Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'war' + Partizip II for actions that were completed before another point in the past, specifically for movement or state changes.
- Use 'war' as the auxiliary verb for verbs of motion (e.g., gehen, fahren).
- Use 'war' for verbs indicating a change of state (e.g., aufwachen, sterben).
- The Partizip II (past participle) always goes to the very end of the sentence.
Overview
die Verabredung은 이미 가버리고 없었어요.sein과 함께 Plusquamperfekt를 사용해요.sein을 조동사로 취하는 동사들에 집중할게요.Perfekt 시제와 비슷하지만 한 단계 더 과거로 간 거죠.How This Grammar Works
haben과 sein 중 하나를 선택해요.sein을 써요.gehen, fahren, fliegen, 그리고 laufen이 대표적인 예시죠.sein을 써요.aufwachen(잠에서 깨다)이나 einschlafen(잠들다)을 생각해보세요.sein, werden, bleiben이죠.sein을 써요.Plusquamperfekt로 넘어가면, 조동사를 바꿔줘야 해요.bin이나 ist 대신에, war나 warst를 사용하는 거죠.Partizip II(ge- 형태)로 문장 끝에 그대로 있어요.
Formation Pattern
sein 동사를 Präteritum(과거 시제)으로 활용하세요.
war (ich/er/sie/es), warst (du), waren (wir/sie/Sie), 또는 wart (ihr)를 사용하세요.
Partizip II를 맨 끝에 두세요.
Partizip II는 보통 ge-로 시작하고 -en이나 -t로 끝나요.
ge가 중간에 들어가요: auf-ge-wacht.
-ieren으로 끝나면, ge- 접두사를 생략하세요: passiert.
When To Use It
Plusquamperfekt로, 사건 B는 Präteritum으로 묘사해요.Nachdem ich aufgewacht war, trank ich einen der Kaffee.nachdem(후에)이라는 단어와 함께 아주 흔하게 쓰여요.Ich war müde, weil ich zu spät eingeschlafen war.
Common Mistakes
haben과 sein을 혼동하는 게 가장 큰 장애물이에요.Ich hatte gegangen이라고 하지 마세요; 항상 Ich war gegangen이에요.sein을 war로 활용하는 걸 잊어버리는 거예요.war (Plusquamperfekt)를 써야 할 때 bin (Perfekt)을 써요.sein의 불규칙 Partizip II 형태인 gewesen을 조심하세요.Ich war gewesen은 반복적으로 들리지만, 문법적으로 맞아요.Partizip II를 문장 중간에 넣지 마세요.Contrast With Similar Patterns
Perfekt와 어떻게 다를까요?Perfekt: Ich bin gekommen. (나 왔어 / 온 상태야).Plusquamperfekt: Ich war gekommen. (나는 왔었다).Perfekt는 일반적인 과거 사건이나 친구들에게 말할 때 써요.Plusquamperfekt는 구체적인 '과거 이전의 과거' 관계를 나타낼 때 써요.Plusquamperfekt만 단독으로 쓰는 경우는 거의 없어요.Ich war gefahren이라고만 하면, 친구가 이렇게 물어볼 걸요: '그래서 그다음에 어떻게 됐는데?'sein의 Präteritum(ich war)과도 달라요.Ich war dort는 '나는 거기에 있었다' (상태)를 의미해요.Ich war dort gewesen은 '나는 거기에 있었던 적이 있다/있었다' (이전에 완료된 행동)를 의미해요.Quick FAQ
Plusquamperfekt를 haben 동사와 함께 쓸 수도 있나요?
네, 하지만 이 가이드는 sein 동사(이동/상태 변화)에 집중하고 있어요.
이 시제가 구어체 독일어에서도 쓰이나요?
네, 하지만 주로 일련의 사건들을 설명하거나 nachdem을 쓸 때 사용해요.
B2 시험을 위해 이게 필요한가요?
물론이죠! Plusquamperfekt를 정확하게 사용하는 건 높은 수준의 서사 능력을 보여줘요.
이 시제에서 가장 흔한 sein 동사는 뭔가요?
아마 이야기 속에서는 war gegangen이나 war gekommen일 거예요.
nachdem 없이 써도 되나요?
네, weil(때문에)이나 bevor(전에)와 함께 쓸 수도 있어요.
문자 메시지에서 써도 괜찮나요?
그럼요! 'Sorry, ich war schon losgegangen' (미안, 나 이미 출발했었어).
Memory Trick
war의 'W'를 'Way back'(아주 옛날)의 'W'라고 생각해보세요.
Bin은 그냥 'Back then'(그때) (Perfekt)이에요.
War는 'Way, way back'(아주아주 옛날) (Plusquamperfekt)이죠.
여러분이 과거의 한 시점에 서 있다고 상상하며 타임라인을 그려보세요.
어깨 너머로 여러분보다 더 뒤에 있는 무언가를 바라보는 거예요.
그게 바로 여러분의 Plusquamperfekt 순간이에요.
독일어 시제들의 '할아버지'인 셈이죠.
Politeness Levels
- **Casual
** Ich war schon weg, als du angerufen hast. (친구/WhatsApp에서 사용).
- **Informal
** Warst du schon mal dort gewesen, bevor wir hinfuhren? (일반적인 대화).
- **Formal
** Waren Sie bereits abgereist, als die die E-Mail ankam? (비즈니스/줌 통화).
Real Conversations
Max: Warum warst du gestern nicht bei der die Party?
Leo: Als ich ankam, waren alle schon nach Hause gegangen.
Max: Oh Mann, das ist schade!
Sarah: Hattest du das Ticket für das das Konzert?
Tom: Nein, ich war zu spät gekommen. Die die Tickets waren schon ausverkauft.
Progressive Practice
동사가 sein을 쓰는지 확인하세요 (이동인가요? 상태 변화인가요?).
sein의 Präteritum(war, warst, waren)을 마스터하세요.
nachdem을 Plusquamperfekt 및 Präteritum과 결합하는 연습을 하세요.
여행 중 겪은 실수에 대해 짧은 '회상' 문단을 써보세요.
Conjugation of 'sein' in Präteritum
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
|
1st
|
ich war
|
wir waren
|
|
2nd
|
du warst
|
ihr wart
|
|
3rd
|
er/sie/es war
|
sie/Sie waren
|
Meanings
The Plusquamperfekt (Past Perfect) describes an action that occurred and was completed before another action in the past.
Completed movement
An action involving travel or change of location completed before a past reference point.
“Ich war nach Berlin gefahren.”
“Sie war in {das|n} Kino gegangen.”
Change of state
An action involving a transformation of the subject's condition.
“Er war plötzlich aufgewacht.”
“Die Blume war verwelkt.”
Reference Table
| 대명사 | 도움 동사 (sein) | 과거 분사 | 예시 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
ich
|
war
|
gekommen
|
Ich war schon gekommen.
|
|
du
|
warst
|
aufgewacht
|
Du warst gerade aufgewacht.
|
|
er/sie/es
|
war
|
geflogen
|
Er war nach Berlin geflogen.
|
|
wir
|
waren
|
geblieben
|
Wir waren zu Hause geblieben.
|
|
ihr
|
wart
|
gesprungen
|
Ihr wart in den Pool gesprungen.
|
|
sie/Sie
|
waren
|
verschwunden
|
Sie waren spurlos verschwunden.
|
격식 수준 스펙트럼
Ich war bereits abgereist. (Travel)
Ich war schon weg. (Travel)
Ich war schon weg. (Travel)
Ich war schon weg. (Travel)
과거완료에서 'sein'을 사용하는 동사들
움직임
- gehen to go
- fahren to drive
상태 변화
- aufwachen to wake up
- einschlafen to fall asleep
예외
- sein to be
- bleiben to stay
현재완료(Perfekt) vs. 과거완료(Plusquamperfekt)
'sein'을 보조 동사로 사용해야 할까요?
동사가 A에서 B로의 움직임을 묘사하나요?
상태 변화(예: 죽거나, 깨어나거나)를 묘사하나요?
자주 쓰이는 과거 분사 형태
규칙형
- • gewandert
- • gereist
- • gelandet
불규칙형
- • gegangen
- • geflogen
- • gewesen
수준별 예문
Ich war dort gewesen.
I had been there.
Er war gekommen.
He had come.
Wir waren gefahren.
We had driven.
Sie war gelaufen.
She had run.
Nachdem ich angekommen war, aß ich.
After I had arrived, I ate.
Er war schon eingeschlafen.
He had already fallen asleep.
Wir waren nach Hause gegangen.
We had gone home.
Das Kind war aufgewacht.
The child had woken up.
Sie hatte mir gesagt, dass sie schon abgefahren war.
She told me that she had already left.
Nachdem der Zug abgefahren war, wartete ich.
After the train had left, I waited.
Er war in die Stadt geflogen.
He had flown to the city.
Die Blume war verwelkt.
The flower had withered.
Nachdem er sein Ziel erreicht hatte, war er erschöpft.
After he had reached his goal, he was exhausted.
Sie war bereits in den Zug gestiegen, als ich ankam.
She had already boarded the train when I arrived.
Es war viel passiert, bevor wir ankamen.
A lot had happened before we arrived.
Wir waren schon abgereist, als der Anruf kam.
We had already departed when the call came.
Hätte er gewusst, dass sie bereits abgereist war, hätte er nicht angerufen.
Had he known she had already left, he wouldn't have called.
Nachdem die Nachricht eingetroffen war, war die Stimmung gekippt.
After the news had arrived, the mood had shifted.
Sie war in eine tiefe Depression verfallen.
She had fallen into a deep depression.
Er war unbemerkt verschwunden.
He had disappeared unnoticed.
Nachdem das Urteil verkündet worden war, war die Menge verstummt.
After the verdict had been announced, the crowd had fallen silent.
Sie war in den Bann des Buches gezogen worden.
She had been drawn under the spell of the book.
Er war über seinen Schatten gesprungen.
He had jumped over his shadow.
Die Lage war eskaliert, noch bevor wir eingreifen konnten.
The situation had escalated even before we could intervene.
혼동하기 쉬운
Learners mix up 'ist gegangen' and 'war gegangen'.
자주 하는 실수
Ich habe gegangen.
Ich war gegangen.
Ich war gegangen nach Hause.
Ich war nach Hause gegangen.
Ich war gearbeitet.
Ich hatte gearbeitet.
Nachdem ich gegangen war, ich habe gegessen.
Nachdem ich gegangen war, aß ich.
문장 패턴
Nachdem ich ___ war, ___.
Real World Usage
Der Zug war schon abgefahren.
'Nachdem' 규칙
Nachdem ich angekommen war, fuhr der Bus ab.
조동사 혼동 주의
Ich war nach Hause gegangen.(X Ich hatte nach Hause gegangen.)
상태 동사와 'sein' 동사
Ich war gewesen이 정확한 표현이에요: Ich war noch nie in Paris gewesen.
Smart Tips
Always use 'sein'.
발음
Stress
The stress is on the stem of the participle.
Falling
Ich war ge-GANG-en.
Declarative statement.
암기하기
기억법
Think of 'sein' as a 'moving' verb. If you are moving or changing, you are 'sein'.
시각적 연상
Imagine a train leaving a station. The train is moving, so it uses 'sein'. The past of 'sein' is 'war'.
Rhyme
If you move or change your state, use 'war' to seal your fate.
Story
Yesterday, I was sad. Why? Because my cat had run away. It had moved from the house. It had changed my mood.
Word Web
챌린지
Write 3 sentences about what you had done before you started this lesson.
문화 노트
Used frequently in literature to set the scene.
Similar usage, but often more formal.
Often avoids Plusquamperfekt in speech.
Derived from Middle High German structures.
대화 시작하기
Was hattest du gemacht, bevor du hierher gekommen bist?
일기 주제
자주 하는 실수
Test Yourself
Nachdem wir in Berlin __________ (ankommen), suchten wir unser Hotel.
Choose the correct past-in-the-past sentence:
Find and fix the mistake:
Er hatte schon eingeschlafen, bevor der Film anfing.
Score: /3
연습 문제
1 exercisesIch ___ nach Hause gegangen.
Score: /1
Practice Bank
10 exercisesschon / war / Der / abgefahren / Bus / .
I had already arrived when you texted.
Wir __________ das ganze Wochenende zu Hause geblieben.
Du __________ so schnell gelaufen, dass ich dich nicht einholen konnte.
Match the pairs:
Sie waren nach Rom geflieget.
Nachdem das Flugzeug __________ (landen), durften wir aussteigen.
waren / Wir / geworden / müde / .
He had already fallen asleep.
Nachdem ich __________ (aufstehen), __________ (gehen) ich zum Bäcker.
Score: /10
자주 묻는 질문 (1)
For movement or state change in the past perfect.
Scaffolded Practice
1
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Pluscuamperfecto
German distinguishes by movement.
Plus-que-parfait
Very similar to German.
Te-ita
Different structure.
Kana + past
No movement distinction.
Le/Guo
No conjugation.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Learn These First
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