Chapter in 30 Seconds
Transform your German by weaving complex information into elegant, dense, and sophisticated sentence structures.
- Master relative clauses containing prepositions and genitive pronouns.
- Utilize indefinite pronouns to create precise, eloquent statements.
- Construct high-level academic texts using extended participial attributes.
学べること
Alright, friend, we've reached the point where we're going to transform your German from good to truly great! This chapter is for those who genuinely want to grasp the depth of German sentence construction and communicate—both speaking and writing—like a native. We're diving deep into how to pack a ton of information into a single sentence using 'advanced relative clauses' (like those with prepositions, think mit dem or auf den) and 'genitive relative clauses' (dessen and deren for expressing 'whose').
Imagine you're reading a specialized German article or need to write a formal email to a university professor. Here, simply knowing vocabulary isn't enough; you need to master the intricacies of sentence structure. You'll also get familiar with 'was' (for indefinite pronouns or entire clauses) and 'wer' (for making general statements about people), which will make your sentences incredibly precise and eloquent.
Then, we'll tackle 'extended participial phrases' (Erweiterte Partizipialattribute), the pinnacle of advanced sentence building! These empower you to embed loads of details between the article and the noun, creating dense, formal written sentences. By the end of this chapter, there won't be any complex German text you can't conquer, and you'll be able to express anything you want with ultimate precision and nuance. Ready for this exciting challenge? Let's go!
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前置詞を伴うドイツ語の関係節 (mit dem, auf den)前置詞を伴う関係代名詞をマスターすれば、「正確」で「洗練された」ドイツ語の文章で人や物を表現できるようになるよ。
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2格の関係代名詞: dessen と deren の使い方 (所有を表す関係文)所有関係を表す関係代名詞は、持ち主の性別で決まります。男性名詞・中性名詞の持ち主には「dessen」、女性名詞・複数名詞の持ち主には「deren」を使います。そして、この代名詞の後には冠詞が来ません。覚え方はシンプル:「dessen」は「男・中性」、「deren」は「女・複数」。
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ドイツ語の不定関係代名詞「was」(すべて、何も〜ない、こと)「was」は「不定代名詞」、「中性最上級」、そして「文全体」を指す時に使う魔法の言葉だよ。特定の性別を持つ名詞には絶対に使わないでね!
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〜する人は誰でも:不定関係代名詞 wer人について一般的なことを言う時には、「wer」を使います。そして、格変化と相関代名詞を使うことを忘れずに、しっかり使いこなしましょう。
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ドイツ語の拡張された分詞表現:情報を詰め込む (Erweiterte Partizipialattribute)情報を「冠詞」と「名詞」の間に詰め込む高度なテクニックです。
Partizip I(現在分詞)やPartizip II(過去分詞)を形容詞として使い、文章をよりプロフェッショナルで簡潔な印象にします。
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
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By the end you will be able to: Build complex formal sentences using relative clauses with prepositions and genitive markers.
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By the end you will be able to: Synthesize information using extended participial phrases for academic contexts.
チャプターガイド
Overview
How This Grammar Works
Das ist der Freund, mit dem ich gesprochen habe(That is the friend with whom I spoke). Here, mit requires the dative case, hence dem.
Das ist das Projekt, an dem wir arbeiten(That is the project on which we are working).
whose or of which. Dessen is used for masculine and neuter singular nouns, and also for plural nouns regardless of gender. Deren is for feminine singular nouns and also for plural nouns. Crucially, dessen and deren agree in gender and number with the *noun possessed*, not the antecedent.Der Mann, dessen Auto gestohlen wurde, ist sehr traurig(The man whose car was stolen is very sad). Here, dessen refers to
Mann but matches Auto (neuter). And Die Frau, deren Kinder spielen, ist meine Nachbarin(The woman whose children are playing is my neighbor).
Er hat alles gesagt, was er wusste(He said everything that he knew). Or,
Sie kam zu spät, was mich ärgerte(She came too late, which annoyed me).
whoever or anyone who. For example, Wer fleißig lernt, wird Erfolg haben(Whoever studies diligently will have success).
Das vom Studenten geschriebene Buch ist sehr informativ(The book written by the student is very informative). This replaces
Das Buch, das vom Studenten geschrieben wurde...Or,
Die schnell sprechende Dozentin ist schwer zu verstehen(The fast-speaking lecturer is hard to understand), replacing
Die Dozentin, die schnell spricht...These phrases add density and formality, essential for advanced German sentence structure.
Common Mistakes
- 1✗ Wrong:
Das ist der Tisch, an den ich sitze.
Das ist der Tisch, an dem ich sitze.
sitzen (to sit) implies a static location, which requires the dative case with the preposition an. The accusative den would imply movement *to* the table.- 1✗ Wrong:
Der Professor, dessen Kinder sind sehr klug.
Der Professor, dessen Kinder sehr klug sind.
- 1✗ Wrong:
Das ist der von ihm geschrieben Roman.
Das ist der von ihm geschriebene Roman.
geschrieben) acts as an adjective and must take the correct adjective ending, agreeing with the noun it modifies (here, Roman is masculine nominative, so -e).Real Conversations
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Quick FAQ
How do I choose between dessen and deren in German genitive relative clauses?
Dessen is used for masculine and neuter singular antecedents, and also for plural antecedents of any gender. Deren is used for feminine singular antecedents, and also for plural antecedents. The choice depends on the gender/number of the noun *being referred to* (the antecedent), not the possessed noun.
Can I always replace a German relative clause with an extended participial phrase?
No, not always. While participial phrases offer conciseness, they are primarily used in formal, written German. They are best for simple, descriptive relative clauses and can become unwieldy or ambiguous if the original clause is too complex or involves multiple verbs.
What's the difference between was and das in German relative clauses?
Das is a relative pronoun referring to a neuter noun. Was is an indefinite relative pronoun used after indefinite pronouns (alles, nichts, etwas) or to refer to an entire preceding clause, not a specific noun.
Are extended participial phrases common in spoken German?
Generally, no. While a native speaker might use simpler participial constructions, the highly condensed Erweiterte Partizipialattribute are characteristic of formal written German (e.g., academic texts, journalism, official documents) rather than everyday conversation.
Cultural Context
重要な例文 (8)
Das ist der Freund, mit dem ich gestern im Kino war.
昨日、一緒に映画に行った友達だよ。
前置詞を伴うドイツ語の関係節 (mit dem, auf den)Die App, über die alle reden, ist total überbewertet.
みんなが話してるあのアプリ、全然大したことないよ。
前置詞を伴うドイツ語の関係節 (mit dem, auf den)Der Student, dessen Laptop abgestürzt ist, weint.
ノートパソコンがクラッシュした学生は泣いている。
2格の関係代名詞: dessen と deren の使い方 (所有を表す関係文)Das ist die Influencerin, deren Fotos alle bearbeitet sind.
あれは写真が全て加工されているインフルエンサーだ。
2格の関係代名詞: dessen と deren の使い方 (所有を表す関係文)Alles, was auf TikTok trendet, ist nach zwei Wochen wieder out.
TikTokで流行るものは、2週間後にはもう古い。
ドイツ語の不定関係代名詞「was」(すべて、何も〜ない、こと)Das ist das Teuerste, was ich je bei Uber Eats bestellt habe.
これは私がUber Eatsで今まで注文した中で一番高いものだ。
ドイツ語の不定関係代名詞「was」(すべて、何も〜ない、こと)ヒントとコツ (4)
動詞が最初!のロジック
冠詞はつけないで!
「Alles-Das」の落とし穴
ことわざの秘密
重要な語彙 (5)
Real-World Preview
University Seminar Discussion
Review Summary
- Preposition + Relative Pronoun
- dessen/deren + Noun
- was
- wer
- Participle + Adjective ending + Noun
よくある間違い
Prepositions in relative clauses must come before the relative pronoun, and the case must match the preposition.
Use 'deren' for feminine antecedents, even if the possessed object is masculine or neuter.
'Was' is for indefinite pronouns (alles, nichts) or entire clauses, not for specific nouns like 'das Buch'.
このチャプターのルール (5)
Next Steps
You have done incredible work. Your ability to manipulate complex German sentences is now at a C1 level. Keep practicing, and you'll be writing like a native in no time!
Read a German news article and underline all relative clauses.
クイック練習 (10)
Find and fix the mistake:
Der bellende im Garten Hund ist laut.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ドイツ語の拡張された分詞表現:情報を詰め込む (Erweiterte Partizipialattribute)
Choose the correct way to handle a case clash:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜する人は誰でも:不定関係代名詞 wer
Choose the correct relative clause:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 前置詞を伴うドイツ語の関係節 (mit dem, auf den)
Das ist der Mann, ___ Hund so süß ist.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 2格の関係代名詞: dessen と deren の使い方 (所有を表す関係文)
Find and fix the mistake:
Alles, das ich auf Amazon bestellt habe, kam zu spät an.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ドイツ語の不定関係代名詞「was」(すべて、何も〜ない、こと)
Find and fix the mistake:
Das ist die Tasche, für der ich viel Geld bezahlt habe.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 前置詞を伴うドイツ語の関係節 (mit dem, auf den)
Find and fix the mistake:
Das ist das Kind, deren Ball weg ist.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 2格の関係代名詞: dessen と deren の使い方 (所有を表す関係文)
最適な文を選んでください:
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ドイツ語の不定関係代名詞「was」(すべて、何も〜ない、こと)
Das auf dem Tisch ___ (liegen) Buch gehört mir.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ドイツ語の拡張された分詞表現:情報を詰め込む (Erweiterte Partizipialattribute)
Find and fix the mistake:
Wer ich gestern getroffen habe, der war sehr nett.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜する人は誰でも:不定関係代名詞 wer
Score: /10