B1 · 중급 챕터 20

Connecting Ideas and Ownership

5 총 규칙
50 예문
7 분
이 챕터의 규칙 빠른 연습

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the art of sophisticated connection and clear ownership in fluent French.

  • Replace repetitive nouns using demonstrative and possessive pronouns.
  • Link complex ideas seamlessly using the elegant relative pronoun 'dont'.
  • Express simultaneous actions and causes using gerunds and participles.
Connect your thoughts, claim your world.

배울 내용

Ready to take your French from 'good enough' to 'wow'? This chapter is your secret weapon for sounding way more natural and expressive! You'll dive deep into **advanced pronouns** and **clever verb forms** that let you connect ideas like a pro. Ever feel stuck repeating nouns? We'll tackle **demonstrative pronouns** like *celui* and *celle* so you can point to 'this one' or 'that one' without sounding clunky. Then, get ready to confidently claim what's yours with **possessive pronouns** (think *le mien* for 'mine' or *la tienne* for 'yours'), matching them perfectly to what you're talking about. And for those tricky 'of which' or 'whose' moments, you'll master the elegant **dont**, making your sentences flow seamlessly when you want to link ideas about possession or origin. But it's not just about things! You'll learn to effortlessly describe doing two things at once with the **French gerund** (*en + -ant*), making your stories more dynamic. Imagine saying 'I learn *while eating*'. We'll also clear up the common confusion between the **gerund and the present participle**, so you know exactly when to use each for describing or showing cause. By the end of this chapter, you won't just understand these rules; you'll wield them! You'll be able to articulate complex thoughts, avoid repetitive language, and sound incredibly fluent when chatting with friends, describing a scene, or telling a lively story. Get ready to elevate your French to the next level!

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to distinguish between 'this one' and 'that one' using celui and celle in conversation.
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to identify and use 'dont' to describe relationships of possession and origin.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to narrate two simultaneous actions using the French gerund construction.

챕터 가이드

Overview

Welcome to your next big step in mastering French grammar B1! This chapter is designed to elevate your communication skills, moving you beyond basic sentence construction to a more nuanced and natural expression. If you’ve been looking for ways to sound more like a native speaker and less like a textbook, you’ve found your secret weapon.
We’re diving deep into advanced French pronouns and clever French verb forms that will allow you to connect ideas seamlessly and avoid repetitive language.
At the B1 CEFR level, the goal is to articulate more complex thoughts and participate in extended conversations. This means mastering tools that allow you to refer back to previously mentioned nouns without sounding clunky, or to describe actions happening simultaneously with elegance. We’ll empower you to confidently use French demonstrative pronouns like celui and celle to point out this one or that one, and to claim ownership with French possessive pronouns such as le mien (mine) and la tienne (yours).
Furthermore, you'll unlock the power of dont, a versatile French word for whose or of which, making your sentences flow beautifully when linking ideas related to possession, origin, or content. We'll also explore the dynamic French gerund (en + -ant) to describe concurrent actions, allowing you to say
I learn *while eating*.
Finally, we’ll clarify the frequently confused distinction between the gerund and present participle to ensure you know exactly when to use each for describing or showing cause. Get ready to transform your French grammar and express yourself with newfound fluency!

How This Grammar Works

Let's break down these powerful French grammar B1 tools that will make your French shine. First up, French demonstrative pronouns like celui (this one/that one, masculine singular) and celle (this one/that one, feminine singular) replace specific nouns to avoid repetition. They must agree in gender and number with the noun they replace.
For example: *J'aime ce livre, mais je préfère celui-ci.* (I like this book, but I prefer this one.) Or, *Quelle robe tu aimes? Celle-là est jolie.* (Which dress do you like? That one is pretty.) You can add -ci for this one here or -là for that one there.
Next, French possessive pronouns allow you to indicate ownership without repeating the noun. Think le mien (mine), la tienne (yours, singular informal), les siens (his/hers/its, plural), etc. Crucially, they agree in gender and number with the *object possessed*, not the possessor.
For instance: *C'est ma voiture, pas la tienne.* (It's my car, not yours.) Here, la tienne is feminine singular because car (voiture) is feminine singular. *Ce sont ses stylos, pas les nôtres.* (These are his pens, not ours.)
The French word dont is a relative pronoun that means whose, of which, or from which. It replaces *de + noun/pronoun* and is essential for connecting ideas about possession, origin, or content. For example: *C'est le livre dont je t'ai parlé.* (It's the book *of which* I spoke to you / *that* I told you about.) Or, *Voici la femme dont le chien est perdu.* (Here is the woman *whose* dog is lost.) It adds elegance and conciseness to your sentences.
Finally, the French gerund (le gérondif) is formed by en + the present participle (the verb stem from the nous form, dropping -ons and adding -ant). It describes an action happening *at the same time* as the main verb, or the *manner* in which something is done. Example: *Elle apprend en écoutant.* (She learns *by listening* / *while listening*.) The present participle (e.g., mangeant, sachant) without en can act as an adjective (*une femme souriante* - a smiling woman) or introduce a clause of cause (*Étant fatigué, il est parti.* - Being tired, he left.).
Understanding this distinction is key to sophisticated French verb forms.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: *J'ai deux voitures. J'aime le plus vieux.* (I have two cars. I like the oldest one.)
✓ Correct: *J'ai deux voitures. J'aime la plus vieille.* (I have two cars. I like the oldest one.)
*Explanation:* The demonstrative pronoun needs to agree in gender and number with the noun it replaces. Voiture (car) is feminine, so la plus vieille is correct, not le plus vieux.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: *C'est le film que tu as parlé.* (It's the film that you spoke about.)
✓ Correct: *C'est le film dont tu as parlé.* (It's the film *of which* you spoke.)
*Explanation:* The verb parler de (to speak about) requires the preposition de. When the object of de is a relative pronoun, dont must be used, not que.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: *J'ai vu mon ami marchant dans la rue.* (I saw my friend walking in the street.)
✓ Correct: *J'ai vu mon ami en marchant dans la rue.* (I saw my friend *while walking* in the street.)
*Explanation:* The gerund en marchant indicates that *I* was walking when I saw my friend (simultaneous action). Marchant alone would describe the friend as walking, or could be part of a causal clause, but en marchant clearly expresses the while doing meaning.

Real Conversations

A

A

Tu as vu mes clés? Je ne trouve pas les miennes! (Have you seen my keys? I can't find mine!)
B

B

Non, je crois que celles qui sont sur la table sont les tiennes. (No, I think the ones that are on the table are yours.)
A

A

C'est l'auteur dont le dernier livre a gagné un prix important. (He's the author whose last book won an important prize.)
B

B

Ah oui! J'ai commencé à le lire en voyageant en train. (Oh yes! I started reading it while traveling by train.)
A

A

J'adore ces chaussures, mais j'hésite entre celles-ci et celles-là. (I love these shoes, but I'm hesitating between these ones and those ones.)
B

B

Prends celles-ci, les miennes sont très confortables. (Take these ones, mine are very comfortable.)

Quick FAQ

Q

How do I choose between celui-ci and celui-là?

Celui-ci (and its variations like celle-ci, ceux-ci, celles-ci) refers to something closer or just mentioned. Celui-là (and its variations) refers to something farther away or previously mentioned in contrast.

Q

Can dont be used for people?

Yes, absolutely! Dont can refer to both people and things, meaning whose or of whom. For example: *C'est l'homme dont je t'ai parlé.* (He's the man *of whom* I spoke to you.)

Q

What's the main difference between en mangeant and mangeant?

En mangeant (the gerund) typically indicates a simultaneous action (while eating) or the manner (by eating). Mangeant (the present participle) can function as an adjective (a person eating) or introduce a descriptive/causal clause, but doesn't inherently imply simultaneity with en.

Q

Do possessive pronouns agree with the owner or the object?

Possessive pronouns in French always agree in gender and number with the *object possessed*, not the owner. For example, if you own a feminine singular car, you'd say la mienne, regardless of whether you're male or female.

Cultural Context

Native French speakers use these advanced pronouns and verb forms constantly to create fluent, concise, and elegant sentences. The ability to use celui, celle, le mien, and especially dont, is a hallmark of truly natural French, avoiding the repetition that can sound clunky. The gerund with en is incredibly common for describing concurrent actions in everyday conversation, making stories more dynamic and engaging.
Mastering these elements allows for richer descriptions and clearer communication, reflecting the French preference for precision and flow.

주요 예문 (6)

1

C'est le resto dont tout le monde parle sur TikTok.

여긴 틱톡에서 다들 얘기하는 식당이야.

프랑스어 관계대명사 'dont' (~의/~에 대한)
2

La fille dont le chat est devenu une mème est ma voisine.

고양이가 밈이 된 여자애가 우리 옆집 살아.

프랑스어 관계대명사 'dont' (~의/~에 대한)
3

Je bois mon café en lisant mes mails.

메일을 읽으면서 커피를 마셔요.

프랑스어 제롱디프: 두 가지 일을 동시에 하기 (en + -ant)
4

Elle s'est blessée en courant pour attraper le bus.

버스를 잡으려고 뛰다가 다쳤어요.

프랑스어 제롱디프: 두 가지 일을 동시에 하기 (en + -ant)
5

J'écoute des podcasts `en faisant` du sport.

운동하면서 팟캐스트를 들어요.

프랑스어 현재분사와 제롱디프: -ant 형태 활용법 (en -ant)
6

Elle a trouvé un job `en envoyant` des centaines de CV.

수백 개의 이력서를 보내서 직장을 구했어요.

프랑스어 현재분사와 제롱디프: -ant 형태 활용법 (en -ant)

팁과 요령 (4)

⚠️

외로운 대명사 주의보!

프랑스어에서 'celui'는 혼자서 '이것'이라는 뜻이 안 돼요. 꼭 무언가 붙여서 "J'aime celui-là« 또는 »Celui de Paul"처럼 써야 해요.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 프랑스어 지시대명사: "이것"과 "저것" (Celui, Celle)
⚠️

'주인'의 성별에 속지 마세요!

대명사의 성별은 주인이 아니라 '물건'을 따라가요. 남자가 자신의 차(la voiture)를 가리킬 때도 la mienne이라고 말해야 해요.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 프랑스어 소유 대명사: 내 것, 네 것 (le mien, la tienne)
⚠️

'Son/Sa' 함정 피하기

'dont' 뒤에 'son', 'sa', 'ses'를 절대로 쓰지 마세요! 'dont' 자체가 '누구의'라는 뜻을 포함하고 있으니, 대신 'le', 'la', 'les'를 사용해야 합니다. "L'ami dont le père est médecin."
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 프랑스어 관계대명사 'dont' (~의/~에 대한)
🎯

주어 일치 법칙

제롱디프를 쓰는 주어와 주절의 주어가 같은지 꼭 확인하세요! "En marchant, j'ai vu un chat."처럼 내가 걷고 내가 본 것이어야 해요.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 프랑스어 제롱디프: 두 가지 일을 동시에 하기 (en + -ant)

핵심 어휘 (6)

celui-ci this one (masculine) le mien mine (masculine) dont of which / whose en marchant while walking sachant knowing le vôtre yours (formal/plural)

Real-World Preview

shopping-bag

At a French Boutique

coffee

A Productive Morning

Review Summary

  • [Celui / Celle / Ceux / Celles] + [de... / qui... / que...]
  • Noun + dont + Subject + Verb (that uses 'de')

자주 하는 실수

The expression is 'avoir besoin DE'. When the relative pronoun replaces an object preceded by 'de', you must use 'dont', not 'que'.

Wrong: C'est le livre que j'ai besoin.
정답: C'est le livre dont j'ai besoin.

Possessive pronouns (le mien) replace the noun entirely. You cannot place the noun after the pronoun.

Wrong: J'aime ton chien mais je préfère le mien chien.
정답: J'aime ton chien mais je préfère le mien.

Use the present participle (sachant) for cause/reason. The gerund (en sachant) is usually for simultaneous actions ('while knowing'), which doesn't fit here.

Wrong: En sachant la vérité, il est parti.
정답: Sachant la vérité, il est parti.

Next Steps

You've just crossed a major threshold in French grammar. Using 'dont' and gerunds correctly is a hallmark of a B1 learner moving toward B2 fluency. Keep practicing these connections!

Write a description of two similar objects in your room using 'celui-ci' and 'celui-là'.

Listen to a French podcast and try to identify every time the speaker uses 'en' + a verb ending in '-ant'.

Continue to: Imagining Possibilities and the Future

빠른 연습 (9)

빈칸에 알맞은 형태(제롱디프 또는 현재분사)를 채워보세요.

Il regarde la télé ___ (manger) une pizza.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: en mangeant
TV를 보는 것과 피자를 먹는 것이 동시에 일어나므로 제롱디프 'en mangeant'이 정답이에요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 프랑스어 현재분사와 제롱디프: -ant 형태 활용법 (en -ant)

성별과 수 일치가 틀린 부분을 찾아 고쳐보세요.

Ces gâteaux sont bons, mais celui-là sont meilleurs.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: mais ceux-là sont meilleurs
'Gâteaux'는 남성 복수 명사예요. 그래서 단수인 'celui-là'를 복수형인 'ceux-là'로 바꿔야 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 프랑스어 지시대명사: "이것"과 "저것" (Celui, Celle)

다음 문장에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 바르게 고쳐보세요.

Les étudiants sachants la réponse ont levé la main.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Les étudiants sachant la réponse ont levé la main.
현재분사 'sachant'는 불변이므로 주어가 복수라도 끝에 's'를 붙이지 않아요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 프랑스어 현재분사와 제롱디프: -ant 형태 활용법 (en -ant)

빈칸에 알맞은 지시대명사를 넣어보세요.

J'aime ta veste, mais je préfère ___ de Sophie.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: celle
'Veste'는 여성 단수 명사예요. 그래서 뒤에 'de'와 함께 쓸 수 있는 'celle'이 정답입니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 프랑스어 지시대명사: "이것"과 "저것" (Celui, Celle)

문장에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 고치세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

C'est {le|m} film que je t'ai parlé hier.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: C'est le film dont je t'ai parlé hier.
동사가 'parler de'이므로 'dont'가 필요합니다. 여기서는 'que'를 사용할 수 없습니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 프랑스어 관계대명사 'dont' (~의/~에 대한)

빈칸에 올바른 관계대명사를 채우세요.

Le livre ____ j'ai besoin est sur la table.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: dont
동사가 'avoir besoin de'이므로, 'de + le livre'를 대신하기 위해 'dont'를 사용해야 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 프랑스어 관계대명사 'dont' (~의/~에 대한)

문법적으로 올바른 문장을 선택하세요.

소유를 올바르게 표현하는 방법을 선택하세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: La femme dont le sac est rouge est là.
'dont'는 이미 소유를 나타내므로, 'son' 대신 정관사 'le'를 사용해야 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 프랑스어 관계대명사 'dont' (~의/~에 대한)

문법적으로 올바른 문장을 고르세요.

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Je veux celui-ci.
지시대명사는 혼자 쓸 수 없어요! 반드시 '-ci'나 '-là' 같은 꼬리표가 붙어야 해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 프랑스어 지시대명사: "이것"과 "저것" (Celui, Celle)

'그녀는 걸어가면서 개를 보았다'를 올바르게 표현한 문장은?

Choose the correct way to express 'While walking, she saw a dog':

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: En marchant, elle a vu un chien.
동시 동작을 나타낼 때는 'en + -ant' 구조인 제롱디프를 사용해야 해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 프랑스어 현재분사와 제롱디프: -ant 형태 활용법 (en -ant)

Score: /9

자주 묻는 질문 (6)

프랑스어에서 'celui'는 방향만 가리키는 손가락 같아요. 그래서 celui-là처럼 위치를 알려주거나 celui de Paul처럼 누구 것인지 꼭 덧붙여야 문장이 완성돼요.
원래 '-ci'는 가까운 것, '-là'는 먼 것을 뜻해요. 하지만 요즘 프랑스 사람들은 대화할 때 거리 상관없이 대부분 celui-là를 즐겨 쓴답니다.
아니요, 프랑스어에서는 반드시 정관사를 붙여야 해요. "C'est le mien"이라고 말하는 것이 올바른 표현입니다.
복수형인 les miens(남성)이나 les miennes(여성)을 사용하면 돼요. 물건의 성별에 따라 선택하세요.
문맥에 따라 'whose', 'of which', 'about which', 'from which' 등으로 번역될 수 있어요. 기본적으로 전치사 'de'와 그 뒤에 오는 명사를 대신한다고 생각하면 됩니다. 예를 들어,
La maison dont les fenêtres sont bleues.
(창문이 파란 집)
네, 물론입니다! 예를 들어, "L'ami dont je t'ai parlé." (내가 너에게 말했던 그 친구)처럼 사람에 대해서도 자주 쓰여요.
이전 챕터
Replacing Nouns Like a Pro
다음 챕터
Imagining Possibilities and the Future
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