Chapter in 30 Seconds
Transform your German by weaving complex information into elegant, dense, and sophisticated sentence structures.
- Master relative clauses containing prepositions and genitive pronouns.
- Utilize indefinite pronouns to create precise, eloquent statements.
- Construct high-level academic texts using extended participial attributes.
배울 내용
Alright, friend, we've reached the point where we're going to transform your German from good to truly great! This chapter is for those who genuinely want to grasp the depth of German sentence construction and communicate—both speaking and writing—like a native. We're diving deep into how to pack a ton of information into a single sentence using 'advanced relative clauses' (like those with prepositions, think mit dem or auf den) and 'genitive relative clauses' (dessen and deren for expressing 'whose').
Imagine you're reading a specialized German article or need to write a formal email to a university professor. Here, simply knowing vocabulary isn't enough; you need to master the intricacies of sentence structure. You'll also get familiar with 'was' (for indefinite pronouns or entire clauses) and 'wer' (for making general statements about people), which will make your sentences incredibly precise and eloquent.
Then, we'll tackle 'extended participial phrases' (Erweiterte Partizipialattribute), the pinnacle of advanced sentence building! These empower you to embed loads of details between the article and the noun, creating dense, formal written sentences. By the end of this chapter, there won't be any complex German text you can't conquer, and you'll be able to express anything you want with ultimate precision and nuance. Ready for this exciting challenge? Let's go!
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전치사가 있는 독일어 관계절 (mit dem, auf den)전치사 관계절을 마스터하면 복잡한 독일어 문장에서 사람이나 사물을 더 정확하고 세련되게 묘사할 수 있어요. 이건 마치 «문법 마법»을 배우는 것과 같아요!
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2격 관계대명사: dessen과 deren 사용법 (소유격 관계절)누구의 소유를 나타낼 때, 소유주가 남성이나 중성이면
dessen, 여성이나 복수면deren을 쓰세요. 그리고 이 대명사들 뒤에는 절대 관사를 붙이지 않는다는 점, 잊지 마세요! -
독일어 부정 관계대명사: 'was' (모든 것, 아무것도, ~라는 것)막연한 대명사, 중성 최상급, 문장 전체를 가리킬 때
was를 쓰세요! 특정 명사에was를 쓰면 안 돼요. -
누구든: 부정 관계 대명사 'wer'독일어
wer는 특정한 사람이 아니라 '누구든지'라고 일반적인 사람들을 지칭할 때 쓰는 마법 같은 단어예요! 격 변화(wer,wen,wem,wessen)를 잘 시키고, 특히 주절과 종속절의 격이 다를 때는 짝꿍correlative (der, den, dem)를 꼭 붙여줘야 한다는 거 잊지 마세요! -
확장된 분사 구문: 독일어 문장 압축하기 (Erweiterte Partizipialattribute)복잡한 관계절을 관사와 명사 사이에 압축해서 넣는 고급 기술이에요.
Partizip I은 능동,Partizip II는 수동이나 완료를 나타내는 핵심 키워드죠.
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
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By the end you will be able to: Build complex formal sentences using relative clauses with prepositions and genitive markers.
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By the end you will be able to: Synthesize information using extended participial phrases for academic contexts.
챕터 가이드
Overview
How This Grammar Works
Das ist der Freund, mit dem ich gesprochen habe(That is the friend with whom I spoke). Here, mit requires the dative case, hence dem.
Das ist das Projekt, an dem wir arbeiten(That is the project on which we are working).
whose or of which. Dessen is used for masculine and neuter singular nouns, and also for plural nouns regardless of gender. Deren is for feminine singular nouns and also for plural nouns. Crucially, dessen and deren agree in gender and number with the *noun possessed*, not the antecedent.Der Mann, dessen Auto gestohlen wurde, ist sehr traurig(The man whose car was stolen is very sad). Here, dessen refers to
Mann but matches Auto (neuter). And Die Frau, deren Kinder spielen, ist meine Nachbarin(The woman whose children are playing is my neighbor).
Er hat alles gesagt, was er wusste(He said everything that he knew). Or,
Sie kam zu spät, was mich ärgerte(She came too late, which annoyed me).
whoever or anyone who. For example, Wer fleißig lernt, wird Erfolg haben(Whoever studies diligently will have success).
Das vom Studenten geschriebene Buch ist sehr informativ(The book written by the student is very informative). This replaces
Das Buch, das vom Studenten geschrieben wurde...Or,
Die schnell sprechende Dozentin ist schwer zu verstehen(The fast-speaking lecturer is hard to understand), replacing
Die Dozentin, die schnell spricht...These phrases add density and formality, essential for advanced German sentence structure.
Common Mistakes
- 1✗ Wrong:
Das ist der Tisch, an den ich sitze.
Das ist der Tisch, an dem ich sitze.
sitzen (to sit) implies a static location, which requires the dative case with the preposition an. The accusative den would imply movement *to* the table.- 1✗ Wrong:
Der Professor, dessen Kinder sind sehr klug.
Der Professor, dessen Kinder sehr klug sind.
- 1✗ Wrong:
Das ist der von ihm geschrieben Roman.
Das ist der von ihm geschriebene Roman.
geschrieben) acts as an adjective and must take the correct adjective ending, agreeing with the noun it modifies (here, Roman is masculine nominative, so -e).
Real Conversations
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Quick FAQ
How do I choose between dessen and deren in German genitive relative clauses?
Dessen is used for masculine and neuter singular antecedents, and also for plural antecedents of any gender. Deren is used for feminine singular antecedents, and also for plural antecedents. The choice depends on the gender/number of the noun *being referred to* (the antecedent), not the possessed noun.
Can I always replace a German relative clause with an extended participial phrase?
No, not always. While participial phrases offer conciseness, they are primarily used in formal, written German. They are best for simple, descriptive relative clauses and can become unwieldy or ambiguous if the original clause is too complex or involves multiple verbs.
What's the difference between was and das in German relative clauses?
Das is a relative pronoun referring to a neuter noun. Was is an indefinite relative pronoun used after indefinite pronouns (alles, nichts, etwas) or to refer to an entire preceding clause, not a specific noun.
Are extended participial phrases common in spoken German?
Generally, no. While a native speaker might use simpler participial constructions, the highly condensed Erweiterte Partizipialattribute are characteristic of formal written German (e.g., academic texts, journalism, official documents) rather than everyday conversation.
Cultural Context
주요 예문 (8)
Das ist der Freund, mit dem ich gestern im Kino war.
어제 영화관에 같이 갔던 친구예요.
전치사가 있는 독일어 관계절 (mit dem, auf den)Die App, über die alle reden, ist total überbewertet.
모두가 이야기하는 그 앱은 완전히 과대평가되었어요.
전치사가 있는 독일어 관계절 (mit dem, auf den)Der Student, dessen Laptop abgestürzt ist, weint.
노트북이 고장 난 학생은 울고 있어요.
2격 관계대명사: dessen과 deren 사용법 (소유격 관계절)Das ist die Influencerin, deren Fotos alle bearbeitet sind.
저분은 모든 사진이 보정된 인플루언서예요.
2격 관계대명사: dessen과 deren 사용법 (소유격 관계절)Alles, was auf TikTok trendet, ist nach zwei Wochen wieder out.
틱톡에서 유행하는 모든 것은 2주 후면 다시 유행이 지나요.
독일어 부정 관계대명사: 'was' (모든 것, 아무것도, ~라는 것)Das ist das Teuerste, was ich je bei Uber Eats bestellt habe.
이건 제가 우버 이츠로 주문한 것 중에 제일 비싼 거예요.
독일어 부정 관계대명사: 'was' (모든 것, 아무것도, ~라는 것)팁과 요령 (4)
동사 먼저!
Ich interessiere mich für Quantenphysik.처럼요. 여기서 'für'는 4격을 필요로 하죠.
관사 경보 발령!
Der Mann, dessen Auto ist neu.
'Alles-Das' 함정에 빠지지 마세요!
Alles, das...라고 절대로 말하면 안 돼요. 'Alles' 뒤에는 무조건 'was'가 와야 하거든요. 마치 «1 더하기 1은 2»처럼 당연한 규칙이에요: Alles, was...독일 속담의 비밀
der를 꼭 써주세요. 독일 사람들이 좋아하는 '힘'을 실어줄 거예요. Wer A sagt, der muss auch B sagen.
핵심 어휘 (5)
Real-World Preview
University Seminar Discussion
Review Summary
- Preposition + Relative Pronoun
- dessen/deren + Noun
- was
- wer
- Participle + Adjective ending + Noun
자주 하는 실수
Prepositions in relative clauses must come before the relative pronoun, and the case must match the preposition.
Use 'deren' for feminine antecedents, even if the possessed object is masculine or neuter.
'Was' is for indefinite pronouns (alles, nichts) or entire clauses, not for specific nouns like 'das Buch'.
이 챕터의 규칙 (5)
Next Steps
You have done incredible work. Your ability to manipulate complex German sentences is now at a C1 level. Keep practicing, and you'll be writing like a native in no time!
Read a German news article and underline all relative clauses.
빠른 연습 (10)
Das ist der Mann, ___ Hund so süß ist.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 2격 관계대명사: dessen과 deren 사용법 (소유격 관계절)
Find and fix the mistake:
Das ist das Kind, deren Ball weg ist.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 2격 관계대명사: dessen과 deren 사용법 (소유격 관계절)
Das auf dem Tisch ___ (liegen) Buch gehört mir.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 확장된 분사 구문: 독일어 문장 압축하기 (Erweiterte Partizipialattribute)
Das ist {der|m} Film, ___ ___ ich dir erzählt habe. (erzählen von + Dativ)
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 전치사가 있는 독일어 관계절 (mit dem, auf den)
어떤 문장이 확장 분사구를 올바르게 사용했나요?
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 확장된 분사 구문: 독일어 문장 압축하기 (Erweiterte Partizipialattribute)
Find and fix the mistake:
Das ist die Tasche, für der ich viel Geld bezahlt habe.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 전치사가 있는 독일어 관계절 (mit dem, auf den)
올바른 관계절을 고르세요:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 전치사가 있는 독일어 관계절 (mit dem, auf den)
Find and fix the mistake:
Der bellende im Garten Hund ist laut.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 확장된 분사 구문: 독일어 문장 압축하기 (Erweiterte Partizipialattribute)
___ nicht hören will, muss fühlen.
Wer가 절의 주어(주격)입니다.frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 누구든: 부정 관계 대명사 'wer'
Choose the best sentence:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 독일어 부정 관계대명사: 'was' (모든 것, 아무것도, ~라는 것)
Score: /10
자주 묻는 질문 (6)
das Haus, das ich in wohne.라고 하면 틀려요. 꼭
das Haus, in dem ich wohne.처럼 말해야 하죠.
der Mann, trotz dessen Fehlern...또는 '오래되어서 고장 난 차'는
das Auto, wegen dessen Alters...처럼 쓸 수 있죠.
Das Auto, dessen Farbe blau ist.
Der Lehrer, dessen Schüler sehr fleißig sind.
alles가 was와 짝꿍인 것처럼요: Alles, was er sagt, ist wichtig.
Etwas, was ich dir sagen muss.
