When something is بیرنگ (bi-rang), it means it has no color at all.
Think of clear water or transparent glass; they are بیرنگ. The word combines "بی-" (bi-), which means "without," and "رنگ" (rang), which means "color."
So, literally, it means "without color."
You can use this word to describe anything that is colorless, like a colorless liquid or even a dull, uninteresting event.
When we describe something as بیرنگ (bi-rang), we're saying it has no color, or is colorless. Think of things like pure water or clear glass – they are بیرنگ. It's a straightforward adjective used to indicate an absence of hue.
You might use it to describe a transparent liquid, a substance that has lost its original color, or even figuratively to describe something dull or uninteresting, though its primary meaning is literal. For example, if a fabric has faded, you could say it's شده بیرنگ (shode bi-rang), meaning it has become colorless.
بیرنگ 30초 만에
- colorless
- transparent
- without color
§ Understanding Bīrang: Beyond the Dictionary
You've learned that "بیرنگ" (bīrang) means "colorless" in Persian. That's a great start! But knowing a word's definition is only half the battle. To truly master "bīrang," you need to understand how it's used in everyday conversations, in different contexts, and what nuances it carries. This section will show you how "bīrang" appears in work, school, and even the news, giving you a practical grasp of its usage.
§ In Everyday Conversation: Describing Objects and Situations
The most common use of "bīrang" is to describe something that lacks color. This can be very straightforward, like talking about water, or more metaphorical, like describing a dull experience.
- DEFINITION
- Lacking color; colorless.
آب بیرنگ است.
Here, "آب بیرنگ است" (āb bīrang ast) simply means "Water is colorless." This is a direct application of the word.
لباس او بیرنگ و رو رفته بود.
In this example, "لباس او بیرنگ و رو رفته بود" (lebās-e u bīrang o ru rafte bud) translates to "His clothes were colorless and worn out." Here, "bīrang" is used to describe the faded color of clothes, implying a lack of vibrancy.
§ In Professional Settings: Work and Technical Language
In a professional context, especially in fields like chemistry, medicine, or even art, "bīrang" can be used to describe substances or materials that are transparent or devoid of pigmentation.
این محلول بیرنگ است و بویی ندارد.
"این محلول بیرنگ است و بویی ندارد" (īn mahlul bīrang ast o buyī nadārad) means "This solution is colorless and odorless." This is a typical description you might hear in a laboratory setting.
برای این نقاشی، از رنگهای بیرنگ استفاده شده است.
"برای این نقاشی، از رنگهای بیرنگ استفاده شده است" (barā-ye īn naqqāshī, az rang-hā-ye bīrang estefāde shode ast) translates to "Colorless paints have been used for this painting." While seemingly contradictory, "colorless paints" could refer to clear varnishes or mediums used in art that don't add pigment.
§ In Educational Contexts: School and Learning
In school, especially in science classes, you'll encounter "bīrang" when describing chemical reactions or natural phenomena.
هوا یک گاز بیرنگ و بیبو است.
"هوا یک گاز بیرنگ و بیبو است" (havā yek gāz-e bīrang o bību ast) means "Air is a colorless and odorless gas." This is a basic scientific fact often taught in early science education.
بعد از واکنش، مایع بیرنگ شد.
"بعد از واکنش، مایع بیرنگ شد" (ba'd az vākenesh, māye' bīrang shod) translates to "After the reaction, the liquid became colorless." This describes a common observation in chemistry experiments.
§ In the News and Media: Descriptive Language
News reports might use "bīrang" to describe various situations, from environmental issues to metaphorical descriptions of events lacking excitement.
گزارشها حاکی از انتشار گازهای بیرنگ در منطقه است.
"گزارشها حاکی از انتشار گازهای بیرنگ در منطقه است" (gozāresh-hā hākī az enteshār-e gāz-hā-ye bīrang dar mantaqe ast) means "Reports indicate the release of colorless gases in the area." This is a factual, descriptive use often found in environmental news.
مذاکرات سیاسی کاملاً بیرنگ و فاقد هر گونه نتیجه بود.
"مذاکرات سیاسی کاملاً بیرنگ و فاقد هر گونه نتیجه بود" (mozākarāt-e siyāsī kāmelan bīrang o fāqed-e har gune natije bud) translates to "The political negotiations were completely colorless and lacked any results." Here, "bīrang" is used metaphorically to mean dull, uninteresting, or unproductive, lacking any significant outcome or impact.
§ Key Takeaways for Using Bīrang
- "Bīrang" literally means colorless, but its meaning can expand to faded or dull depending on the context.
- In scientific and technical fields, it often refers to a lack of pigment or transparency.
- Metaphorically, it can describe something as uninteresting, uneventful, or lacking vibrancy.
By paying attention to the context, you'll quickly understand whether "bīrang" is describing a literal absence of color or something more nuanced. Practice using it in different sentences, and you'll soon feel comfortable with this versatile adjective.
§ Understanding "بیرنگ" (bi-rang)
Many Persian learners get confused with how to use "بیرنگ" (bi-rang) correctly. It's not just about something having no color. There are nuances. Let's break down the common mistakes.
- DEFINITION
- Lacking color; colorless. This can apply to physical objects, liquids, or even abstract concepts like 'colorless arguments' (though less common in everyday Persian for the latter).
§ Mistake 1: Using it for 'transparent'
One of the most frequent errors is using "بیرنگ" (bi-rang) when you actually mean 'transparent'. While something transparent is often colorless, the two words are not interchangeable in Persian.
Consider this:
شیشه بیرنگ بود اما شفاف نبود.
Translation hint: The glass was colorless but not transparent. (This is a bit awkward, but grammatically correct to show the difference. You'd typically just say 'The glass was not clear' if it was cloudy.)
آب شفاف و بیرنگ بود.
Translation hint: The water was transparent and colorless.
See? You can have something colorless that isn't transparent (e.g., milk is white, but if it were truly 'colorless' in a specific context, it wouldn't be transparent). And something transparent is usually colorless, but the emphasis is on being able to see through it.
§ Mistake 2: Using it for 'pale' or 'faded'
Another common mistake is to use "بیرنگ" (bi-rang) when you mean 'pale' (as in light color) or 'faded' (as in a color that has lost its intensity). "بیرنگ" implies *no color at all*.
Let's look at examples:
لباسش کمرنگ شده بود.
Translation hint: His/Her clothes had faded.
صورتش از ترس رنگ پریده بود.
Translation hint: His/Her face was pale from fear.
این رنگ خیلی کمرنگ است.
Translation hint: This color is very pale.
§ Mistake 3: Overuse in general descriptions
Sometimes learners overuse "بیرنگ" (bi-rang) in general descriptions, even when a more specific word would fit better or when 'colorless' isn't the primary characteristic you want to emphasize.
- Don't say: آب بیرنگ است (The water is colorless)
- Do say: آب تمیز است (The water is clean) or آب شفاف است (The water is clear/transparent). While water is colorless, stating it as 'colorless' isn't always the most natural way to describe good drinking water.
It's about natural usage. Think about what you would emphasize in English. Would you always say 'colorless water' or 'clear water' or 'clean water'? The same applies to Persian.
§ When to use "بیرنگ" (bi-rang) correctly
So, when *should* you use "بیرنگ" (bi-rang)? When you truly mean something has *no discernible color*.
الکل بیرنگ است.
Translation hint: Alcohol is colorless.
گاز اوزون بیرنگ است.
Translation hint: Ozone gas is colorless.
Pay attention to these distinctions, and your Persian will sound much more natural and accurate. Don't just translate directly; think about the underlying meaning and common usage in Persian.
발음 가이드
- long 'a' sound instead of short 'a'
- pronouncing 'g' softly like 'j'
알아야 할 문법
Adjectives in Persian typically follow the noun they modify. However, 'بیرنگ' (birang) is a compound adjective formed with the prefix 'بی-' (bi-), meaning 'without' or 'lacking'.
گل بیرنگ (gol-e birang) - Colorless flower
The prefix 'بی-' (bi-) is a common way to form adjectives meaning 'without' or 'lacking' in Persian. Other examples include 'بیادب' (bi-adab - impolite, literally 'without manners') and 'بیخواب' (bi-khaab - sleepless, literally 'without sleep').
آدم بیادب (aadam-e bi-adab) - An impolite person
When an adjective like 'بیرنگ' (birang) modifies a noun, it is often connected by the 'ezāfe' vowel, which is typically pronounced as '-e' or '-ye' depending on the ending sound of the preceding word.
آب بیرنگ (aab-e birang) - Colorless water
'بیرنگ' (birang) can also be used predicatively after the verb 'است' (ast - is) or 'بودن' (boodan - to be).
این آب بیرنگ است (in aab birang ast) - This water is colorless
The word 'رنگ' (rang) means 'color'. When combined with 'بی-' (bi-), it directly conveys the meaning of 'without color'.
رنگ آبی (rang-e aabi) - Blue color
수준별 예문
آسمان صبحگاهی بیرنگ و یکنواخت به نظر میرسید.
The morning sky looked colorless and monotonous.
Here, 'بیرنگ' describes the sky.
بعد از شستشو، پیراهن من بیرنگ و کهنه شد.
After washing, my shirt became colorless and old.
Describes the state of the shirt after an action.
دیوارهای سفید و بیرنگ اتاق باعث حس آرامش میشدند.
The white and colorless walls of the room created a sense of calm.
Used with another adjective to describe walls.
این نقاشی، با وجود طرحهای زیبا، به دلیل استفاده از رنگهای بیرنگ، کمی غمانگیز است.
This painting, despite beautiful designs, is a bit melancholic due to the use of colorless paints.
Describes the paints (رنگها).
بدون حضور او، زندگی ما بیرنگ و بیمعنی شده است.
Without him, our life has become colorless and meaningless.
Metaphorical use, describing life.
آب چشمه کاملاً بیرنگ و شفاف بود.
The spring water was completely colorless and transparent.
Describes the water.
جوهر قلمش بیرنگ شده بود و نمیتوانست چیزی بنویسد.
The ink in his pen had become colorless, and he couldn't write anything.
Describes the ink (جوهر).
عکسهای قدیمی اغلب بیرنگ هستند، اما داستانهای زیادی برای گفتن دارند.
Old photos are often colorless, but they have many stories to tell.
Describes old photos.
نقاش، برای نشان دادن غم و اندوه، از رنگهای بیرنگ و تیره استفاده کرد.
The painter used colorless and dark colors to show sadness.
Here, 'بیرنگ' refers to colors that are dull or desaturated, conveying a sense of melancholy.
پس از شستشو با وایتکس، پارچه کاملاً بیرنگ شد.
After washing with bleach, the fabric became completely colorless.
In this context, 'بیرنگ' means losing all its original color due to a strong chemical.
آب مقطر، مایعی شفاف و بیرنگ است که هیچ طعمی ندارد.
Distilled water is a clear and colorless liquid that has no taste.
This example uses 'بیرنگ' in its most literal sense, describing a liquid without any hue.
با گذشت زمان و قرار گرفتن در معرض نور خورشید، نقاشیهای قدیمی ممکن است بیرنگ شوند.
Over time and exposure to sunlight, old paintings may become colorless.
Here, 'بیرنگ شدن' implies fading or losing vibrancy due to environmental factors.
گاهی اوقات، برای ایجاد حس آرامش، از دکوراسیون با رنگهای بیرنگ و طبیعی استفاده میشود.
Sometimes, to create a sense of calm, decoration with colorless and natural colors is used.
'بیرنگ' in this sentence refers to neutral or muted colors that promote a peaceful atmosphere.
بعد از تب شدید، چهرهاش بیرنگ و بیحال به نظر میرسید.
After a severe fever, his face looked colorless and weak.
When describing a person's complexion, 'بیرنگ' suggests paleness or a lack of healthy color.
نور ماه، سایههای بلند و بیرنگ بر روی زمین میانداخت.
The moonlight cast long and colorless shadows on the ground.
Here, 'بیرنگ' emphasizes the absence of color in the shadows created by moonlight.
با وجود تمام تلاشها، نتیجه کار او کمی بیرنگ و فاقد شور و هیجان بود.
Despite all efforts, the result of his work was somewhat colorless and lacked passion and excitement.
This is a metaphorical use of 'بیرنگ', meaning something is dull, uninspired, or lacking vitality.
자주 쓰는 조합
자주 쓰는 구문
این آب بیرنگ و بو است.
This water is colorless and odorless.
او لباسهای بیرنگ میپوشد.
He wears colorless clothes.
آسمان بیرنگ به نظر میرسید.
The sky looked colorless.
دیوارهای اتاق بیرنگ بودند.
The room's walls were colorless.
یک مایع بیرنگ از بطری ریخت.
A colorless liquid poured from the bottle.
گاز بیرنگ و کشنده است.
The gas is colorless and deadly.
جوهر خودکار بیرنگ شد.
The pen's ink became colorless.
زندگی او بیرنگ و یکنواخت بود.
His life was colorless and monotonous.
آیا این الماس بیرنگ است؟
Is this diamond colorless?
تصویر خیلی بیرنگ است.
The picture is very colorless (faded).
자주 묻는 질문
10 질문You can say 'بیرنگ' (bi-rang) to mean 'colorless' in Persian.
Literally, 'بیرنگ' breaks down into 'بی' (bi), which means 'without', and 'رنگ' (rang), which means 'color'. So, it means 'without color' or 'colorless'.
Yes, 'بیرنگ' can be used for things that are transparent, like water. For example: آب بیرنگ است. (Ab bi-rang ast.) - Water is colorless/transparent.
While primarily for physical objects, you might occasionally hear it used metaphorically for things lacking vibrancy or character, though that's less common than its literal meaning.
Here's an example: این خودکار جوهر بیرنگ دارد. (In khodkar johar-e bi-rang darad.) - This pen has colorless ink.
The pronunciation is 'bi-rang'. The 'i' in 'bi' is like the 'i' in 'sit', and 'rang' rhymes with 'sang'. The stress is usually on 'rang'.
Yes, you could use 'بیرنگ' to describe hair that has no pigment, like very white or gray hair, though 'سفید' (sefid - white) or 'خاکستری' (khakestari - gray) are more common.
Yes, it's a common and practical adjective used in everyday conversations to describe things that lack color.
بیرنگ means lacking any color, including white. Something colorless doesn't reflect any specific color. سفید (sefid) is a color itself, the absence of all color absorption, reflecting all visible light.
For its literal meaning, 'بیرنگ' is quite direct. You might use phrases like 'بدون رنگ' (bedun-e rang - without color) which means the same thing, but 'بیرنگ' is more concise and common as an adjective.
셀프 테스트 60 질문
این لیوان آب ______ است. (This glass of water is colorless.)
The water has no color, so 'بیرنگ' (colorless) is the correct word.
او یک لباس ______ پوشیده بود. (She wore a colorless dress.)
If the dress has no color, it is 'بیرنگ' (colorless).
این پنجره خیلی تمیز است، تقریباً ______ است. (This window is very clean, almost colorless.)
A very clean window is so clear it appears 'بیرنگ' (colorless).
چای در فنجان ______ بود. (The tea in the cup was colorless.)
If the tea has no color, it is 'بیرنگ' (colorless).
آسمان امروز ______ و صاف است. (The sky today is colorless and clear.)
A very clear sky, especially without clouds, can be described as 'بیرنگ' (colorless).
این دیوار ______ است، هیچ رنگی ندارد. (This wall is colorless, it has no color.)
If the wall has no color, it is 'بیرنگ' (colorless).
آب معمولا ___ است. (Water is usually ___.)
The sentence describes water, which is typically colorless. 'بیرنگ' means colorless.
این مایع هیچ رنگی ندارد، کاملاً ___ است. (This liquid has no color, it is completely ___.)
The phrase 'has no color' directly indicates that 'بیرنگ' (colorless) is the correct word.
شیشه پنجره ___ است تا بتوانید بیرون را ببینید. (Window glass is ___ so you can see outside.)
Window glass is colorless so that one can see through it. 'بیرنگ' fits this context.
در یک روز مه آلود، آسمان کمی ___ به نظر میرسید. (On a foggy day, the sky looked a bit ___.)
A foggy sky might lack clear color, making 'بیرنگ' (colorless) a suitable description.
این گاز بوی خاصی ندارد و ___ است. (This gas has no special smell and is ___.)
Often, gases without a smell are also colorless. 'بیرنگ' is appropriate here.
جوهر نامرئی معمولاً ___ است تا کسی نتواند آن را ببیند. (Invisible ink is usually ___ so no one can see it.)
Invisible ink's primary characteristic is its lack of visible color, making 'بیرنگ' the correct choice.
Water is colorless.
He drew a colorless painting.
This clothing has become colorless.
Read this aloud:
میتوانید بگویید 'آب بیرنگ است'؟
Focus: بیرنگ (bi-rang)
당신의 답변:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Read this aloud:
چطور میگویید 'این دیوار بیرنگ است'؟
Focus: بیرنگ (bi-rang)
당신의 답변:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Read this aloud:
جمله 'من یک مداد بیرنگ دارم' را تکرار کنید.
Focus: بیرنگ (bi-rang)
당신의 답변:
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Imagine you are describing a clear glass of water to someone. What is the most important characteristic to mention about its color? Use the word 'بیرنگ' in your description.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
این آب در لیوان کاملا بیرنگ است. (This water in the glass is completely colorless.)
Describe a situation where something lost its color. For example, a faded shirt or a washed-out drawing. Use 'بیرنگ' in your explanation.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
بعد از شستن زیاد، این پیراهن بیرنگ شد. (After a lot of washing, this shirt became colorless.)
Think about something transparent, like a window. How would you describe its appearance using 'بیرنگ'?
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
شیشه پنجره بیرنگ است و من میتوانم بیرون را ببینم. (The window glass is colorless and I can see outside.)
چه چیزی در لیوان بیرنگ بود؟ (What was colorless in the glass?)
Read this passage:
آب در لیوان تمیز و بیرنگ بود. (The water in the glass was clean and colorless.)
چه چیزی در لیوان بیرنگ بود؟ (What was colorless in the glass?)
The passage states that the water ('آب') was colorless ('بیرنگ').
The passage states that the water ('آب') was colorless ('بیرنگ').
پیراهن چه رنگی داشت؟ (What color was the shirt?)
Read this passage:
او یک پیراهن بیرنگ پوشیده بود که خیلی ساده به نظر میرسید. (He was wearing a colorless shirt that looked very simple.)
پیراهن چه رنگی داشت؟ (What color was the shirt?)
The passage explicitly says 'پیراهن بیرنگ' which means 'colorless shirt'.
The passage explicitly says 'پیراهن بیرنگ' which means 'colorless shirt'.
چرا خودکار بیرنگ مینویسد؟ (Why does the pen write colorless?)
Read this passage:
گاهی اوقات وقتی جوهر تمام میشود، خودکار بیرنگ مینویسد. (Sometimes when the ink runs out, the pen writes colorless.)
چرا خودکار بیرنگ مینویسد؟ (Why does the pen write colorless?)
The passage states that the pen writes colorless 'وقتی جوهر تمام میشود' (when the ink runs out).
The passage states that the pen writes colorless 'وقتی جوهر تمام میشود' (when the ink runs out).
Which of these objects is most likely to be بیرنگ (colorless)?
آب (water) is typically colorless, matching the definition of بیرنگ (birang).
If you see something that is بیرنگ (colorless), what does it lack?
The word بیرنگ (birang) literally means 'without color', so it lacks color.
Which sentence correctly uses بیرنگ (colorless)?
Window glass is typically transparent and lacks color, making it a good example of something بیرنگ (birang).
A white shirt is considered بیرنگ (colorless) because it doesn't have a strong color.
White is a color, even if it's often associated with the absence of pigment in some contexts. Something truly بیرنگ (birang) would be transparent or completely lacking any hue.
If a liquid is بیرنگ (colorless), it means it has a very strong taste.
The word بیرنگ (birang) describes the absence of color, not taste. A colorless liquid can have any taste or no taste.
Many gases are بیرنگ (colorless).
It's true that many common gases, such as oxygen and nitrogen, are colorless, matching the definition of بیرنگ (birang).
Which of these objects is most likely to be بیرنگ (colorless)?
Among the options, water is typically colorless, while a rose is red, the sky is blue, and a leaf is green. 'بیرنگ' means lacking color.
If something is بیرنگ (colorless), what does it lack?
The word 'بیرنگ' literally means 'without color.' The prefix 'بی-' means 'without' and 'رنگ' means 'color'.
Which sentence correctly uses بیرنگ (colorless)?
Water is naturally colorless. Cars, the sun, and clothes usually have a color.
If you add food coloring to water, it will become بیرنگ (colorless).
Adding food coloring to water gives it a color, making it no longer colorless. 'بیرنگ' means lacking color.
گاز (gas) is often بیرنگ (colorless).
Many gases, like the air we breathe, are colorless, meaning they are 'بیرنگ'.
یک آسمان بیرنگ (a colorless sky) would be easy to see at sunset.
A colorless sky would lack the vibrant colors of sunset. 'بیرنگ' means lacking color, making it the opposite of a colorful sunset.
The correct order translates to 'The water became completely colorless.'
The correct order translates to 'These flowers were colorless.'
The correct order translates to 'Her dress was colorless and had no color.'
پس از شستشو، لباسها کاملاً ____ و خشک شدند.
The context implies the clothes lost their color after washing and became dry.
آب مقطر کاملاً ____ است و هیچ طعمی ندارد.
Distilled water is known for being colorless and tasteless.
با گذر زمان، عکسهای قدیمی کمکم ____ شدند و جزئیاتشان محو گشت.
Old photos tend to fade and become colorless over time.
این مایع شوینده قوی، هر گونه لکه رنگی را از بین میبرد و پارچه را کاملاً ____ میکند.
A strong detergent removes color stains, making the fabric colorless.
برای آزمایش شیمی، از یک محلول ____ استفاده کردیم تا تأثیری بر واکنش نداشته باشد.
In chemistry experiments, colorless solutions are often used to avoid influencing reactions with their own color.
پس از بارش برف، همه چیز در حیاط خانه ____ و یکدست سفید شد.
After snow, everything appears white, losing its original color, hence becoming colorless in appearance.
Which of these objects is most likely to be بیرنگ (colorless)?
آب خالص به طور طبیعی بیرنگ (colorless) است.
If someone describes a flower as بیرنگ, what do they mean?
بیرنگ به معنای فاقد رنگ است.
Which sentence correctly uses بیرنگ?
آب مقطر به دلیل خلوص بالا، فاقد هرگونه رنگ است.
It is common to find a rainbow that is بیرنگ (colorless).
رنگینکمان به دلیل پراکندگی نور و داشتن طیف وسیعی از رنگها شناخته میشود، بنابراین نمیتواند بیرنگ باشد.
Many gases, like oxygen, are naturally بیرنگ (colorless).
اکثر گازها مانند اکسیژن و نیتروژن، بیرنگ و شفاف هستند.
A painter would typically try to make their paintings بیرنگ (colorless).
نقاشان از رنگها برای خلق آثار هنری خود استفاده میکنند؛ هدف آنها معمولاً ایجاد نقاشیهای بیرنگ نیست.
This sentence is about chemicals and colorless liquids.
The sentence describes a voice that was too 'be-rang' to convey emotions.
This sentence discusses modern paintings and the use of colors.
Read this aloud:
چگونه میتوانیم یک مایع رنگی را به یک مایع بیرنگ تبدیل کنیم؟
Focus: بیرنگ
당신의 답변:
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Read this aloud:
برخی از حوادث زندگی، خاطرات دوران کودکی او را بیرنگ کردهاند.
Focus: بیرنگ کردهاند
당신의 답변:
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Read this aloud:
توضیحات او در مورد فیلم کاملاً بیرنگ بود و هیجان خاصی نداشت.
Focus: بیرنگ بود
당신의 답변:
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Summary
بیرنگ (bi-rang) means colorless or transparent in Persian, referring to something without any particular color.
- colorless
- transparent
- without color
예시
آب خالص بیرنگ است.
관련 콘텐츠
관련 문법 규칙
colors 관련 단어
عنابی
B1Jujube-colored/dark red; a dark reddish-brown color.
آبرنگ
B1A paint that uses water as a solvent; watercolor.
آبی آسمانی
B1Sky blue; azure.
آبی کردن
A2To blue; to make something blue.
آغشتن
B2To stain, dye, or immerse in a liquid; to dye, to immerse.
اکرولیک
B1Acrylic paint.
اکریلیک
B1A fast-drying paint containing pigment suspended in an acrylic polymer emulsion; acrylic paint.
آلبالویی
B1A deep red color, like cherries; cherry red.
انعکاس
B1Reflection; the act of reflecting, especially light or sound.
آستر
B1Primer, undercoat.
