établir 30초 만에
- Établir: To establish, set up, draw up. Use for formal creation, foundations, agreements, or facts.
- Key meanings: Create lasting structures, formalize documents, prove facts, set up systems.
- Common in: Business, law, science, administration. Think 'establish' in English.
- Distinguish from: Créer (general creation), installer (physical setup).
The French verb établir is a versatile word that carries several related meanings, primarily revolving around the idea of creation, foundation, or formalization. Its most common translations into English are 'to establish', 'to set up', and 'to draw up'. This verb is used in a wide range of contexts, from setting up a business or a friendship to drawing up a formal document or even establishing a fact.
- Establish
- When you create something that is intended to last, like an organization, a relationship, or a rule, you 'établir' it. For instance, one might 'établir' a company or 'établir' peace between two parties. It implies bringing something into existence and giving it a stable form.
- Set up
- This meaning is closely related to 'establish' but can sometimes refer to more practical arrangements. You might 'établir' a meeting, 'établir' a connection, or 'établir' a system. It's about putting things in place or arranging them.
- Draw up
- In a more formal sense, 'établir' can mean to draw up or draft a document. This applies to legal documents, contracts, plans, or reports. For example, a lawyer might 'établir' a contract, or a committee might 'établir' a report. It signifies the formal creation of written material.
- Establish a fact or a connection
- 'Établir' can also be used to mean proving or demonstrating something to be true, or making a link between two things clear. For instance, a scientist might 'établir' a theory, or an investigation might 'établir' a link between a suspect and a crime. It's about making something definite and recognized.
Nous devons établir des règles claires pour cette nouvelle organisation.
The verb 'établir' is a foundational verb in French, appearing frequently in both spoken and written contexts. Its broad semantic range makes it indispensable for expressing various forms of creation, formation, and formalization. Understanding its nuances will significantly enhance your ability to communicate effectively in French across different situations, from casual conversations to formal professional settings.
Consider its use in establishing a business: 'établir une entreprise'. Or in establishing a relationship: 'établir une relation de confiance'. When drafting a document, it becomes 'établir un document officiel'. Even in science, 'établir une hypothèse' means to establish a hypothesis. The core idea remains consistent: creating something that has structure and permanence.
Le gouvernement a décidé d'établir de nouvelles lois pour protéger l'environnement.
In everyday life, you might hear 'établir' when discussing the setup of a new service, the creation of a new policy, or the formation of a new group. It's a verb that signals the beginning of something structured and organized. The context will usually make it clear whether it's about a physical setup, a formal document, or a conceptual establishment.
- Synonymy with 'créer' and 'fonder'
- While 'créer' (to create) and 'fonder' (to found) are related, 'établir' often implies a more deliberate and structured process. 'Fonder' is particularly used for founding institutions or businesses, while 'créer' is broader and can apply to anything from art to ideas. 'Établir' bridges these, often referring to the process of setting something up and making it operational.
Using établir correctly in sentences involves understanding its various meanings and the grammatical structures it fits into. As a regular -er verb, it conjugates straightforwardly, but its semantic range requires careful attention to context.
To establish a business: Nous voulons établir notre propre entreprise l'année prochaine.
In this sentence, 'établir' means to set up or found a business. The direct object 'notre propre entreprise' (our own business) clearly indicates the creation of an organization.
To draw up a document: L'avocat a dû établir un contrat pour la vente.
Here, 'établir' takes on the meaning of drawing up or drafting. The object 'un contrat' (a contract) specifies the type of document being created, highlighting the formal aspect of the verb.
To establish a connection: Il est difficile d'établir un lien avec lui.
In this case, 'établir' means to create or form a connection. The preposition 'avec' (with) is often used when establishing a relationship or link with someone.
- Common Verb Patterns
- 'Établir' is a transitive verb, meaning it usually takes a direct object. You 'établir' something.
- With Infinitive
- 'Établir' can also be followed by an infinitive, meaning to establish or set out to do something. For example, 'établir à faire quelque chose' (to establish how to do something), though this is less common than its use with nouns.
The committee will établir the guidelines: Le comité va établir les directives.
Here, 'établir' means to set up or create the guidelines. The object 'les directives' (the guidelines) shows what is being established.
To establish peace: Il faut établir la paix dans cette région.
This sentence uses 'établir' to mean to establish or bring about peace. It implies a process of creating a stable and lasting condition.
To establish a fact: Les enquêteurs ont réussi à établir la vérité.
In this instance, 'établir' means to establish or prove a fact. 'La vérité' (the truth) is the fact that is being made clear and undeniable.
- Reflexive Use (less common)
- While not as common, 's'établir' can mean to establish oneself, to settle down, or to become established. For example, 'Il s'est établi dans cette ville' (He settled down in this city).
To establish one's residence: Il a décidé de s'établir définitivement en France.
This sentence uses the reflexive form 's'établir' to mean to settle or establish one's residence in a place.
You'll encounter the verb établir in a multitude of everyday and formal situations in the French-speaking world. Its versatility means it pops up in contexts ranging from business and law to personal relationships and scientific discussions.
In Business and Finance: 'Nous devons établir un plan de développement.' (We must establish a development plan.)
This is a very common usage. When discussing business strategies, company structures, or financial planning, 'établir' is frequently used to mean setting up or creating these essential elements. You might hear it in meetings, on business news, or in discussions about entrepreneurship.
In Legal and Administrative Contexts: 'Il faut établir un acte de naissance.' (It is necessary to establish a birth certificate.)
Official documents, legal proceedings, and administrative processes are prime areas for 'établir'. Think of drawing up contracts, establishing legal rights, or issuing official certificates. News reports on legal matters or government announcements will often use this verb.
In Scientific Research: 'Les scientifiques cherchent à établir un lien entre le virus et la maladie.' (Scientists are trying to establish a link between the virus and the disease.)
In scientific and academic discussions, 'établir' is used to denote proving, demonstrating, or establishing a connection or a fact. Research papers, university lectures, and documentaries about science will frequently feature this verb.
In Personal Relationships: 'Ils ont réussi à établir une amitié solide.' (They managed to establish a strong friendship.)
While 'créer' or 'former' might also be used, 'établir' can imply building a relationship on a firm foundation, making it stable and lasting. You might hear this in conversations about friendships, family bonds, or professional networks.
- In News and Media
- News broadcasts and articles will use 'établir' when reporting on the government establishing new policies, a company establishing new branches, or an investigation establishing the facts of a case. For example, 'Le Premier Ministre a annoncé vouloir établir de nouvelles mesures économiques.' (The Prime Minister announced his intention to establish new economic measures.)
- In Education
- Teachers might use it to explain how to 'établir' a hypothesis in science or how to 'établir' a clear argument in an essay. Textbooks will also use it to explain concepts and procedures.
Setting up infrastructure: Les ingénieurs ont travaillé pour établir les fondations du pont.
In construction and engineering, 'établir' is used for setting up the fundamental structures, like the foundations of a building or bridge.
When learning établir, English speakers might make a few common mistakes due to the subtle differences in usage or direct translation. Being aware of these pitfalls can help you use the verb more accurately.
Mistake 1: Overusing 'établir' for simple creation.
Error: Using 'établir' when a simpler verb like 'créer' (to create), 'faire' (to make), or 'construire' (to build) would be more appropriate. 'Établir' implies a more structured, formal, or lasting creation.
Example of error: *J'ai établi un dessin.* (Incorrect for 'I drew a picture.')
Correct usage: 'J'ai créé un dessin.' or 'J'ai fait un dessin.' (I created/made a drawing.)
Explanation: 'Établir' is generally too formal or implies too much structure for simply drawing something. Use it for founding organizations, drafting documents, or setting up systems.
Mistake 2: Confusing 'établir' with 'installer'.
Error: Using 'établir' when the meaning is specifically about physically installing or setting up equipment or software.
Example of error: *Nous devons établir l'imprimante.* (Incorrect for 'We need to install the printer.')
Correct usage: 'Nous devons installer l'imprimante.' (We need to install the printer.)
Explanation: 'Installer' is the specific verb for setting up physical objects or software. 'Établir' can mean to set up a system, but not typically a single piece of equipment in this direct sense.
- Mistake 3: Incorrect conjugation or tense usage.
- Like any verb, errors can occur in conjugation. For instance, confusing the stem or endings, especially in less common tenses.
Example of error: *Il établira un plan.* (While grammatically correct, the choice of verb might be wrong if 'créer' was intended.)
Correct usage: 'Il va établir un plan.' (He will establish a plan.) or 'Il va créer un plan.' (He will create a plan.)
Explanation: The choice between 'établir' and 'créer' depends on the nuance. If the plan is meant to be foundational or a formal structure, 'établir' is good. If it's more about generating ideas, 'créer' might be better. Always consider the specific context.
Mistake 4: Misinterpreting the reflexive form 's'établir'.
Error: Using the non-reflexive 'établir' when the meaning is about settling or establishing oneself in a place.
Example of error: *Il a établi dans cette ville.* (Incorrect for 'He settled in this city.')
Correct usage: 'Il s'est établi dans cette ville.' (He settled/established himself in this city.)
Explanation: The reflexive form 's'établir' specifically refers to a person or entity making a permanent or semi-permanent place for themselves, like settling down to live or work somewhere.
Understanding the nuances between établir and similar French verbs is key to using it precisely. While they may overlap in meaning, each has its distinct application.
- Établir vs. Créer
- Établir: Implies setting up something structured, formal, or intended to be lasting. It often suggests a process of organization and foundation.
Créer: A broader term for making something exist that didn't exist before. It can apply to art, ideas, or even simple objects. It's less about structure and more about origination.
Example: 'On va établir un nouveau système de classement' (We will set up a new filing system - implying structure and permanence) vs. 'Il a créé une sculpture magnifique' (He created a magnificent sculpture - emphasizing originality and artistry). - Établir vs. Fonder
- Établir: Can be used for founding, but often refers to the process of setting up and organizing.
Fonder: Specifically means to found, endow, or establish the basis of something, particularly institutions, businesses, or concepts. It carries a stronger sense of origin and foundation.
Example: 'Établir une entreprise' (to set up a business, focusing on the process) vs. 'Fonder une entreprise' (to found a business, emphasizing its inception and establishment). - Établir vs. Installer
- Établir: Can refer to setting up a system or arrangement.
Installer: Specifically means to install, fit, or set up physical equipment or software.
Example: 'Établir un programme d'entraînement' (to set up a training program) vs. 'Installer un nouveau logiciel' (to install new software). - Établir vs. Mettre en place
- Établir: Similar to 'mettre en place' but often implies a more formal or definitive establishment.
Mettre en place: Means to put in place, set up, or implement. It's a very common and versatile phrase for setting things up.
Example: 'Établir des règles' (to establish rules, suggesting a firm and official decree) vs. 'Mettre en place des règles' (to put rules in place, a more general implementation). - Établir vs. Dessiner/Rédiger
- Établir: When referring to documents, it means to draw up or draft.
Dessiner: Means to draw (a picture).
Rédiger: Means to write or draft, especially a formal text.
Example: 'Établir un rapport' (to draw up a report, focusing on its creation and structure) vs. 'Rédiger un rapport' (to write/draft a report, focusing on the act of writing).
Establishing a precedent: Il a établi un précédent important.
This shows 'établir' used to mean setting a standard or example that others will follow, highlighting its role in creating lasting norms.
How Formal Is It?
재미있는 사실
The core idea of 'stability' is present in many related words across Romance languages. For instance, Spanish 'establecer', Italian 'stabilire', and Portuguese 'estabelecer' all share this root and meaning of making something firm or permanent.
발음 가이드
- Pronouncing the final 'r' too strongly or too softly.
- Incorrect vowel sound for the initial 'é'.
- Not rolling the 'r' slightly, which is characteristic of French.
난이도
While the verb itself is common, its multiple meanings can sometimes require careful contextual analysis to understand the precise nuance intended by the author.
Using 'établir' correctly in writing requires a good grasp of its various meanings and appropriate collocations. Overuse or misuse can sound unnatural.
Pronunciation is relatively straightforward, but choosing the right context and nuance for 'établir' in spoken French can be challenging for learners.
Recognizing 'établir' in speech is usually easy, but understanding the specific meaning intended by the speaker depends heavily on the context.
다음에 무엇을 배울까
선수 학습
다음에 배울 것
고급
알아야 할 문법
Transitive Verbs and Direct Objects
'Établir' is often transitive, meaning it takes a direct object. For instance, 'établir un plan' (to establish a plan). The object directly receives the action.
Reflexive Verbs
The reflexive form 's'établir' means 'to settle' or 'to establish oneself'. For example, 'Il s'est établi à Paris.' (He settled in Paris.)
The Passé Composé
For past actions, 'établir' uses 'avoir' as the auxiliary verb. 'J'ai établi un contact.' (I established contact.)
The Subjunctive Mood
In clauses expressing desire, necessity, or doubt, the subjunctive might follow verbs like 'vouloir que' or 'il faut que'. For example, 'Il faut que nous établissions de nouvelles règles.' (It is necessary that we establish new rules.)
Prepositional Phrases
'Établir' can be followed by prepositions like 'avec' (with) when establishing a relationship, or 'de' when establishing something from a set of items, e.g., 'établir des normes de qualité'.
수준별 예문
Je veux établir un rendez-vous.
I want to set up an appointment.
Simple present tense, direct object.
Nous allons établir une nouvelle règle.
We are going to establish a new rule.
Futur proche (aller + infinitive).
Il a établi une amitié.
He established a friendship.
Passé composé.
Elle établit un plan simple.
She is drawing up a simple plan.
Simple present tense.
Peux-tu établir la connexion?
Can you establish the connection?
Question form, infinitive.
Ils ont établi un record.
They established a record.
Passé composé.
Le professeur établit les objectifs.
The teacher establishes the objectives.
Simple present tense.
Nous devons établir un contact.
We must establish contact.
De plus, infinitive.
L'entreprise cherche à établir de nouvelles succursales.
The company seeks to establish new branches.
Verb 'chercher à' + infinitive.
Il a fallu établir un budget pour le projet.
It was necessary to establish a budget for the project.
Impersonal 'Il a fallu' + infinitive.
Les scientifiques essaient d'établir un lien de causalité.
Scientists are trying to establish a causal link.
Verb 'essayer de' + infinitive.
Elle a réussi à établir une bonne communication avec ses collègues.
She succeeded in establishing good communication with her colleagues.
'Réussir à' + infinitive.
Le traité a été établi pour garantir la paix.
The treaty was established to guarantee peace.
Passive voice (avoir été + past participle).
Nous avons besoin d'établir des procédures claires.
We need to establish clear procedures.
'Avoir besoin de' + infinitive.
Le juge a dû établir les faits avant de prononcer sa décision.
The judge had to establish the facts before making his decision.
Passé simple (devoir) + infinitive.
Ils ont établi leur campement près de la rivière.
They established their camp near the river.
Passé composé, direct object.
Il est primordial d'établir une confiance mutuelle pour que le projet aboutisse.
It is paramount to establish mutual trust for the project to succeed.
'Il est primordial de' + infinitive, subjunctive in subordinate clause.
Les experts ont mis en évidence la nécessité d'établir des normes environnementales plus strictes.
The experts highlighted the necessity of establishing stricter environmental standards.
'Mettre en évidence' + noun phrase 'la nécessité de' + infinitive.
Le gouvernement s'engage à établir des mesures de soutien pour les petites entreprises.
The government commits to establishing support measures for small businesses.
'S'engager à' + infinitive.
Avant de pouvoir établir un diagnostic, le médecin a posé de nombreuses questions.
Before being able to establish a diagnosis, the doctor asked many questions.
Preposition 'avant de' + infinitive.
Les archéologues ont réussi à établir la chronologie des événements.
The archaeologists succeeded in establishing the chronology of events.
'Réussir à' + infinitive.
Il faut établir un équilibre entre vie professionnelle et vie privée.
It is necessary to establish a balance between professional and private life.
Impersonal 'Il faut' + infinitive.
La réunion avait pour but d'établir les bases d'une future collaboration.
The meeting aimed to establish the foundations of a future collaboration.
'Avoir pour but de' + infinitive.
L'enquête a permis d'établir la culpabilité de l'accusé.
The investigation made it possible to establish the guilt of the accused.
'Permettre de' + infinitive.
L'objectif de cette étude est d'établir une corrélation significative entre les deux variables.
The objective of this study is to establish a significant correlation between the two variables.
'Objectif de... est de' + infinitive, complex sentence structure.
Il est essentiel d'établir un dialogue ouvert et honnête pour résoudre ce conflit.
It is essential to establish an open and honest dialogue to resolve this conflict.
'Il est essentiel de' + infinitive.
La diplomatie vise à établir des relations pacifiques entre les nations.
Diplomacy aims to establish peaceful relations between nations.
Verb 'viser à' + infinitive.
Les historiens s'efforcent d'établir la vérité sur les événements passés.
Historians strive to establish the truth about past events.
'S'efforcer de' + infinitive.
La nouvelle législation permettra d'établir des sanctions plus sévères pour les infractions.
The new legislation will allow for the establishment of harsher penalties for infractions.
Future tense, passive implication.
Pour établir une stratégie marketing efficace, il faut analyser le marché cible.
To establish an effective marketing strategy, it is necessary to analyze the target market.
Infinitive as subject, impersonal 'il faut'.
Les chercheurs ont cherché à établir un consensus sur les meilleures pratiques.
The researchers sought to establish a consensus on best practices.
Imperfect tense of 'chercher à' + infinitive.
Il est crucial d'établir des protocoles de sécurité rigoureux.
It is crucial to establish rigorous security protocols.
'Il est crucial de' + infinitive.
La mise en place de cette politique vise à établir un cadre réglementaire plus transparent.
The implementation of this policy aims to establish a more transparent regulatory framework.
Noun phrase as subject, 'viser à' + infinitive.
Il incombe aux autorités d'établir les responsabilités dans cette affaire complexe.
It is incumbent upon the authorities to establish responsibility in this complex matter.
'Il incombe à qqn de' + infinitive.
Les négociations ont été ardues, mais elles ont finalement permis d'établir un accord mutuellement bénéfique.
The negotiations were arduous, but they ultimately allowed for the establishment of a mutually beneficial agreement.
Passé composé with 'permettre de' + infinitive.
L'historien s'est attaché à établir une interprétation nuancée des causes de la Révolution.
The historian endeavoured to establish a nuanced interpretation of the causes of the Revolution.
'S'attacher à' + infinitive.
La conférence internationale a pour objectif d'établir des lignes directrices pour la gestion des crises.
The international conference aims to establish guidelines for crisis management.
'Avoir pour objectif de' + infinitive.
Il est impératif d'établir des mécanismes de suivi efficaces pour évaluer les progrès.
It is imperative to establish effective monitoring mechanisms to evaluate progress.
'Il est impératif de' + infinitive.
Les chercheurs ont débattu de la meilleure manière d'établir la preuve empirique de leur hypothèse.
The researchers debated the best way to establish empirical proof of their hypothesis.
Noun phrase as subject, 'débattre de' + noun phrase.
La société moderne peine à établir un équilibre durable entre développement économique et préservation de l'environnement.
Modern society struggles to establish a sustainable balance between economic development and environmental preservation.
Verb 'peiner à' + infinitive.
La doctrine juridique s'est progressivement forgée pour établir les principes fondamentaux du droit constitutionnel.
Legal doctrine has gradually been forged to establish the fundamental principles of constitutional law.
Passive voice, complex sentence structure.
Il appartient à chaque génération d'établir sa propre conception de la justice et de l'équité.
It is up to each generation to establish its own conception of justice and fairness.
'Il appartient à qqn de' + infinitive.
L'artiste a cherché à établir un dialogue visuel avec le spectateur, transcendant les barrières linguistiques.
The artist sought to establish a visual dialogue with the viewer, transcending linguistic barriers.
Imperfect tense of 'chercher à' + infinitive.
La philosophie post-moderne remet en question la possibilité d'établir une vérité universelle et objective.
Post-modern philosophy questions the possibility of establishing a universal and objective truth.
Noun phrase as subject, 'remettre en question' + noun phrase.
Le défi majeur pour les Nations Unies est d'établir un consensus mondial sur des questions aussi délicates que le changement climatique.
The major challenge for the United Nations is to establish global consensus on issues as delicate as climate change.
Noun phrase as subject, 'est de' + infinitive.
Les écrits de cet auteur visent à établir une nouvelle perspective sur la condition humaine.
The writings of this author aim to establish a new perspective on the human condition.
Noun phrase as subject, 'visent à' + infinitive.
Il est primordial pour les historiens d'établir la contextualisation précise des sources primaires.
It is paramount for historians to establish the precise contextualization of primary sources.
'Il est primordial pour qqn de' + infinitive.
La science moderne s'efforce d'établir des modèles prédictifs toujours plus fiables pour anticiper les phénomènes naturels.
Modern science strives to establish ever more reliable predictive models to anticipate natural phenomena.
Verb 's'efforcer de' + infinitive.
자주 쓰는 조합
자주 쓰는 구문
— To establish peace, to bring about a state of peace.
Après des années de conflit, il est temps d'établir la paix dans la région.
— To establish contact, to make initial communication.
Il est essentiel d'établir un contact avec le nouveau client rapidement.
— To establish a link or connection between things or people.
Les chercheurs ont réussi à établir un lien entre le régime alimentaire et la maladie.
— To establish a record, to set a new best performance.
L'athlète a établi un nouveau record du monde.
— To establish a diagnosis, to identify a medical condition.
Le médecin met tout en œuvre pour établir un diagnostic fiable.
— To establish a precedent, to set an example that will be followed.
Cette décision du tribunal établit un précédent important pour les affaires futures.
— To establish relations, to build connections (often diplomatic or business).
Le diplomate a travaillé pour établir des relations solides avec le pays voisin.
— To establish a fact, to prove or confirm something.
L'enquête a permis d'établir plusieurs faits cruciaux.
— To establish a base, to set up a foundation or starting point.
Nous devons établir une base solide avant de lancer le projet.
— To establish guidelines, to set out instructions or rules.
Le comité doit établir des directives claires pour tous les participants.
자주 혼동되는 단어
'Installer' is specifically for physically setting up equipment or software, whereas 'établir' is broader and can refer to setting up systems, agreements, or organizations.
'Créer' is a general term for making something exist. 'Établir' implies a more structured, formal, or lasting creation, often involving organization or foundation.
'Fonder' is primarily used for founding institutions or businesses, emphasizing the initial act of creation. 'Établir' can encompass this but also refers to the process of setting up and organizing.
관용어 및 표현
— To establish the facts, to determine what actually happened, often in an investigation.
La police travaille d'arrache-pied pour établir les faits de cette affaire.
Neutral— To establish one's authority, to assert one's power or control.
Le nouveau chef a rapidement cherché à établir son autorité auprès de ses employés.
Neutral— To build a bridge, often metaphorically, to connect two disparate entities or groups.
Les artistes cherchent souvent à établir un pont entre différentes cultures.
Figurative, Neutral— To lay strong foundations, to create a firm and stable basis for something.
Une bonne éducation permet d'établir des bases solides pour l'avenir.
Figurative, Neutral— To make a distinction, to differentiate clearly between two things.
Il est important d'établir une distinction claire entre les deux concepts.
Formal— To establish the difference, to show how two things are dissimilar.
L'analyse a permis d'établir la différence significative entre les deux groupes.
Neutral— To establish a cause-and-effect link.
Les scientifiques cherchent à établir un lien de cause à effet entre le mode de vie et la santé.
Academic— To establish a (trusting) relationship or rapport.
Le thérapeute s'efforce d'établir un rapport de confiance avec son patient.
Neutral— To establish proof, to provide evidence to confirm something.
Il est difficile d'établir la preuve dans cette affaire sans témoins.
Legal, Formal— To establish a consensus, to reach a general agreement.
Les membres du comité ont travaillé pour établir un consensus sur la nouvelle politique.
Formal혼동하기 쉬운
Both 'établir' and 'installer' can relate to 'setting up'.
Use 'installer' for physically putting something in place, like a printer or software. Use 'établir' for setting up more abstract things like a business, a relationship, a plan, or a rule, which implies a more foundational or formal creation.
Nous devons <strong>installer</strong> le nouveau logiciel sur tous les ordinateurs. (We need to install the new software on all computers.) vs. Nous devons <strong>établir</strong> des règles claires pour l'utilisation du logiciel. (We need to establish clear rules for using the software.)
Both mean to make something new.
'Créer' is very general and can apply to anything from art to ideas. 'Établir' implies a more structured, formal, or lasting creation. Think of 'établir' as building a foundation or setting up a system, while 'créer' is simply bringing something into existence.
Elle a <strong>créé</strong> une belle peinture. (She created a beautiful painting.) vs. Elle a <strong>établi</strong> une fondation pour aider les artistes. (She established a foundation to help artists.)
Both can be used for starting organizations.
'Fonder' is specifically for founding or establishing the very beginning of an institution or business, emphasizing its origin. 'Établir' can refer to the entire process of setting up and organizing it, not just the inception.
Il a <strong>fondé</strong> cette entreprise il y a vingt ans. (He founded this company twenty years ago.) vs. Il a <strong>établi</strong> une nouvelle succursale l'année dernière. (He established a new branch last year.)
Both mean to set up or implement.
'Mettre en place' is a very common and often more casual way to say 'put in place' or 'implement'. 'Établir' is generally more formal and suggests creating something with more permanence or official status.
Nous allons <strong>mettre en place</strong> un nouveau système de gestion. (We are going to implement a new management system.) vs. Nous devons <strong>établir</strong> les bases de ce nouveau système. (We must establish the foundations of this new system.)
Both can relate to documents.
'Rédiger' means specifically to write or draft a document. 'Établir un document' means to draw it up, which can include the writing but also implies its formal creation and validation.
L'avocat va <strong>rédiger</strong> le contrat. (The lawyer will draft the contract.) vs. L'avocat va <strong>établir</strong> le contrat pour la vente. (The lawyer will draw up the contract for the sale.)
문장 패턴
Subject + établir + noun (direct object)
Le comité établit les directives.
Subject + avoir besoin de + établir + noun
Nous avons besoin d'établir un plan.
Il faut + établir + noun
Il faut établir un budget.
Subject + réussir à + établir + noun
Elle a réussi à établir une bonne relation.
Objectif de... est de + établir + noun
L'objectif est d'établir une corrélation.
Subject + viser à + établir + noun
La diplomatie vise à établir des relations pacifiques.
Il incombe à qqn de + établir + noun
Il incombe aux autorités d'établir les responsabilités.
Subject + permettre de + établir + noun
L'enquête a permis d'établir la culpabilité.
어휘 가족
명사
동사
형용사
관련
사용법
High
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Using 'établir' for simple creation or installation.
→
Use 'créer' for general creation or 'installer' for physical setup.
'Établir' implies a more formal, structured, or lasting creation than 'créer'. It is not used for physically installing equipment. For example, 'J'ai créé une sculpture' (I created a sculpture), not 'J'ai établi une sculpture'. And 'J'ai installé le logiciel' (I installed the software), not 'J'ai établi le logiciel'.
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Confusing 'établir' with 'fonder'.
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'Fonder' is specifically for the act of founding (e.g., a company's origin), while 'établir' covers the broader process of setting up and organizing.
'Fonder' emphasizes the beginning and origin of an institution. 'Établir' refers to the process of setting it up, organizing it, and making it operational. For instance, one 'fonde' a university and 'établit' its departments.
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Forgetting the reflexive form 's'établir'.
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Use 's'établir' for settling or establishing oneself in a place.
The reflexive form 's'établir' means to settle down or make one's home somewhere. For example, 'Il s'est établi à Paris' means 'He settled in Paris'. The non-reflexive form 'établir' would not be used in this context.
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Using 'établir' when 'rédiger' is more precise for writing documents.
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Use 'rédiger' for the act of writing/drafting a document.
While 'établir un document' means to draw it up (implying its formal creation), 'rédiger' specifically refers to the act of writing or drafting the text. If the focus is purely on the writing process, 'rédiger' is more precise.
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Using 'établir' in informal contexts where 'mettre en place' is more common.
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Use 'mettre en place' for general implementation or setting things up informally.
'Mettre en place' is a very common and often less formal way to say 'to put in place' or 'to implement'. 'Établir' tends to be used for more formal, definitive, or foundational setups.
팁
Focus on Structure and Formality
When deciding whether to use 'établir', ask yourself if you are creating something with a clear structure, a formal purpose, or a lasting foundation. If the answer is yes, 'établir' is likely the correct verb. This applies to businesses, legal documents, rules, and even relationships built on a solid basis.
Cognate Connection
Leverage the strong similarity between the French 'établir' and the English 'establish'. Think of 'establishing' a fact, 'establishing' a business, or 'establishing' a rule. This direct cognate relationship is a powerful tool for remembering the core meanings.
Listen for Formal Settings
You'll hear 'établir' frequently in formal contexts like news reports, business meetings, legal proceedings, and scientific discussions. Paying attention to these environments will help you understand its typical usage and register.
Mind the Reflexive
Remember that the reflexive form 's'établir' has a specific meaning of settling down or establishing oneself in a place. Don't confuse it with the transitive use. 'Il s'est établi en France' (He settled in France) is different from 'Il a établi une entreprise en France' (He established a business in France).
Note Common Collocations
Memorizing common phrases like 'établir un contact', 'établir un plan', 'établir un accord', and 'établir des liens' will significantly improve your fluency and accuracy. These fixed expressions are frequently used by native speakers.
Distinguish from 'Installer'
A common mistake is using 'établir' for physical installations. 'Installer' is the verb for setting up equipment or software. 'Établir' is for creating systems, organizations, or formal agreements, not for plugging in a device.
Consider the Degree of Formality
While 'créer' is for general creation, and 'mettre en place' is for implementing, 'établir' often implies a more deliberate, organized, and lasting creation. It sits in a space of formal setup and foundational development.
Active Recall Challenge
When you encounter 'établir', try to immediately think of three different contexts or meanings: business, law, and relationships. This active recall will help solidify your understanding of its versatility.
Master the Stress
The stress in 'établir' falls on the last syllable: é-ta-BLIR. Practicing this natural French rhythm will make your pronunciation clearer and more authentic.
Rooted in Stability
Remember that 'établir' comes from the Latin 'stabilire', meaning 'to make stable'. This core idea of stability and firmness is present in all its uses, from establishing a business to establishing a fact.
암기하기
기억법
Imagine a builder using a level ('un niveau') to 'établir' (establish) the perfect horizontal line for a wall. The word 'établir' sounds a bit like 'a stable beer' – you want to 'establish' a stable beer at the bar!
시각적 연상
Picture a strong, sturdy pillar being erected – this is the 'établissement' of a new structure. Or visualize a judge drawing up a formal document, 'établissant' the verdict.
Word Web
챌린지
Try to use 'établir' in five different sentences today, each time representing a different meaning: establishing a business, drawing up a contract, setting up a rule, establishing a fact, and establishing a relationship.
어원
The word 'établir' comes from the Latin verb 'stabilire', which means 'to make stable, to fix, to establish'. This itself derives from the Latin adjective 'stabilis', meaning 'stable, firm'.
원래 의미: To make something stable or firm.
Indo-European > Italic > Latin > Romance > French문화적 맥락
The verb 'établir' itself is neutral, but the context in which it's used can be sensitive. For example, 'établir la culpabilité' (establishing guilt) in a legal context is a serious matter. Similarly, 'établir des relations' can imply delicate diplomatic negotiations.
In English-speaking cultures, 'establish' also implies creating something lasting, but the French 'établir' can sometimes feel more formal, particularly when referring to the drafting of documents or the setting up of official procedures.
실생활에서 연습하기
실제 사용 상황
Starting a business
- établir une entreprise
- établir un plan d'affaires
- établir un capital
- établir des contacts commerciaux
Legal and administrative matters
- établir un contrat
- établir un acte
- établir un jugement
- établir des règles
Scientific research
- établir un lien
- établir une corrélation
- établir une hypothèse
- établir la preuve
Personal relationships
- établir une amitié
- établir une relation de confiance
- établir un contact
- établir des liens
Setting up systems or procedures
- établir un système
- établir des procédures
- établir un protocole
- établir un programme
대화 시작하기
"Quelle est la première chose que vous aimeriez établir si vous créiez votre propre entreprise ?"
"Comment pensez-vous qu'il est possible d'établir une paix durable dans le monde ?"
"Si vous deviez établir une nouvelle règle dans votre pays, quelle serait-elle ?"
"Quel type de lien est le plus important à établir avec ses collègues de travail ?"
"Comment peut-on établir un diagnostic précis lorsque les symptômes sont vagues ?"
일기 주제
Décrivez un moment où vous avez dû établir quelque chose d'important dans votre vie. Quel était le processus et quel en a été le résultat ?
Pensez à une règle que vous aimeriez établir pour vous-même afin d'améliorer votre quotidien. Comment comptez-vous la mettre en place ?
Racontez une expérience où vous avez essayé d'établir une connexion avec quelqu'un de différent de vous. Qu'avez-vous appris ?
Si vous pouviez établir un programme pour une journée parfaite, quelles activités incluriez-vous et pourquoi ?
Comment l'établissement de routines peut-il aider à réduire le stress dans la vie quotidienne ?
자주 묻는 질문
10 질문While both mean 'to create', 'établir' implies a more structured, formal, or lasting creation. Think of establishing a business, setting up rules, or drawing up a contract. 'Créer' is more general and can apply to any act of making something new, like art or an idea. For example, you 'créez' a painting but 'établissez' a company.
Generally, no. For physically setting up objects or equipment, you would use 'installer'. For example, 'installer une nouvelle fenêtre' (to install a new window). 'Établir' is more for abstract concepts, systems, organizations, or formal documents.
The reflexive form 's'établir' means to settle down, establish oneself, or become established in a place. For instance, 'Il s'est établi à Lyon' means 'He settled in Lyon' or 'He established himself in Lyon'.
No, 'établir' is a regular -er verb, so its conjugation follows the standard patterns for this verb group. For example, in the present tense: j'établis, tu établis, il/elle/on établit, nous établissons, vous établissez, ils/elles établissent.
Common phrases include 'établir un contact' (to establish contact), 'établir un plan' (to establish a plan), 'établir un accord' (to establish an agreement), 'établir des liens' (to establish links/relationships), and 'établir la vérité' (to establish the truth).
'Mettre en place' is a more general phrase meaning 'to put in place' or 'to implement'. 'Établir' is often more formal and suggests creating something with a more definitive, foundational, or official status. For example, you might 'mettre en place' a temporary procedure, but you would 'établir' a permanent policy.
The verb itself is neutral. However, the context can give it a negative connotation, such as 'établir la culpabilité' (establishing guilt) in a legal sense, or 'établir son autorité' in a way that implies dominance.
'Fonder' is specifically for the act of founding something, like a company or an institution, emphasizing its origin. 'Établir' can refer to the entire process of setting up and organizing, not just the initial founding. Think of 'fonder' as the birth and 'établir' as the upbringing and structuring.
Yes, very much so. Scientists use 'établir' to mean establishing a link, a correlation, a hypothesis, or proving a fact. For example, 'établir un lien de causalité' (to establish a causal link).
Absolutely. You can 'établir' a relationship, 'établir' peace, 'établir' a precedent, or 'établir' a distinction. These are all abstract concepts that are brought into being or formalized through the action of 'établir'.
셀프 테스트 10 질문
/ 10 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
The French verb 'établir' means to establish, set up, or draw up. It's used for creating things with a sense of permanence or formality, like businesses, rules, contracts, or proven facts. Think of it as building a solid foundation or making something official. For example, 'établir une entreprise' means to establish a business, and 'établir un contrat' means to draw up a contract.
- Établir: To establish, set up, draw up. Use for formal creation, foundations, agreements, or facts.
- Key meanings: Create lasting structures, formalize documents, prove facts, set up systems.
- Common in: Business, law, science, administration. Think 'establish' in English.
- Distinguish from: Créer (general creation), installer (physical setup).
Focus on Structure and Formality
When deciding whether to use 'établir', ask yourself if you are creating something with a clear structure, a formal purpose, or a lasting foundation. If the answer is yes, 'établir' is likely the correct verb. This applies to businesses, legal documents, rules, and even relationships built on a solid basis.
Cognate Connection
Leverage the strong similarity between the French 'établir' and the English 'establish'. Think of 'establishing' a fact, 'establishing' a business, or 'establishing' a rule. This direct cognate relationship is a powerful tool for remembering the core meanings.
Listen for Formal Settings
You'll hear 'établir' frequently in formal contexts like news reports, business meetings, legal proceedings, and scientific discussions. Paying attention to these environments will help you understand its typical usage and register.
Mind the Reflexive
Remember that the reflexive form 's'établir' has a specific meaning of settling down or establishing oneself in a place. Don't confuse it with the transitive use. 'Il s'est établi en France' (He settled in France) is different from 'Il a établi une entreprise en France' (He established a business in France).
관련 콘텐츠
관련 표현
business 관련 단어
à crédit
B1With deferred payment; on credit.
à défaut de
B1In the absence of; for lack of.
à jour
A2최신의; 업데이트된. 내 파일은 최신 상태입니다.
à la fois...et
B1Both...and.
à la suite de
B1Following; as a result of.
à l'exception de
B1이 표현은 '~을 제외하고' 또는 '~외에는'이라는 뜻입니다. 어떤 그룹이나 규칙에서 특정 대상을 공식적으로 제외할 때 사용합니다.
à l'export
B1외국으로의 상품 판매 또는 배송과 관련됨.
à l'import
B1For import; relating to importing.
à l'ordre de
B1Payable to; specifies the beneficiary of a payment (e.g., on a check).
à mon avis
A2내 생각에는; 내 의견으로는. 개인적인 관점이나 판단을 도입할 때 사용되는 표현입니다.
