C1 · 上級 チャプター 6

Mastering Complex Sentence Embedding

5 トータルルール
53 例文
7

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Transform your German by weaving complex information into elegant, dense, and sophisticated sentence structures.

  • Master relative clauses containing prepositions and genitive pronouns.
  • Utilize indefinite pronouns to create precise, eloquent statements.
  • Construct high-level academic texts using extended participial attributes.
Master the art of sophisticated, native-level German syntax.

学べること

Alright, friend, we've reached the point where we're going to transform your German from good to truly great! This chapter is for those who genuinely want to grasp the depth of German sentence construction and communicate—both speaking and writing—like a native. We're diving deep into how to pack a ton of information into a single sentence using 'advanced relative clauses' (like those with prepositions, think mit dem or auf den) and 'genitive relative clauses' (dessen and deren for expressing 'whose'). Imagine you're reading a specialized German article or need to write a formal email to a university professor. Here, simply knowing vocabulary isn't enough; you need to master the intricacies of sentence structure. You'll also get familiar with 'was' (for indefinite pronouns or entire clauses) and 'wer' (for making general statements about people), which will make your sentences incredibly precise and eloquent. Then, we'll tackle 'extended participial phrases' (Erweiterte Partizipialattribute), the pinnacle of advanced sentence building! These empower you to embed loads of details between the article and the noun, creating dense, formal written sentences. By the end of this chapter, there won't be any complex German text you can't conquer, and you'll be able to express anything you want with ultimate precision and nuance. Ready for this exciting challenge? Let's go!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Build complex formal sentences using relative clauses with prepositions and genitive markers.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Synthesize information using extended participial phrases for academic contexts.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Welcome, ambitious German learners, to the C1 level, where we truly elevate your language skills! This chapter is your gateway to mastering complex German sentence structures, transforming your understanding and expression from proficient to truly native-like. If you're aiming for fluency and precision, especially in academic or professional contexts, this is where you unlock the next level.
We're diving deep into advanced techniques that allow you to embed rich information within a single sentence, making your German incredibly nuanced and sophisticated. You'll learn to articulate intricate relationships between ideas, a crucial skill for anyone wanting to read specialized articles, write compelling essays, or engage in high-level discussions in German.
This isn't just about memorizing rules; it's about understanding the logic that underpins truly elegant German. We'll explore how to use relative clauses with prepositions and genitive relative clauses (dessen, deren) to add detail without creating clunky sentences. Furthermore, you'll discover the power of the indefinite relative pronouns was and wer, enabling you to make broad, general statements with ease.
Finally, we'll tackle the formidable but immensely rewarding extended participial phrases (Erweiterte Partizipialattribute), the hallmark of concise and formal written German. By the end of this chapter, you'll not only comprehend complex texts effortlessly but also produce them yourself, significantly boosting your C1 German grammar proficiency. Get ready to refine your German and communicate with ultimate clarity!

How This Grammar Works

At the C1 German level, we move beyond basic sentence construction to sophisticated embedding. Let's break down the key elements. First, German Relative Clauses with Prepositions allow you to specify relationships more precisely.
The preposition dictates the case of the relative pronoun, which then agrees with the noun it refers to. For example,
Das ist der Freund, mit dem ich gesprochen habe
(That is the friend with whom I spoke). Here, mit requires the dative case, hence dem.
Or,
Das ist das Projekt, an dem wir arbeiten
(That is the project on which we are working).
Next, Relative Clauses with Genitive: Using 'dessen' and 'deren' are your tools for expressing whose or of which. Dessen is used for masculine and neuter singular nouns, and also for plural nouns regardless of gender. Deren is for feminine singular nouns and also for plural nouns. Crucially, dessen and deren agree in gender and number with the *noun possessed*, not the antecedent.
For instance,
Der Mann, dessen Auto gestohlen wurde, ist sehr traurig
(The man whose car was stolen is very sad). Here, dessen refers to Mann but matches Auto (neuter). And
Die Frau, deren Kinder spielen, ist meine Nachbarin
(The woman whose children are playing is my neighbor).
The German Indefinite Relative Pronoun: 'was' is used when referring to indefinite pronouns like alles (everything), nichts (nothing), etwas (something), or an entire preceding clause.
Er hat alles gesagt, was er wusste
(He said everything that he knew). Or,
Sie kam zu spät, was mich ärgerte
(She came too late, which annoyed me).
For general statements about people, we use the Indefinite 'Wer' (Relativpronomen wer), meaning whoever or anyone who. For example,
Wer fleißig lernt, wird Erfolg haben
(Whoever studies diligently will have success).
Finally, Extended Participial Phrases (Erweiterte Partizipialattribute) are the pinnacle of concise expression. They condense a relative clause into an adjective-like phrase placed between an article and a noun. They use either the present participle (-end) or the past participle (ge-).
Das vom Studenten geschriebene Buch ist sehr informativ
(The book written by the student is very informative). This replaces
Das Buch, das vom Studenten geschrieben wurde...
Or,
Die schnell sprechende Dozentin ist schwer zu verstehen
(The fast-speaking lecturer is hard to understand), replacing
Die Dozentin, die schnell spricht...
These phrases add density and formality, essential for advanced German sentence structure.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Wrong:
    Das ist der Tisch, an den ich sitze.
Correct:
Das ist der Tisch, an dem ich sitze.
*Explanation:* The verb sitzen (to sit) implies a static location, which requires the dative case with the preposition an. The accusative den would imply movement *to* the table.
  1. 1Wrong:
    Der Professor, dessen Kinder sind sehr klug.
Correct:
Der Professor, dessen Kinder sehr klug sind.
*Explanation:* In a genitive relative clause, the relative pronoun (dessen or deren) introduces the clause, and the conjugated verb goes to the end, just like in other subordinate clauses. The word order in the incorrect example treats it like two separate main clauses.
  1. 1Wrong:
    Das ist der von ihm geschrieben Roman.
Correct:
Das ist der von ihm geschriebene Roman.
*Explanation:* When using an extended participial phrase, the participle (here, geschrieben) acts as an adjective and must take the correct adjective ending, agreeing with the noun it modifies (here, Roman is masculine nominative, so -e).

Real Conversations

A

A

Hast du schon das neue Buch des Autors gelesen, dessen letzter Roman so ein Bestseller war? (Have you already read the new book by the author whose last novel was such a bestseller?)
B

B

Ja, ich bin gerade mitten in dem von ihm auf brillante Weise verfassten Werk. Es ist wirklich fesselnd! (Yes, I'm currently in the middle of the brilliantly written work by him. It's really captivating!)
A

A

Wer diese komplexe Materie versteht, kann sich glücklich schätzen. (Whoever understands this complex subject matter can count themselves lucky.)
B

B

Absolut. Die sich ständig weiterentwickelnde Forschung macht es nicht einfacher, was eine Herausforderung darstellt. (Absolutely. The constantly evolving research doesn't make it easier, which poses a challenge.)

Quick FAQ

Q

How do I choose between dessen and deren in German genitive relative clauses?

Dessen is used for masculine and neuter singular antecedents, and also for plural antecedents of any gender. Deren is used for feminine singular antecedents, and also for plural antecedents. The choice depends on the gender/number of the noun *being referred to* (the antecedent), not the possessed noun.

Q

Can I always replace a German relative clause with an extended participial phrase?

No, not always. While participial phrases offer conciseness, they are primarily used in formal, written German. They are best for simple, descriptive relative clauses and can become unwieldy or ambiguous if the original clause is too complex or involves multiple verbs.

Q

What's the difference between was and das in German relative clauses?

Das is a relative pronoun referring to a neuter noun. Was is an indefinite relative pronoun used after indefinite pronouns (alles, nichts, etwas) or to refer to an entire preceding clause, not a specific noun.

Q

Are extended participial phrases common in spoken German?

Generally, no. While a native speaker might use simpler participial constructions, the highly condensed Erweiterte Partizipialattribute are characteristic of formal written German (e.g., academic texts, journalism, official documents) rather than everyday conversation.

Cultural Context

These advanced German grammar C1 structures, particularly extended participial phrases and complex relative clauses, are hallmarks of formal and academic German. You'll encounter them frequently when reading scientific papers, literary works, or sophisticated journalistic articles. In spoken German, especially in informal settings, native speakers often prefer simpler, more direct constructions, even if it means using more clauses.
However, in formal presentations, university lectures, or structured discussions, employing these precise structures demonstrates a high level of linguistic competence and is expected. Mastering them allows you to not only understand the depth of German thought but also to contribute to it with equal precision and eloquence.

重要な例文 (8)

1

Das ist der Freund, mit dem ich gestern im Kino war.

昨日、一緒に映画に行った友達だよ。

前置詞を伴うドイツ語の関係節 (mit dem, auf den)
2

Die App, über die alle reden, ist total überbewertet.

みんなが話してるあのアプリ、全然大したことないよ。

前置詞を伴うドイツ語の関係節 (mit dem, auf den)
3

Der Student, dessen Laptop abgestürzt ist, weint.

ノートパソコンがクラッシュした学生は泣いている。

2格の関係代名詞: dessen と deren の使い方 (所有を表す関係文)
4

Das ist die Influencerin, deren Fotos alle bearbeitet sind.

あれは写真が全て加工されているインフルエンサーだ。

2格の関係代名詞: dessen と deren の使い方 (所有を表す関係文)
5

Alles, was auf TikTok trendet, ist nach zwei Wochen wieder out.

TikTokで流行るものは、2週間後にはもう古い。

ドイツ語の不定関係代名詞「was」(すべて、何も〜ない、こと)
6

Das ist das Teuerste, was ich je bei Uber Eats bestellt habe.

これは私がUber Eatsで今まで注文した中で一番高いものだ。

ドイツ語の不定関係代名詞「was」(すべて、何も〜ない、こと)
7

Wer zuletzt lacht, lacht am besten.

最後に笑う者が最もよく笑う。

〜する人は誰でも:不定関係代名詞 wer
8

Wen das Glück verlässt, den verlassen auch die Freunde.

運に見放された者は、友にも見放される。

〜する人は誰でも:不定関係代名詞 wer

ヒントとコツ (4)

💡

動詞が最初!のロジック

関係代名詞節の構築で迷ったら、まず動詞を確認してみて!その動詞がどの前置詞と結びつくかで、続くすべてが決まるからね。例えば「achten」なら「auf Akkusativ」だよ。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 前置詞を伴うドイツ語の関係節 (mit dem, auf den)
⚠️

冠詞はつけないで!

「dessen das Auto」とは絶対に言いませんよ。この「dessen」自体が、後ろに来る名詞の冠詞の役割を飲み込んでしまうんです。なので、「dessen Auto」だけでOKです。「あの男性の車」って言う時も、「Das ist der Mann, dessen Auto.」
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 2格の関係代名詞: dessen と deren の使い方 (所有を表す関係文)
⚠️

「Alles-Das」の落とし穴

これは学習者が一番間違えやすいポイントなんだ。「Alles, das...」とは絶対に言わないでね。「alles」は不定だから、必ず「was」を使うんだよ。「Alles, was ich weiß, ist, dass ich nichts weiß.」
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ドイツ語の不定関係代名詞「was」(すべて、何も〜ない、こと)
💡

ことわざの秘密

ドイツの古くからの格言を引用するなら、相関代名詞の「der」を必ず使いましょう。その方が、より重みのある伝統的な響きになります。例えば、こんな風に。「Wer rastet, der rostet.」 (休む者は錆びる。)
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 〜する人は誰でも:不定関係代名詞 wer

重要な語彙 (5)

die Eigenschaft characteristic/attribute dessen whose (masc./neut.) vermitteln to convey/mediate hingegen on the other hand/whereas betreffen to concern/affect

Real-World Preview

graduation-cap

University Seminar Discussion

Review Summary

  • Preposition + Relative Pronoun
  • dessen/deren + Noun
  • was
  • wer
  • Participle + Adjective ending + Noun

よくある間違い

Prepositions in relative clauses must come before the relative pronoun, and the case must match the preposition.

Wrong: Der Mann, der ich mit spreche.
正解: Der Mann, mit dem ich spreche.

Use 'deren' for feminine antecedents, even if the possessed object is masculine or neuter.

Wrong: Das ist die Frau, dessen Auto rot ist.
正解: Das ist die Frau, deren Auto rot ist.

'Was' is for indefinite pronouns (alles, nichts) or entire clauses, not for specific nouns like 'das Buch'.

Wrong: Das Buch, das sehr interessant ist, was ich lese.
正解: Das Buch, das ich lese, ist sehr interessant.

このチャプターのルール (5)

Next Steps

You have done incredible work. Your ability to manipulate complex German sentences is now at a C1 level. Keep practicing, and you'll be writing like a native in no time!

Read a German news article and underline all relative clauses.

クイック練習 (10)

フォーマルな文脈で文法的に正しい文はどれですか?

最適な文を選んでください:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Er kam zu spät, was mich sehr geärgert hat.
前の節全体を指すには「was」を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ドイツ語の不定関係代名詞「was」(すべて、何も〜ない、こと)

正しい関係代名詞を空欄に埋めてください。

Gibt es etwas, ___ ich für dich tun kann?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: was
不定代名詞「etwas」の後には、関係代名詞「was」が必須です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ドイツ語の不定関係代名詞「was」(すべて、何も〜ない、こと)

文中の間違いを見つけて訂正してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Alles, das ich auf Amazon bestellt habe, kam zu spät an.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Alles, was ich auf Amazon bestellt habe, kam zu spät an.
「alles」の後には「was」を使わなければなりません。「das」はここでは間違いです。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ドイツ語の不定関係代名詞「was」(すべて、何も〜ない、こと)

正しい文章はどれでしょう?

文法的に正しい拡張分詞句を選んでください:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Die von mir gestern bestellte Jacke ist zu klein.
説明情報(von mir gestern)は、必ず冠詞(Die)と格変化した分詞(bestellte)の間に挟みます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ドイツ語の拡張された分詞表現:情報を詰め込む (Erweiterte Partizipialattribute)

文法的に正しい関係代名詞節を選ぼう。

Choose the correct relative clause:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Die Freunde, mit denen ich reise, sind nett.
与格複数(Dativ plural)では、関係代名詞は「denen」だよ。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 前置詞を伴うドイツ語の関係節 (mit dem, auf den)

文の間違いを見つけてください。

Find and fix the mistake:

Das ist das Kind, deren Ball weg ist.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Das ist das Kind, dessen Ball weg ist.
「Kind」は中性名詞なので、関係代名詞は「dessen」でなければならず、「deren」ではありません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 2格の関係代名詞: dessen と deren の使い方 (所有を表す関係文)

空欄に「dessen」または「deren」を埋めてください。

Das ist der Mann, ___ Hund so süß ist.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: dessen
先行詞は「der Mann」(男性名詞)なので、「dessen」を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 2格の関係代名詞: dessen と deren の使い方 (所有を表す関係文)

適切な分詞の形を書き入れましょう。

Das auf dem Tisch ___ (liegen) Buch gehört mir.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: liegende
「机に置かれている(能動・状態)」なので現在分詞(liegend)を使い、中性名詞・1格の定冠詞に合わせた語尾 «-e» を付けます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ドイツ語の拡張された分詞表現:情報を詰め込む (Erweiterte Partizipialattribute)

正しい前置詞と関係代名詞を空欄に入れよう。

Das ist {der|m} Film, ___ ___ ich dir erzählt habe. (erzählen von + Dativ)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: von dem
「erzählen」は「von」+与格(Dativ)を要求するよ。「Film」は男性名詞だから、代名詞は「dem」だね。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 前置詞を伴うドイツ語の関係節 (mit dem, auf den)

文法的に正しい文を選んでください。

Which sentence correctly translates 'The woman whose car is red'?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Die Frau, deren Auto rot ist.
女性名詞の持ち主には「deren」を使い、「Auto」の前の冠詞「das」は必ず取り除かなければなりません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 2格の関係代名詞: dessen と deren の使い方 (所有を表す関係文)

Score: /10

よくある質問 (6)

絶対ダメ!ドイツ語では、前置詞は常に冒頭の関係代名詞の前に来ないといけないんだ。「das Haus, das ich in wohne」なんて絶対に言わないでね。
どちらにも使えるよ!「Dessen」(男性・中性)や「deren」(女性・複数)は、どんな名詞にも使えるんだ。例えば、「der Mann, trotz dessen Fehlern...」とか「das Auto, wegen dessen Alters...」って具合にね。
いいえ、変化しません!これらは「固定された形」なんです。他の関係代名詞(例えば「den」や「dem」など)とは異なり、「dessen」や「deren」は、関係代詞節の中で何が起こっても、語尾が変わることはありません。例えば、「Der Mann, dessen Auto kaputt ist.」(車が壊れている男性)のように、いつも同じ形です。
関係代名詞の形には影響しません!例えば、ある男性が10台の車を所有していたとしても、「Der Mann, dessen Autos...」となります。なぜなら、「dessen」は「車」ではなく「男性」(持ち主)に由来するからです。この「Autos」が複数形でも、形は変わりません。
いいえ、それは文法的に間違いだよ。頭の中でしっくりくるように聞こえても、「alles」は不定だから「was」が必要なんだ。「Alles, was glänzt, ist nicht Gold.」
はい、その通り!「etwas」や「nichts」のような不定の中性代名詞は、必ず「was」を必要とするんだ。「Ich habe etwas, was ich dir zeigen möchte.」