The Standard Pattern: Subject + 对 + Object + 过敏. Example: 我对猫过敏 (Wǒ duì māo guòmǐn) - I am allergic to cats.

You can also use adverbs of degree to describe the severity of the allergy. For example, using 非常 (fēicháng - very) or 严重 (yánzhòng - serious/severe). Note that 严重 usually modifies the state of the allergy rather than just the word itself in a simple adverbial way.

他的过敏反应非常严重，必须去医院。(Tā de guòmǐn fǎnyìng fēicháng yánzhòng, bìxū qù yīyuàn.)

Translation: His allergic reaction is very severe; he must go to the hospital.

When asking a question, you can use the A-not-A form or the ma particle. For example: '你对海鲜过不过敏？' (Nǐ duì hǎixiān guò bu guòmǐn?) or '你对海鲜过敏吗？' (Nǐ duì hǎixiān guòmǐn ma?). Both are equally common in spoken Mandarin.

Another common structure involves using 过敏 as a noun, typically followed by 反应 (fǎnyìng - reaction) or 症状 (zhèngzhuàng - symptom). This allows you to describe the specific nature of the allergy in a more technical or descriptive way.

这种药可能会引起皮肤过敏。(Zhè zhǒng yào kěnéng huì yǐnqǐ pífū guòmǐn.)

Translation: This medicine might cause skin allergies.

Negation: To say you are NOT allergic, use 不 (bù). Example: 我对任何东西都不过敏 (Wǒ duì rènhé dōngxī dōu bù guòmǐn) - I am not allergic to anything.

In more advanced usage, 过敏 can appear in the 'resultative' sense. For example, '吃过敏了' (chī guòmǐn le) implies that after eating something, an allergic reaction occurred. This is a shorthand often used in casual conversation to link the action of consumption directly to the consequence of the allergy.

In the real world, you will hear 过敏 in four primary environments: restaurants, pharmacies/hospitals, beauty salons, and social gatherings. Each context has its own nuances and related vocabulary.

1. The Restaurant (餐厅): Waiters might ask, '有什么忌口的吗？' (Yǒu shénme jìkǒu de ma? - Is there anything you avoid/are allergic to?). You would respond with your specific guòmǐn. In high-end hotels, menus often have a footnote: '如果您对某些食物过敏，请告知我们的员工' (If you are allergic to certain foods, please inform our staff).

In mainland China, 'Peanut Oil' (huāshēng yóu) is extremely common for frying. If you have a severe peanut allergy, you must emphasize this repeatedly using 过敏, as the concept of cross-contamination is sometimes less strictly managed in smaller local eateries.

服务员，我对芒果过敏，这个沙拉里有芒果吗？(Fúwùyuán, wǒ duì mángguǒ guòmǐn, zhège shālā lǐ yǒu mángguǒ ma?)

Translation: Waiter, I am allergic to mango; are there mangoes in this salad?

2. The Hospital or Pharmacy (医院/药店): Before a 'píshì' (skin test) for penicillin, the nurse will ask about your history. You might hear '过敏体质' (guòmǐn tǐzhì), which refers to an 'allergic constitution'—meaning a person who is prone to various allergies.

During the spring (chūntiān) and autumn (qiūtiān), the news often reports on the '过敏指数' (guòmǐn zhǐshù - allergy index), helping citizens prepare for high pollen counts. You'll hear people on the subway complaining about their '花粉过敏' (huāfěn guòmǐn - pollen allergy) while wearing masks.

她对护肤品很挑剔，因为她的皮肤很容易过敏。(Tā duì hùfūpǐn hěn tiāotì, yīnwèi tā de pífū hěn róngyì guòmǐn.)

Translation: She is very picky about skincare products because her skin is easily prone to allergies.

Lastly, in the beauty industry, '过敏测试' (guòmǐn cèshì - allergy test) is a standard phrase used before applying hair dye or new facial treatments. Professionals will advise you to apply a small amount behind the ear to see if you guòmǐn.

Learning how to use 过敏 correctly involves avoiding a few common pitfalls that English speakers often fall into due to direct translation.

Mistake 1: Using 'Have' instead of 'To': In English, we say 'I have an allergy.' Beginners often say *我有过敏 (Wǒ yǒu guòmǐn). While not completely unintelligible, it sounds very unnatural. The correct way is 我对...过敏. Use the preposition 对 to link the person to the allergen.

Another frequent error is confusing 过敏 (guòmǐn) with 敏感 (mǐngǎn). Although they share the character 敏, they are used differently. Guòmǐn is a medical or physical reaction. Mǐngǎn usually refers to being 'sensitive' in an emotional, political, or sensory way (e.g., sensitive skin is mǐngǎn pífū, but a skin allergy is pífū guòmǐn).

❌ 我有过敏花粉。
✅ 我对花粉过敏。

A third mistake is failing to distinguish between the state of being allergic and an allergic reaction. If you are currently experiencing symptoms, you should add the particle 了 (le) to indicate a change in state: '我过敏了' (I've developed an allergic reaction). If you are just stating a general fact about your biology, don't use le: '我对虾过敏' (I am allergic to shrimp).

Mistake 2: Confusing with 'Cold' (感冒): Because hay fever symptoms (sneezing, runny nose) look like a cold, some learners use gǎnmào (cold) when they mean guòmǐn. If the symptoms are seasonal or triggered by dust/pets, always use 过敏 to ensure you receive the right medicine (antihistamines vs. cold medicine).

❌ 这不是感冒，是对猫过敏。

Translation: This isn't a cold; it's an allergy to cats.

Lastly, be careful with '过敏' as an adjective. You can say '过敏性鼻炎' (allergic rhinitis), where it acts as a modifier. However, you cannot simply say '我是过敏的' to mean 'I am allergic.' Stick to the 'Subject + 对 + X + 过敏' formula for 99% of daily situations.

To speak Chinese naturally, you need to know when to use 过敏 and when an alternative word is more appropriate. Here is a breakdown of similar terms.

过敏 (guòmǐn) vs. 敏感 (mǐngǎn): Guòmǐn is an 'allergy' (physiological rejection). Mǐngǎn is 'sensitivity.' You have mǐngǎn pífū (sensitive skin) that might easily guòmǐn (become allergic/react) to a new cream. Mǐngǎn is also used for 'sensitive topics' (敏感话题).

If you want to describe the *reaction* specifically, you might use 反应 (fǎnyìng). While guòmǐn is the condition, fǎnyìng is the physical response. '他有严重的过敏反应' (He has a severe allergic reaction).

虽然他的皮肤很敏感，但他对这种肥皂不过敏。(Suīrán tā de pífū hěn mǐngǎn, dàn tā duì zhèzhǒng féizào bù guòmǐn.)

Translation: Although his skin is sensitive, he is not allergic to this soap.

忌口 (jìkǒu): This is a very 'Chinese' term. It literally means 'to avoid certain foods.' It is broader than guòmǐn. It includes allergies, but also religious restrictions (like not eating pork) or health choices (like avoiding spicy food when you have a sore throat). At a restaurant, saying '我有忌口' is a polite way to start the conversation about what you can't eat.

Another related term is 排斥 (páichì), which means 'to reject' or 'to be repelled by.' This is often used for organ transplants (organ rejection) or socially (being excluded), but rarely for food allergies. However, it helps to understand the concept of the body 'rejecting' something.

如果你不知道自己是否过敏，可以先做个测试。(Rúguǒ nǐ bù zhīdào zìjǐ shìfǒu guòmǐn, kěyǐ xiān zuò gè cèshì.)

Translation: If you don't know if you are allergic, you can do a test first.

不适 (bùshì): Meaning 'discomfort' or 'malaise.' If a reaction isn't a full allergy but just makes you feel unwell (like lactose intolerance, which is often called rǔtáng bùnài but sometimes generalized as bùshì), this is a useful, milder word.

How Formal Is It?

豆知識

In ancient Chinese medicine, allergies were often classified under 'Wind' (风) pathologies, as they appeared suddenly and changed quickly, like the wind.

発音ガイド

UK /ɡwɔː mɪn/

US /ɡwoʊ mɪn/

The primary stress is on the second syllable 'mǐn' when emphasizing the sensitivity.

韻が合う語

过 (guò) rhymes with: 错 (cuò), 括 (kuò), 破 (pò) 敏 (mǐn) rhymes with: 紧 (jǐn), 近 (jìn), 品 (pǐn), 尽 (jǐn) Similar sounding words: 国民 (guómín - citizens), 果民 (guǒmín - fruit growers)

よくある間違い

Pronouncing 'guò' as 'guo' with a flat tone (1st tone).
Pronouncing 'mǐn' as 'min' with a rising tone (2nd tone).
Confusing 'mǐn' with 'míng' (nasal ending).
Failing to use the 3rd tone dip in 'mǐn'.
Speeding through the word so it sounds like 'gomin'.

難易度

読解 2/5

The characters are relatively simple for A2 students, though '敏' has many strokes.

ライティング 3/5

Writing '敏' correctly requires attention to the right-side radical.

スピーキング 2/5

The tones are distinct and easy to memorize once the pattern is learned.

リスニング 2/5

Easily recognizable in medical and dining contexts.

次に学ぶべきこと

前提知識

对不吃药医生

次に学ぶ

症状反应检查严重舒服

上級

免疫系统脱敏治疗过敏性休克抗组胺药过敏原

知っておくべき文法

Preposition '对' (duì)

我对老师很尊敬。 (I respect the teacher.) - Same structure as allergy.

Degree Adverbs

我非常喜欢。 (I like it very much.) - Same as '非常过敏'.

Cause and Effect (因为...所以...)

因为下雨，所以我不去。 (Because it's raining, I'm not going.) - Used to explain allergies.

Change of State '了' (le)

天黑了。 (It has become dark.) - Same as '我过敏了'.

A-not-A Question Form

你去不去？ (Are you going?) - Same as '你过不过敏？'.

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レベル別の例文

我对花生过敏。

I am allergic to peanuts.

Subject + 对 + Allergen + 过敏.

你过敏吗？

Are you allergic?

A simple question using the 'ma' particle.

我对牛奶过敏。

I am allergic to milk.

Standard pattern for food allergies.

我不吃虾，我过敏。

I don't eat shrimp; I'm allergic.

Using the word as a reason for an action.

他对猫过敏。

He is allergic to cats.

Third-person usage.

你对什么过敏？

What are you allergic to?

Question with 'shénme' (what).

我对这种花过敏。

I am allergic to this kind of flower.

Demonstrative 'zhè zhǒng' (this kind).

我不过敏。

I am not allergic.

Negative form using 'bù'.

我有一点儿花粉过敏。

I have a bit of a pollen allergy.

Adding a degree modifier 'yǒuyìdiǎnr'.

因为我过敏，所以不养狗。

Because I'm allergic, I don't keep a dog.

Using 'yīnwèi... suǒyǐ...' structure.

你对这种药过敏吗？

Are you allergic to this medicine?

Medical context.

我的过敏很严重。

My allergy is very serious.

Using 'hěn yánzhòng' to describe severity.

吃完这个，我过敏了。

After eating this, I had an allergic reaction.

Using 'le' to indicate a change in state.

他对很多东西都过敏。

He is allergic to many things.

Using 'dōu' for emphasis with 'hěnduō'.

这种护肤品会让你过敏吗？

Will this skincare product cause an allergy for you?

Using 'ràng' (to make/cause).

如果你过敏，就别吃了。

If you are allergic, then don't eat it.

Conditional 'rúguǒ... jiù...'.

春天的时候，我的花粉过敏经常发作。

In spring, my pollen allergy often flares up.

Using 'fāzuò' (to flare up/break out).

医生说这是典型的过敏症状。

The doctor says these are typical allergy symptoms.

Noun phrase 'guòmǐn zhèngzhuàng'.

我对海鲜过敏，尤其是螃蟹。

I'm allergic to seafood, especially crab.

Using 'yóuqíshì' (especially).

这种药有抗过敏的作用。

This medicine has an anti-allergic effect.

Using 'kàng guòmǐn' (anti-allergy).

虽然我喜欢猫，但我对猫毛过敏。

Although I like cats, I'm allergic to cat hair.

Using 'suīrán... dànshì...'.

请问这道菜里有让我过敏的成分吗？

Excuse me, are there any ingredients in this dish that I'm allergic to?

Using 'chéngfèn' (ingredient/component).

由于过敏，他的眼睛又红又肿。

Due to allergies, his eyes are red and swollen.

Using 'yóuyú' (due to) and 'yòu... yòu...'.

你应该去医院做一个过敏原测试。

You should go to the hospital and do an allergen test.

Compound noun 'guòmǐnyuán cèshì'.

这种过敏体质是遗传的。

This allergic constitution is hereditary.

Using 'guòmǐn tǐzhì' (allergic constitution).

严重的过敏反应可能会危及生命。

Severe allergic reactions can be life-threatening.

Using 'wēijí shēngmìng' (life-threatening).

我们需要确认病人是否有药物过敏史。

We need to confirm whether the patient has a history of drug allergies.

Using 'guòmǐn shǐ' (allergy history).

室内空气污染也可能诱发过敏。

Indoor air pollution can also induce allergies.

Using 'yòufā' (to induce/trigger).

医生建议他进行脱敏治疗。

The doctor suggested he undergo desensitization therapy.

Using 'tuōmǐn zhìliáo' (desensitization therapy).

他对这种政治话题非常过敏。

He is very sensitive (metaphorically allergic) to this political topic.

Metaphorical usage.

这种新产品声称是低过敏性的。

This new product claims to be hypoallergenic.

Using 'dī guòmǐn xìng' (hypoallergenic).

过敏性鼻炎在城市居民中很常见。

Allergic rhinitis is very common among urban residents.

Medical term 'guòmǐn xìng bíyán'.

过敏性休克是一种极其危险的急性全身性过敏反应。

Anaphylactic shock is an extremely dangerous acute systemic allergic reaction.

Technical medical definition.

他似乎对现代社会的快节奏生活产生了某种心理过敏。

He seems to have developed a kind of psychological allergy to the fast-paced life of modern society.

Advanced metaphorical usage.

随着免疫学的发展，我们对过敏机制有了更深的了解。

With the development of immunology, we have a deeper understanding of allergy mechanisms.

Using 'miǎnyì xué' (immunology) and 'jīzhì' (mechanism).

这种药物的副作用包括皮疹和过敏性紫癜。

Side effects of this drug include skin rashes and Henoch-Schönlein purpura (allergic purpura).

Advanced medical terminology.

环境激素被认为是导致过敏人口增加的诱因之一。

Environmental hormones are considered one of the triggers for the increase in the allergic population.

Using 'huánjìng jīsù' (environmental hormones).

她对任何形式的虚伪都表现出一种近乎过敏的排斥。

She shows an almost allergic rejection of any form of hypocrisy.

Literary metaphorical usage.

食品包装上必须清晰标注可能引起过敏的成分。

Food packaging must clearly label ingredients that might cause allergies.

Regulatory/Legal context.

这种新型纤维旨在减少过敏原的附着。

This new type of fiber is designed to reduce the attachment of allergens.

Industrial/Scientific context.

过敏性疾病的流行病学研究揭示了地理环境与发病率之间的显著相关性。

Epidemiological studies of allergic diseases have revealed a significant correlation between geographical environment and incidence rates.

High-level academic/scientific register.

在某些极端案例中，微量的过敏原暴露即可引发致命的免疫风暴。

In some extreme cases, exposure to trace amounts of allergens can trigger a fatal immune storm.

Technical medical discourse.

该文学作品通过对主人公感官过敏的刻画，折射出世纪末的焦虑不安。

Through the portrayal of the protagonist's sensory hypersensitivity (allergy), the literary work reflects fin-de-siècle anxiety.

Literary criticism register.

政府应加强对过敏性患儿在校期间的安全保障机制建设。

The government should strengthen the construction of safety guarantee mechanisms for allergic children during their time at school.

Policy/Administrative register.

针对IgE介导的过敏反应，生物制剂的研发已取得突破性进展。

Breakthrough progress has been made in the development of biological agents targeting IgE-mediated allergic reactions.

Advanced pharmacology/biotechnology.

这种文化过敏现象反映了全球化背景下本土意识的觉醒与抵制。

This phenomenon of cultural 'allergy' reflects the awakening and resistance of local consciousness in the context of globalization.

Sociopolitical analysis.

临床上，鉴别诊断食物过敏与食物不耐受具有至关重要的意义。

Clinically, the differential diagnosis of food allergy and food intolerance is of vital significance.

Clinical diagnostic register.

通过CRISPR技术敲除农作物中的过敏蛋白，是未来农业的一个重要方向。

Knocking out allergenic proteins in crops via CRISPR technology is an important direction for future agriculture.

Cutting-edge scientific discourse.

よく使う組み合わせ

花粉过敏

皮肤过敏

药物过敏

过敏反应

过敏原

过敏体质

严重过敏

过敏测试

抗过敏药

季节性过敏

よく使うフレーズ

我对...过敏

— I am allergic to... This is the most essential phrase for any learner.

我对芒果过敏。

过敏史

— History of allergies. Used in medical forms and doctor visits.

你有过敏史吗？

过敏性鼻炎

— Allergic rhinitis (hay fever). A common medical diagnosis.

过敏性鼻炎很难受。

过敏性哮喘

— Allergic asthma. Asthma triggered by allergens.

过敏性哮喘需要长期治疗。

脱敏治疗

— Desensitization therapy. A treatment to reduce allergy sensitivity.

脱敏治疗需要很长时间。

低过敏

— Hypoallergenic. Often seen on product labels.

这款面霜是低过敏的。

过敏症状

— Allergy symptoms. Used to describe how an allergy manifests.

你的过敏症状是什么？

过敏源

— Allergen source. Interchangeable with 过敏原.

寻找家里的过敏源。

食物过敏

— Food allergy. Specifically refers to reactions to food.

食物过敏可能非常危险。

急性过敏

— Acute allergy. A sudden and often severe reaction.

他发生了急性过敏。

よく混同される語

过敏 vs 敏感 (mǐngǎn)

Sensitive. Use for emotions or light sensitivity, not medical allergies.

过敏 vs 感冒 (gǎnmào)

Cold/Flu. Symptoms overlap with hay fever, but the cause is viral.

过敏 vs 发炎 (fāyán)

Inflammation. Allergic reactions cause inflammation, but they aren't the same thing.

慣用句と表現

"过敏反应"

— While a medical term, it is used idiomatically to describe any quick, sharp reaction to a stimulus.

市场对这一消息产生了过敏反应。

Neutral/Economic

"谈虎色变"

— To turn pale at the mention of a tiger. Used to describe an extreme 'allergic' fear of something.

他对比特币谈虎色变。

Literary

"避之唯恐不及"

— To avoid something as much as possible, like an allergen.

他对麻烦事避之唯恐不及。

Formal

"水土不服"

— Not habituated to the local climate/water. Often confused with allergies by travelers.

他刚到北京，有点水土不服。

Common

"草木皆兵"

— To be so sensitive/allergic to danger that every bush looks like an enemy.

他现在是草木皆兵，一点小事都紧张。

Idiomatic

"见风就是雨"

— To react too quickly to rumors, like a sensitive allergic reaction.

你别见风就是雨，先查清楚。

Colloquial

"杯弓蛇影"

— To be overly sensitive/paranoid, similar to an overreactive allergy.

那次事故后，他总是杯弓蛇影。

Literary

"风声鹤唳"

— To be extremely jittery or sensitive to any sign of trouble.

在那段时期，大家都是风声鹤唳。

Literary

"如坐针毡"

— Like sitting on a bed of needles. Describes the physical discomfort of an allergy or anxiety.

他在那个场合感到如坐针毡。

Idiomatic

"心有余悸"

— To have a lingering fear, often after a severe allergic shock.

想起那次过敏，他仍心有余悸。

Neutral

間違えやすい

过敏 vs 敏感

Both share the character '敏' (sensitivity).

过敏 is a medical allergy (rejection). 敏感 is a general sensitivity (emotional or physical). You can have sensitive skin (敏感皮肤) without being allergic (过敏) to a specific product.

她很敏感，容易哭。(She is very sensitive and cries easily.)

过敏 vs 感冒

Hay fever (allergy) feels like a cold.

感冒 is an infection with a virus. 过敏 is an immune system error. If you sneeze every April, it's 过敏, not 感冒.

我感冒了，发烧了。(I have a cold and a fever.)

过敏 vs 中毒

Severe allergies can feel like poisoning.

中毒 is being poisoned by a toxic substance. 过敏 is a reaction to a safe substance. Food poisoning is '食物中毒'.

他食物中毒了，一直在呕吐。(He has food poisoning and has been vomiting.)

过敏 vs 忌口

Both involve not eating certain things.

过敏 is the medical reason. 忌口 is the action of avoiding food (for any reason).

生病期间要忌口。(Avoid certain foods while sick.)

过敏 vs 排斥

Both mean 'rejection' by the body.

排斥 is used for organ transplants or social groups. 过敏 is for external allergens.

手术后发生了排斥反应。(Rejection occurred after the surgery.)

文型パターン

我 + 对 + [Allergen] + 过敏。

我对猫过敏。

我 + 对 + [Allergen] + 有点儿 + 过敏。

我对花粉有点儿过敏。

因为 + [Reason] + ，所以我 + [Allergen] + 过敏了。

因为吃了虾，所以我过敏了。

虽然 + [Subject] + [Allergen] + 过敏，但是 + [Action] + 。

虽然他对猫过敏，但是他还是很喜欢猫。

[Subject] + 表现出 + 对 + [Abstract noun] + 的 + 过敏。

他表现出对虚伪的过敏。

[Allergen] + 暴露 + 导致了 + [Type] + 过敏反应。

微量花生暴露导致了急性过敏反应。

你 + 对 + [Allergen] + 过敏吗？

你对青霉素过敏吗？

这是一种 + [Adjective] + 过敏症状。

这是一种常见的过敏症状。

語族

名詞

过敏原 (guòmǐnyuán) - allergen

过敏史 (guòmǐnshǐ) - allergy history

过敏症 (guòmǐnzhèng) - allergic disease

動詞

脱敏 (tuōmǐn) - to desensitize

致敏 (zhìmǐn) - to sensitize/cause allergy

形容詞

过敏性的 (guòmǐnxìng de) - allergic/anaphylactic

易过敏的 (yì guòmǐn de) - prone to allergies

使い方

frequency

Very High (Essential vocabulary)

よくある間違い

我有过敏 → 我对...过敏
In Chinese, you don't 'have' an allergy as a possession. You 'are allergic towards' something.
我对花生很敏感 → 我对花生过敏
Sensitive (敏感) is not the same as allergic (过敏). Peanuts cause an allergy, not just sensitivity.
我过敏花生 → 我对花生过敏
You cannot omit the preposition '对'. The allergen must be linked by '对'.
他有过敏性 → 他是过敏体质
'-性' is a suffix for adjectives. To say someone is prone to allergies, use '过敏体质'.
我感冒花粉 → 我对花粉过敏
Don't use '感冒' (cold) for allergies, even if the symptoms are similar.

ヒント

The 'Duì' Rule

Always pair '过敏' with '对'. Think of it as 'Towards X, I am allergic.' This is the golden rule of using this word correctly.

Be Specific

In China, simply saying 'I have an allergy' might not be enough. Always name the allergen: '我对花生过敏' (I am allergic to peanuts).

Learn the Symptoms

Knowing words like '痒' (yǎng - itchy) and '红' (hóng - red) helps you describe your allergy to a doctor much better.

Dining Out

If your allergy is life-threatening, write it down on a card in Chinese to show the chef. It's much safer than just speaking.

Drug Allergies

When visiting a Chinese hospital, '青霉素' (qīngméisù - penicillin) is the most common drug allergy discussed. Be ready to mention it.

Tone Accuracy

Make sure 'guò' (4th tone) is sharp and falling, and 'mǐn' (3rd tone) dips low. This distinguishes it from 'guómín' (citizen).

Skincare

Look for '低敏' (dī mǐn) or '无添加' (wú tiānjiā) on products if you have sensitive or allergic skin.

Humor

Use '过敏' to jokingly describe things you hate, like '我对加班过敏' (I'm allergic to overtime).

Catching the Suffix

In news reports, listen for '-性' (xìng) after '过敏' to hear technical terms like '过敏性哮喘'.

Character Logic

Remembering that '过' means 'excessive' helps you understand why it's used for an over-reaction of the body.

暗記しよう

記憶術

Imagine someone who is 'Over' (过)ly 'Sensitive' (敏). Their body reacts too much.

視覚的連想

Visualize a person sneezing so hard they 'pass' (过) across a room because they are so 'sensitive' (敏).

Word Web

过敏对...过敏花粉花生海鲜医生打喷嚏发痒

チャレンジ

Try to list three things you are allergic to (or pretend to be) using the '我对...过敏' structure every morning for a week.

語源

The term '过敏' is a modern compound. '过' (guò) dates back to ancient Chinese meaning to pass or exceed. '敏' (mǐn) originally depicted a person wearing a complex headdress, implying quickness or cleverness.

元の意味： Excessive sensitivity.

Sino-Tibetan (Mandarin)

文化的な背景

Always take someone's claim of '过敏' seriously in China, even if they use it casually. It is better to over-prepare than to cause a medical emergency.

Westerners are often much more vocal about allergies in restaurants; in China, you may need to be more persistent to ensure the kitchen understands cross-contamination.

Medical dramas like 'The Hospital' (白色巨塔) often feature allergy cases. Health segments on CCTV-10 frequently discuss '过敏性疾病'. Social media trends during spring often focus on '花粉过敏' survival tips.

実生活で練習する

実際の使用場面

Ordering Food

我对花生过敏。
这里面有海鲜吗？
我不能吃鸡蛋。
请不要放芝麻。

At the Doctor

我有过敏史。
我皮肤很痒。
这是过敏吗？
我需要抗过敏药。

Buying Cosmetics

我皮肤容易过敏。
这是低过敏性的吗？
我想做个过敏测试。
这个成分安全吗？

Spring Season

花粉过敏太难受了。
我一直在打喷嚏。
今天花粉指数高吗？
我得戴口罩。

Visiting Friends with Pets

你家有猫吗？我对猫过敏。
我可以坐远一点吗？
没关系，我有药。
它的毛掉得多吗？

会話のきっかけ

"你对什么食物过敏吗？ (Are you allergic to any foods?)"

"春天的时候你会花粉过敏吗？ (Do you get pollen allergies in the spring?)"

"你觉得过敏体质是遗传的吗？ (Do you think allergic constitutions are hereditary?)"

"如果朋友对某种食物过敏，你会怎么安排聚餐？ (If a friend is allergic to a food, how would you arrange a dinner?)"

"你有没有过突然过敏的经历？ (Have you ever had a sudden allergic reaction?)"

日記のテーマ

描述一次你或者你朋友过敏的经历。当时发生了什么？ (Describe a time you or a friend had an allergy. What happened?)

你认为现代人过敏越来越多的原因是什么？ (What do you think is the reason more modern people have allergies?)

写一段话告诉餐厅服务员你的饮食限制。 (Write a paragraph telling a waiter about your dietary restrictions.)

如果你可以治愈世界上的一种过敏，你会选哪种？为什么？ (If you could cure one allergy in the world, which would you choose and why?)

谈谈过敏如何影响一个人的日常生活。 (Talk about how allergies affect a person's daily life.)

よくある質問

10 問

You say '我对花生过敏' (Wǒ duì huāshēng guòmǐn). Remember to use '对' (duì) and not '有' (yǒu).

It can be both. As a verb/adjective: '我过敏' (I am allergic). As a noun: '他的过敏很严重' (His allergy is severe).

过敏 is for medical allergies (like to peanuts). 敏感 is for general sensitivity (like sensitive skin or being emotionally sensitive).

Say: '我对花生过敏，请问这道菜里有花生吗？' (Wǒ duì huāshēng guòmǐn, qǐngwèn zhè dào cài lǐ yǒu huāshēng ma?)

Yes! '我对这种药过敏' (I am allergic to this medicine) is very common and important.

Common symptoms include 打喷嚏 (dǎ pèntì - sneeze), 发痒 (fāyǎng - itch), and 红肿 (hóngzhǒng - red and swollen).

The medical term is '过敏性鼻炎' (guòmǐnxìng bíyán), but most people just say '花粉过敏' (huāfěn guòmǐn - pollen allergy).

Yes, you can say '我对这种音乐过敏' to humorously say you really dislike a certain kind of music.

You say '抗过敏药' (kàng guòmǐn yào) or '过敏药' (guòmǐn yào).

Only if you are describing a reaction that just happened. '我过敏了' (I just had an allergic reaction). To state a general fact, don't use '了'.

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