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B1 noun #3,000 가장 일반적인 7분 분량

Schmutz

연습하기 예시 노트와 팁 Schmutz 30초 만에
설명 Schmutz in your Level:
At the A1 level, 'Schmutz' is a basic noun you learn when talking about the house and cleaning. You learn that it is 'der Schmutz' (masculine). You use it in simple sentences like 'Das ist Schmutz' (That is dirt). You might see it in simple instructions like 'Schmutz wegmachen' (clean up dirt). At this stage, you don't need to know the metaphorical meanings, just the physical presence of something that isn't clean. You also learn the adjective 'schmutzig' (dirty) very early on to describe clothes or hands. For example, 'Meine Hände sind schmutzig' (My hands are dirty). The focus is on recognizing the word in a domestic context, such as cleaning a room or washing hands. You should be able to identify that 'Schmutz' is the opposite of 'Sauberkeit' (cleanliness), even if you don't use the latter word yet. It's a concrete noun for things you can see and touch, like mud on shoes or dust on a table.
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At the A2 level, you start to use 'Schmutz' in more complex sentences and common phrases. You might talk about 'viel Schmutz' (a lot of dirt) or 'wenig Schmutz' (little dirt). You begin to use verbs like 'putzen' (to clean), 'waschen' (to wash), and 'entfernen' (to remove) in combination with 'Schmutz'. You might encounter the word in the context of the environment, such as 'Schmutz auf der Straße' (dirt on the street). You also start to see compound words like 'Schmutzwäsche' (dirty laundry). At this level, you should be able to describe a situation where something got dirty, for example: 'Wegen des Regens war viel Schmutz im Haus' (Because of the rain, there was a lot of dirt in the house). You are also becoming more familiar with the genitive case, though 'des Schmutzes' is rare in spoken A2 German. You focus on the practical application of the word in daily life, chores, and basic environmental descriptions.
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At the B1 level, you are expected to understand both the literal and some common metaphorical uses of 'Schmutz'. You can discuss environmental issues using terms like 'Verschmutzung' (pollution). You understand that 'Schmutz' can be used in a social context, such as 'jemanden mit Schmutz bewerfen' (to throw mud at someone/slander). You can use the word in more formal settings, such as writing a complaint about a dirty hotel room: 'Es gab viel Schmutz im Badezimmer' (There was a lot of dirt in the bathroom). You also begin to recognize the word in news reports or articles about scandals. Your vocabulary expands to include related terms like 'hartnäckiger Schmutz' (stubborn dirt) or 'oberflächlicher Schmutz' (superficial dirt). You can explain why something is 'schmutzig' using connectors like 'weil' or 'obwohl'. This level marks the transition from purely physical descriptions to understanding the word's broader implications in society and media.
At the B2 level, you use 'Schmutz' with more nuance and precision. You can distinguish between 'Schmutz', 'Dreck', and 'Verunreinigung' based on the context. You are comfortable with idiomatic expressions like 'schmutzige Wäsche waschen' and can use them in appropriate social situations. You understand technical or semi-technical texts that use 'Schmutz' in the context of filtration, manufacturing, or hygiene standards. You can participate in debates about 'Umweltverschmutzung' (environmental pollution) and offer detailed arguments. You also start to pick up on the slang usage of 'Schmutz' to mean something of low quality, though you know to use it only in informal settings. Your grammatical control is solid, allowing you to use 'Schmutz' in all cases and with a variety of complex prepositions. You can describe the 'Schmutzbelastung' (dirt level) of a city or a river with confidence.
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At the C1 level, you have a sophisticated grasp of 'Schmutz' and its derivatives. You can use the word in academic or professional contexts, discussing 'Feinstaubbelastung' (fine dust pollution) or 'mikrobiologische Verunreinigung' (microbiological contamination). You understand the historical and cultural connotations of the word, including its use in literature to symbolize moral decay. You can analyze a 'Schmutzkampagne' (smear campaign) in politics, discussing the ethics and impact of such tactics. Your use of synonyms is varied and precise; you choose 'Unrat' for a formal report or 'Siff' for a vivid, colloquial description. You can use the word 'Schmutz' ironically or as a sharp rhetorical tool. You are also aware of the word's role in German idioms and can use them naturally in conversation. At this level, 'Schmutz' is not just a noun but a versatile concept you can manipulate to suit your communicative goals.
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At the C2 level, your understanding of 'Schmutz' is near-native. You can appreciate the word's use in high literature, such as in the works of Kafka or Grass, where dirt often serves as a powerful metaphor for the human condition or bureaucratic stagnation. You can navigate the most technical discussions in fields like environmental science or forensic chemistry where 'Schmutzspuren' (traces of dirt) might be critical evidence. You are fully aware of the subtle social registers associated with the word, from the most vulgar slang to the most elevated poetic usage. You can play with the word in puns or creative writing. Your mastery includes an effortless command of all compound nouns and idiomatic expressions, and you can even coin new ones that sound natural to a native speaker. 'Schmutz' is a tool in your linguistic arsenal that you use with absolute precision and cultural sensitivity.
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연습하기 예시 노트와 팁

Schmutz 30초 만에

  • Schmutz is the general German word for dirt, filth, or grime, used for anything that makes a surface or object unclean and requires cleaning.
  • Grammatically, it is a masculine noun (der Schmutz) and is almost always used in the singular form, often appearing in compound words like Schmutzwäsche.
  • Beyond physical dirt, it carries metaphorical meanings related to scandals, moral corruption, and in modern slang, things of very poor quality or 'trash'.
  • Commonly paired with verbs like 'entfernen' (remove) and 'verursachen' (cause), it is a key term in household, industrial, and environmental contexts.

The German noun Schmutz is a fundamental term that translates primarily to 'dirt', 'filth', or 'grime'. At its core, it refers to any substance that makes something unclean. However, in the German language, the word carries a weight that spans from the literal dust on a shelf to the metaphorical stains on a person's reputation. Understanding 'Schmutz' requires looking beyond the physical layer; it is often used to describe moral corruption or anything perceived as 'trashy' or 'low-quality' in a cultural sense.

Literal Dirt
Physical particles like mud, dust, or grease on surfaces.
Metaphorical Filth
Used in politics or social contexts to describe scandals or 'dirty' secrets.
Cultural Slang
In modern youth language, 'Schmutz' can refer to something of very poor quality, like a bad movie or a disappointing game.

"Nach der Wanderung war die Hose voller Schmutz."

— Example of literal usage

In a historical context, the word has roots in Middle High German 'smuz', which originally meant grease or fat. This evolution from 'grease' to 'general dirt' explains why the word often implies a certain stickiness or difficulty in removal. Unlike 'Staub' (dust), which is light and easily blown away, 'Schmutz' often implies something that needs to be scrubbed or washed off. It is the enemy of the German 'Sauberkeit' (cleanliness), a cultural value that is highly regarded in many German-speaking regions.

"Der Skandal warf viel Schmutz auf die Partei."

— Example of metaphorical usage

Furthermore, the word appears in various compound nouns that define German household life. 'Schmutzwäsche' (dirty laundry) is a common term found in every home. In technical fields, 'Schmutzpartikel' (dirt particles) is used to describe impurities in filters or machinery. The versatility of the word allows it to function in high-level academic discussions about environmental pollution as well as in a toddler's explanation for why their hands are brown after playing in the garden.

"In der Luft befinden sich winzige Schmutzpartikel."

Schmutzfink
A person (often a child) who gets dirty easily or is messy.
Schmutzwasser
Waste water or dirty water.

In summary, 'Schmutz' is the quintessential German word for anything that violates the state of being clean. It covers the spectrum from the microscopic to the societal. When you see a smudge on your glasses, that's Schmutz. When a politician is accused of bribery, the ensuing media coverage is often described as 'Schmutzkampagne' (smear campaign). It is a word that demands action—usually cleaning, clearing, or clarifying.

"Das ist absoluter Schmutz!"

— Modern slang usage meaning 'This is trash/garbage'

Using Schmutz correctly involves understanding its grammatical behavior and its typical verbal partners. As a masculine noun, it takes the articles 'der', 'des', 'dem', and 'den'. It is an uncountable noun in most contexts, meaning you don't usually talk about 'Schmutze' (dirts), but rather 'viel Schmutz' (much dirt) or 'ein bisschen Schmutz' (a bit of dirt).

Verbs of Removal
entfernen (to remove), abwischen (to wipe off), wegputzen (to clean away).
Verbs of Accumulation
ansammeln (to accumulate), verursachen (to cause), hinterlassen (to leave behind).

"Wir müssen den Schmutz gründlich entfernen."

When describing something as dirty, you would use the adjective 'schmutzig'. However, the noun 'Schmutz' is often used in the genitive or with prepositions to add detail. For example, 'voll von Schmutz' (full of dirt) or 'voller Schmutz'. In formal writing, especially in environmental or technical reports, you might see 'Schmutzbelastung' (dirt load/pollution level).

"Die Filter reduzieren den Schmutz in der Ansaugluft."

One of the most powerful ways to use 'Schmutz' is in the context of 'Schmutzwäsche waschen'. Literally, it means to wash dirty laundry. Idiomatically, 'schmutzige Wäsche waschen' means to air one's dirty laundry in public—discussing private, often shameful matters openly. This is a common phrase in both tabloid journalism and interpersonal conflicts.

"Bitte wasch deine schmutzige Wäsche nicht vor den Gästen!"

Adjective forms
schmutzig (dirty), verschmutzt (polluted/soiled).
Prepositional usage
vor Schmutz schützen (to protect from dirt).

You will encounter the word Schmutz in a variety of everyday and specialized environments. In a domestic setting, it is the star of cleaning product commercials. Advertisements for detergents, vacuum cleaners, and soaps constantly promise to 'fight Schmutz' (Schmutz bekämpfen) or 'dissolve Schmutz' (Schmutz lösen).

"Dieses Mittel löst selbst hartnäckigen Schmutz."

— Typical advertising slogan

In the workplace, particularly in manual labor or industrial sectors, 'Schmutz' is a safety and maintenance concern. Workers might talk about 'Schmutzzulagen' (dirt bonuses), which are extra payments for working in particularly filthy conditions. In an office, you might hear it regarding the maintenance of shared spaces like the 'Kaffeeküche' (coffee kitchen).

In the digital world, 'Schmutz' has taken on a new life among younger generations. On platforms like Twitch or YouTube, if a game is poorly made or a person acts dishonorably, viewers might comment 'Einfach Schmutz' (Simply trash). This usage is highly informal and carries a strong sense of disdain. It’s a versatile insult for anything that doesn't meet a certain standard of quality or ethics.

"Das neue Update für das Spiel ist der letzte Schmutz."

Media/News
Often used in 'Schmutzkampagne' (smear campaign) during elections.
Environment
Used in 'Umweltverschmutzung' (environmental pollution).

One of the most frequent errors for learners is confusing Schmutz with its close relative Dreck. While they are often synonyms, 'Dreck' is more visceral and can be used as a mild swear word. 'Schmutz' is the safer, more neutral choice for general use. Using 'Dreck' in a formal setting might come across as too aggressive or unrefined.

Gender Error
Saying 'die Schmutz' or 'das Schmutz'. It is always der Schmutz.
Pluralization
Attempting to use 'Schmutze'. Use 'Schmutzpartikel' or 'Arten von Schmutz' instead.

"Falsch: Ich habe viele Schmutze an den Händen."

Another mistake is the confusion between the noun 'Schmutz' and the adjective 'schmutzig'. Learners often say 'Das ist schmutzig' (correct) but might accidentally say 'Das ist Schmutz' when they mean 'It is dirty'. While 'Das ist Schmutz' is grammatically correct, it literally means 'That is dirt', which, as mentioned before, is often used as slang for 'That is trash'. If you just mean the table is dirty, 'Der Tisch ist schmutzig' is the standard way to say it.

Finally, be careful with the word 'Schmuddel'. While related, 'Schmuddelwetter' refers specifically to wet, grey, rainy weather. You wouldn't say 'Schmutzwetter' to describe a rainy day. Similarly, 'Schmuddelig' implies a sense of being dingy or slightly unkempt, often used for old books or neglected rooms, whereas 'schmutzig' is the direct presence of dirt.

German has a rich vocabulary for 'uncleanliness'. Understanding the nuances between Schmutz and its synonyms will elevate your fluency. Here are the most important distinctions:

Dreck
Stronger than Schmutz. Often implies mud, earth, or something disgusting. Used in 'Dreckskerl' (jerk/bastard).
Staub
Dust. Fine, dry particles. 'Schmutz' is often wet or sticky; 'Staub' is dry.
Unrat
A formal/archaic word for waste or filth, often found in legal or historical texts.
Müll / Abfall
Trash or waste. These are objects to be discarded, whereas Schmutz is a substance on an object.

"Der Staub auf dem Schrank ist kein richtiger Schmutz, man kann ihn einfach wegpusten."

There is also 'Siff', a highly colloquial term for a greasy, disgusting layer of dirt, often found in neglected kitchens or public toilets. If something is 'versifft', it is beyond just being 'schmutzig'—it is revolting. On the other end of the spectrum, 'Verunreinigung' is a technical and formal term used for contamination, such as 'Wasserverunreinigung' (water contamination).

In summary, choose 'Schmutz' for general dirt, 'Dreck' for mud or when you're annoyed, 'Staub' for dry particles, and 'Verunreinigung' for formal or scientific contexts. This precision will make your German sound much more natural and professional.

How Formal Is It?

발음 가이드

라임이 맞는 단어
Putz Schutz Nutz

난이도

알아야 할 문법

Masculine noun declension

Uncountable nouns

Compound noun formation

Adjective endings with 'schmutzig'

Prepositions with Genitive (trotz, wegen)

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수준별 예문

1

Der Schmutz muss weg.

The dirt must go.

Subject in Nominative.

2

Hast du Schmutz an den Händen?

Do you have dirt on your hands?

Direct object in Accusative.

3

Das ist kein Schmutz, das ist Farbe.

That is not dirt, that is paint.

Negation with 'kein'.

4

Woher kommt der Schmutz?

Where does the dirt come from?

Interrogative sentence.

5

Hier ist viel Schmutz.

There is a lot of dirt here.

Adverb 'hier' + 'viel'.

6

Ich sehe den Schmutz.

I see the dirt.

Accusative masculine 'den'.

7

Der Schmutz ist schwarz.

The dirt is black.

Predicate adjective.

8

Putze den Schmutz weg!

Clean the dirt away!

Imperative mood.

1

Nach dem Spielen im Garten war überall Schmutz.

After playing in the garden, there was dirt everywhere.

Temporal preposition 'nach'.

2

Wir waschen den Schmutz aus der Kleidung.

We wash the dirt out of the clothes.

Preposition 'aus' + Dative.

3

Der Hund bringt viel Schmutz ins Haus.

The dog brings a lot of dirt into the house.

Directional 'ins' (in das).

4

Kannst du diesen Schmutz entfernen?

Can you remove this dirt?

Modal verb 'können'.

5

Es gibt Schmutz auf dem Fenster.

There is dirt on the window.

Preposition 'auf' + Dative.

6

Ohne Schmutz wäre das Zimmer schöner.

Without dirt, the room would be nicer.

Preposition 'ohne' + Accusative.

7

Warum ist so viel Schmutz unter dem Bett?

Why is there so much dirt under the bed?

Preposition 'unter' + Dative.

8

Ich mag keinen Schmutz in meiner Küche.

I don't like any dirt in my kitchen.

Possessive 'meiner'.

1

Die Industrie verursacht viel Schmutz in der Luft.

Industry causes a lot of dirt in the air.

Verb 'verursachen'.

2

Trotz des Schmutzes war die Wanderung toll.

Despite the dirt, the hike was great.

Preposition 'trotz' + Genitive.

3

Er versuchte, den Schmutz von seinem Ruf zu entfernen.

He tried to remove the dirt from his reputation.

Metaphorical usage.

4

Diese Seife hilft gegen hartnäckigen Schmutz.

This soap helps against stubborn dirt.

Adjective 'hartnäckig'.

5

Man sollte den Schmutz nicht einfach ignorieren.

One should not simply ignore the dirt.

Modal verb 'sollte'.

6

Der Schmutz in den Straßen ist ein großes Problem.

The dirt in the streets is a big problem.

Noun phrase as subject.

7

Ich habe den Schmutz mit einem Tuch abgewischt.

I wiped the dirt off with a cloth.

Instrumental 'mit' + Dative.

8

Die Kinder sind voller Schmutz nach dem Fußballspiel.

The children are full of dirt after the soccer match.

Adjective phrase 'voller Schmutz'.

1

Die Schmutzbelastung in der Innenstadt hat zugenommen.

The dirt load in the city center has increased.

Compound noun 'Schmutzbelastung'.

2

Sie werfen sich gegenseitig Schmutz vor.

They are throwing dirt at each other (metaphorically).

Idiomatic expression.

3

Der Filter fängt den gröbsten Schmutz auf.

The filter catches the coarsest dirt.

Superlative 'gröbsten'.

4

Es ist schwierig, diesen Schmutz rückstandslos zu beseitigen.

It is difficult to remove this dirt without leaving a residue.

Adverb 'rückstandslos'.

5

Die Schmutzkampagne gegen den Kandidaten war erfolgreich.

The smear campaign against the candidate was successful.

Compound noun 'Schmutzkampagne'.

6

Das Wasser war durch Schmutz und Öl verunreinigt.

The water was contaminated by dirt and oil.

Passive voice with 'durch'.

7

Wir müssen Maßnahmen gegen den Schmutz ergreifen.

We must take measures against the dirt.

Fixed expression 'Maßnahmen ergreifen'.

8

Der Schmutz am Auto lässt sich schwer abwaschen.

The dirt on the car is hard to wash off.

Reflexive 'lässt sich'.

1

Die moralische Integrität wurde durch den Schmutz der Korruption befleckt.

Moral integrity was stained by the filth of corruption.

High-level metaphorical usage.

2

In der Forensik können Schmutzpartikel entscheidende Hinweise liefern.

In forensics, dirt particles can provide decisive clues.

Technical context.

3

Die Stadtverwaltung kämpft gegen die zunehmende Verschmutzung des öffentlichen Raums.

The city administration is fighting against the increasing pollution of public space.

Nominalization 'Verschmutzung'.

4

Er empfand den Film als puren Schmutz.

He perceived the movie as pure trash.

Slang usage in a formal structure.

5

Die Schmutzschicht auf den antiken Fresken wurde vorsichtig abgetragen.

The layer of dirt on the ancient frescoes was carefully removed.

Compound 'Schmutzschicht'.

6

Solche Anschuldigungen sind nichts als Schmutz.

Such accusations are nothing but filth.

Rhetorical emphasis.

7

Die Schmutzpartikel fungieren als Kondensationskerne.

The dirt particles act as condensation nuclei.

Scientific usage.

8

Trotz aller Reinigungsversuche blieb ein Rest Schmutz zurück.

Despite all cleaning attempts, a residue of dirt remained.

Concessive phrase.

1

Die literarische Darstellung des Schmutzes dient oft als Allegorie für das soziale Elend.

The literary representation of dirt often serves as an allegory for social misery.

Abstract literary analysis.

2

In den tiefsten Schichten des Bewusstseins verbarg er den Schmutz seiner Vergangenheit.

In the deepest layers of consciousness, he hid the filth of his past.

Highly metaphorical/poetic.

3

Die Akribie, mit der sie den Schmutz analysierten, war bemerkenswert.

The meticulousness with which they analyzed the dirt was remarkable.

Relative clause with 'mit der'.

4

Man darf sich nicht vom Schmutz der Straße korrumpieren lassen.

One must not let oneself be corrupted by the filth of the street.

Passive with 'lassen'.

5

Die Dialektik von Reinheit und Schmutz ist ein zentrales Thema seiner Philosophie.

The dialectic of purity and dirt is a central theme of his philosophy.

Philosophical terminology.

6

Jede Pore seiner Haut schien den Schmutz der Großstadt aufzusaugen.

Every pore of his skin seemed to soak up the filth of the big city.

Hyperbolic description.

7

Die Schmutzrückstände in der Probe deuteten auf einen anderen Tatort hin.

The dirt residues in the sample pointed to a different crime scene.

Forensic terminology.

8

In einer Welt voller Schmutz suchte sie nach einem Funken Unschuld.

In a world full of filth, she searched for a spark of innocence.

Poetic contrast.

자주 쓰는 조합

hartnäckiger Schmutz
Schmutz entfernen
Schmutz verursachen
voller Schmutz
Schmutz abwischen
grober Schmutz
sichtbarer Schmutz
Schmutz ansammeln
Schmutz lösen
Schmutz vermeiden

자주 쓰는 구문

Schmutz und Schande
voller Schmutz sein
den Schmutz beseitigen
Schmutz an den Fingern
Schmutz auf der Kleidung
Schmutz in den Ecken
Schmutz von der Straße
Schmutz im Gesicht
Schmutz unter den Nägeln
Schmutz am Schuh

자주 혼동되는 단어

Schmutz vs Dreck

Schmutz vs Müll

Schmutz vs Staub

관용어 및 표현

"Jemanden mit Schmutz bewerfen"
"Schmutzige Wäsche waschen"
"Dreck am Stecken haben (related)"
"Sich im Schmutz wälzen"
"Durch den Schmutz ziehen"
"Schmutzige Geschäfte machen"
"Ein schmutziges Lachen"
"Schmutzige Witze"
"Im Schmutz ersticken"
"Den Schmutz der Welt sehen"

혼동하기 쉬운

Schmutz vs Schmuck

Schmutz vs Schutz

Schmutz vs Schmutz

Schmutz vs Schmutzig

Schmutz vs Schmuddelig

문장 패턴

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사용법

social

Can imply low social status if used to describe a person's living conditions.

technical

Used in filtration and hygiene science.

자주 하는 실수
  • Using 'die Schmutz' instead of 'der Schmutz'.
  • Pluralizing it as 'Schmutze'.
  • Confusing it with 'Müll' (trash).
  • Using 'Schmutz' when you mean 'dirty' (should be 'schmutzig').
  • Using 'Schmuddelwetter' to mean 'dirty weather' instead of 'rainy weather'.

팁

Gender Memory

Remember 'Der Schmutz' by thinking of a 'Dirty Man' (Man = Masculine).

Compound Power

Learn words like Schmutzwäsche and Schmutzfänger to expand your vocabulary quickly.

The Kehrwoche

In Germany, cleaning Schmutz is often a shared community responsibility.

Modern Usage

Use 'Das ist Schmutz' only with friends when talking about bad movies or games.

Formal Contexts

Use 'Verunreinigung' in essays to sound more academic.

Pronunciation

Don't forget the 't' before the 'z'—it's a sharp sound.

Adverts

Cleaning ads are the best place to hear this word used repeatedly.

History

Knowing it comes from 'grease' helps you understand why it's hard to clean.

Dirty Laundry

Use 'schmutzige Wäsche waschen' when someone talks about private drama.

Dreck vs Schmutz

If you are angry, use 'Dreck'. If you are objective, use 'Schmutz'.

암기하기

어원

Middle High German 'smuz', meaning grease or fat.

문화적 맥락

In some parts of Southern Germany, the 'Kehrwoche' is a mandatory duty to clean 'Schmutz' from shared hallways.

A historical law aimed at protecting youth from 'filthy' media.

실생활에서 연습하기

실제 사용 상황

대화 시작하기

"Wie oft putzt du, um den Schmutz in deiner Wohnung zu vermeiden?"

"Was denkst du über die Schmutzkampagnen in der Politik?"

"Hast du schon mal eine Schmutzzulage bei der Arbeit bekommen?"

"Wie entfernst du hartnäckigen Schmutz von deiner Kleidung?"

"Findest du die Straßen in dieser Stadt voller Schmutz?"

일기 주제

Beschreibe einen Tag, an dem du so richtig schmutzig geworden bist.

Ist Sauberkeit für dich ein wichtiger Wert? Warum oder warum nicht?

Was bedeutet 'Schmutz' für dich im übertragenen Sinne?

Schreibe über eine Schmutzkampagne, die du in den Medien verfolgt hast.

Wie hat sich die Verschmutzung deiner Umwelt in den letzten Jahren verändert?

자주 묻는 질문

10 질문

Meistens ja, da es Unsauberkeit bedeutet, aber im Garten ist 'Schmutz' (Erde) natürlich.

Dreck ist informeller und oft stärker oder emotionaler geladen als Schmutz.

Nein, das Wort wird fast ausschließlich im Singular verwendet.

Ein Schmutzfink ist eine Person, die sich oft schmutzig macht oder unordentlich ist.

Es bedeutet, dass etwas sehr schlecht, minderwertig oder moralisch verwerflich ist.

Man sagt 'Umweltverschmutzung'.

Es ist maskulin: der Schmutz.

Eine politische Taktik, um den Ruf eines Gegners durch Lügen oder Skandale zu zerstören.

Meistens mit speziellen Reinigungsmitteln oder durch kräftiges Schrubben.

Wasser, das durch Gebrauch (z.B. Waschen) verunreinigt wurde.

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셀프 테스트 180 질문

/ 180 correct

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