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に基づいて

B1 noun #1,500 가장 일반적인 12분 분량

に基づいて

ni motozuite 상위 1,500

연습하기 예시 노트와 팁 に基づいて 30초 만에

설명 に基づいて in your Level:

At the absolute beginner level, also known as A1, learners are primarily focused on mastering the basic writing systems, hiragana and katakana, along with fundamental greetings, simple sentence structures, and essential everyday vocabulary. You are learning how to introduce yourself, ask for directions, and order food. Therefore, a complex compound expression like the one we are studying is not something you are expected to produce or even fully understand grammatically at this stage. However, language learning is a journey of continuous exposure. Even as a beginner, you might hear this phrase while watching Japanese news broadcasts, listening to formal announcements on trains, or watching Japanese dramas and movies. When you hear the sounds ni motozuite, you do not need to panic or reach for a dictionary immediately. Instead, try to recognize it as a formal marker. It is a signal that the speaker is talking about something serious, official, or factual. You can think of it as a complex puzzle piece that you will eventually learn how to use, but for now, just recognizing its shape is enough. Focus on the noun that comes right before it. If you hear data ni motozuite, you know they are talking about data. If you hear ruuru ni motozuite, you know they are talking about rules. By catching these familiar loan words or basic nouns, you can guess the general context of the conversation even if the grammar is too advanced. This passive recognition is a crucial first step in language acquisition. It prepares your brain for the moment when you will formally study the grammar in the future. Do not worry about trying to use this phrase in your own beginner conversations. Stick to simple particles like de or ni for now. Your goal at A1 is survival and basic communication, not academic precision. Just keep your ears open, and celebrate the small victory every time you successfully identify this phrase in native Japanese media.

무료 가입하고 전체 설명 읽기

As you progress to the A2 level, your understanding of Japanese grammar begins to expand significantly. You have moved beyond simple survival phrases and are now learning how to connect sentences, express reasons, and describe ongoing actions using the te-form of verbs. This is the perfect time to start looking at the mechanics of our target expression, even if you are not yet using it actively in daily conversation. At this level, you should understand that this phrase is not just a random collection of sounds, but a structured grammatical unit. It is composed of the particle ni, which you already know indicates a target or direction, and the te-form of the verb motozuku. You have spent considerable time practicing how to change dictionary form verbs into their te-forms, such as taberu to tabete or nomu to nonde. Here, you are seeing that same grammatical rule applied to create a more complex expression. Motozuku becomes motozuite. This realization is a major milestone in your learning journey, as it shows you that advanced Japanese is often just basic rules applied in new ways. While you might still rely on simpler ways to express the idea of based on in your own speech, you should now be able to read and understand this phrase when you encounter it in graded readers or simplified news articles designed for learners. You should practice identifying the foundation noun that precedes the phrase and the action verb that follows it. For example, in the sentence jitsuwa ni motozuite eiga wo tsukuru, you should be able to identify jitsuwa (true story) as the foundation and tsukuru (to make) as the action. This analytical skill is essential for bridging the gap between beginner and intermediate Japanese. You can also start practicing writing simple sentences using this structure in your journal, focusing on concrete nouns like facts, data, or rules, to build your confidence before attempting to use it in live conversations.

무료 가입하고 전체 설명 읽기

Reaching the B1 level marks your transition into intermediate Japanese. This is the stage where you are expected to start expressing more complex thoughts, opinions, and logical connections. Consequently, this is the level where our target expression becomes an active, essential part of your vocabulary toolkit. You are no longer just recognizing it; you are expected to use it correctly in both spoken and written Japanese. At B1, you are likely preparing for the JLPT N3 exam, and this specific grammar point is a frequent feature in the reading and listening comprehension sections. You must fully grasp the nuance that this phrase indicates a solid, objective foundation for an action or decision. You should be comfortable using it in professional or academic contexts, such as explaining the reasoning behind a project at work or discussing the sources for a school report. Furthermore, you need to master the grammatical variations. You must know instinctively that to modify a verb, you use the te-form (ni motozuite), but to modify a noun, you must revert to the dictionary form (ni motozuku). For instance, you should be able to smoothly transition between saying data ni motozuite kimeru (to decide based on data) and data ni motozuku kettei (a decision based on data). This flexibility is a hallmark of B1 proficiency. You should also be aware of the common mistakes associated with this phrase, such as confusing it with ni yotte or ni shitagatte, and actively work to avoid them. Practice using this expression in language exchange sessions or with your tutor when discussing news topics, social issues, or your professional field. By the end of the B1 level, this phrase should feel like a natural and reliable tool for structuring your logical arguments in Japanese, allowing you to communicate with a new level of maturity and precision.

At the B2 level, your Japanese is becoming quite advanced. You are capable of navigating complex social and professional situations with relative ease, and your vocabulary is expanding to include more abstract and nuanced terms. For a B2 learner, simply knowing the basic meaning and structure of our target phrase is no longer sufficient. You must now focus on the subtle sociolinguistic aspects of its usage, understanding exactly when and why a native speaker would choose this expression over its alternatives. You should recognize that this phrase carries a distinct tone of formality, objectivity, and authority. It is the language of official reports, academic papers, and formal presentations. Therefore, you must be careful not to overuse it in casual settings, where it might sound stiff or overly dramatic. At this level, you should also be comfortable with the past tense noun-modifying form, ni motozuita, and understand the slight nuance difference between it and the dictionary form. Furthermore, your reading comprehension should be at a level where you can easily parse long, complex sentences that use this phrase to connect multiple clauses. You will frequently encounter this in newspaper editorials, business articles, and literature. You should also be actively expanding the range of nouns you use with this expression. While a B1 learner might stick to data or rules, a B2 learner should be comfortable using abstract concepts like principles, theories, historical precedents, and philosophical frameworks as the foundation. You should practice incorporating this phrase into your advanced writing assignments, such as essays or business proposals, ensuring that your arguments are logically structured and clearly supported by evidence. Mastery at the B2 level means using the phrase not just correctly, but elegantly and appropriately within the broader context of Japanese communication styles.

무료 가입하고 전체 설명 읽기

The C1 level represents a highly advanced, near-native level of proficiency. At this stage, you are expected to understand and produce complex, academic, and professional Japanese with fluency and precision. Our target expression is a crucial component of the C1 vocabulary, particularly for those working in specialized fields such as law, science, academia, or corporate management. For a C1 learner, using this phrase should be completely automatic. You should not have to think about the grammar rules or the te-form conversion; it should flow naturally as part of your logical discourse. Your focus at this level is on utilizing this expression to construct sophisticated, multi-layered arguments. You will frequently use it in conjunction with other advanced grammar structures to express complex conditions, concessions, or logical deductions. In professional settings, you will use this phrase to draft official documents, contracts, and policy guidelines, where precise language is absolutely critical. You must fully understand the legal and official weight that this phrase carries in Japanese society. When you state that something is done ni motozuite a specific law or regulation, you are making a formal declaration of compliance. Furthermore, at the C1 level, you should be intimately familiar with all the synonymous expressions, such as wo moto ni shite, ni nottotte, and wo fumaete, and be able to select the absolute perfect phrase for the specific nuance you wish to convey. You understand that ni nottotte implies a deeper adherence to tradition or strict protocol, while our target phrase is more suited for objective data or facts. Your reading skills should allow you to effortlessly comprehend dense academic texts or legal statutes where this phrase is used repeatedly to establish the foundational premises of the text. At C1, this phrase is a powerful tool for demonstrating your intellectual and professional competence in Japanese.

무료 가입하고 전체 설명 읽기

At the C2 level, you have achieved mastery of the Japanese language, equivalent to that of a highly educated native speaker. Your understanding of vocabulary and grammar goes beyond mere rules and definitions; you possess a deep, intuitive grasp of the cultural, historical, and literary contexts of the language. For a C2 speaker, our target expression is just one thread in the vast tapestry of Japanese rhetoric. You use it effortlessly, not just for practical communication, but for stylistic effect. You understand how this phrase can be used to establish a tone of absolute authority, objectivity, or even detachment in your writing or speech. In literary contexts, you might encounter or use this phrase to describe the foundational themes or philosophical underpinnings of a narrative. You are capable of playing with the expectations surrounding this formal expression, perhaps using it in a slightly ironic or unexpected way in a creative piece. In highly specialized professional or academic debates, you use this phrase to meticulously dismantle opposing arguments by questioning the very foundations upon which they are based. You can effortlessly navigate the most complex legal, scientific, or philosophical texts, instantly recognizing how this phrase structures the author's logic. At the C2 level, you are also capable of explaining the nuances of this phrase to lower-level learners, clearly articulating the differences between it and its synonyms with precise examples. You understand the etymology of the verb motozuku and how the kanji character ki relates to other concepts of foundation and origin in the Japanese language. Your use of this expression is flawless, elegant, and perfectly attuned to the specific social and intellectual demands of any given situation, demonstrating your absolute command of the Japanese language.

무료 가입하고 전체 설명 읽기

연습하기 예시 노트와 팁

に基づいて 30초 만에

Means 'based on' or 'founded on'.
Used with facts, data, laws, and rules.
Formal tone, used in business and news.
Changes to 'motozuku' when modifying nouns.

The Japanese expression ni motozuite is a fundamental and highly useful phrase that translates to based on, founded on, or according to in English. It is an essential grammatical structure for intermediate and advanced learners of the Japanese language, particularly those studying for the Japanese Language Proficiency Test at the N3 or N2 levels. To truly understand this expression, we must break down its components. The phrase is constructed from the particle ni, which indicates a target or point of reference, and the te-form of the verb motozuku. The verb motozuku is written with the kanji character for foundation or basis. Therefore, when you use this expression, you are literally saying that an action or a state of being is taking place with a specific noun acting as its absolute foundation.

Grammatical Breakdown: The structure always follows the pattern of Noun plus ni motozuite. The noun is the foundation, and the clause that follows is the action taken based on that foundation.

In everyday conversation, as well as in formal writing, Japanese speakers use this phrase to lend credibility and authority to their statements. When you say that a decision is made based on data, or a movie is based on a true story, you are using this exact phrase. It elevates the level of your speech, making it sound more objective and logical.

この映画は実話に基づいて作られました。

This sentence translates to: This movie was made based on a true story. Notice how the true story is the foundation. Furthermore, understanding the cultural context is important. Japanese society places a high value on consensus, rules, and objective facts, especially in business and academic environments. By stating that your proposal or argument is based on concrete evidence, you align yourself with these cultural expectations.

Appropriate Contexts: Use this phrase in business meetings, academic papers, legal discussions, and formal presentations to sound professional and well-reasoned.

Let us look at another example to solidify this concept.

調査結果に基づいて計画を立てる。

This means: To make a plan based on the survey results. The survey results provide the necessary grounding for the plan. It is also worth noting that while there are other ways to express similarity or reliance in Japanese, this specific phrase carries a weight of formality.

Formality Level: This expression is considered formal and is a staple of the written language and polite spoken language. It is rarely used in casual, relaxed conversations among close friends.

Let us examine a third example.

法律に基づいて処罰される。

This translates to: To be punished based on the law. Here, the law is the absolute standard.

過去のデータに基づいて予測する。

This means: To predict based on past data.

お客様の意見に基づいて改善します。

This translates to: We will improve based on customer feedback. As you can see through these extensive examples and explanations, mastering this phrase will significantly enhance your ability to communicate complex, logical ideas in Japanese. It is a bridge between simple conversational Japanese and the sophisticated language required for professional and academic success.

Understanding the syntactic rules and sentence structures associated with this expression is crucial for any Japanese learner aiming for fluency. The primary and most common structure is straightforward: you place a noun, followed by the phrase, followed by a verb phrase. The noun serves as the foundation, and the verb phrase describes the action that is built upon that foundation.

Basic Sentence Structure: Noun + ni motozuite + Verb. For example, Data ni motozuite handan suru (To make a judgment based on data).

However, the versatility of this expression extends beyond simply modifying verbs. It can also be used to modify other nouns. When you want to say a decision based on data rather than to decide based on data, the form of the expression changes slightly.

データに基づく判断。

Notice that the te-form has reverted to the dictionary form. This is a critical grammatical rule in Japanese: to modify a noun with a verb phrase, the verb must be in its plain form. Let us explore more examples of modifying nouns.

事実に基づく報道。

This translates to: Reporting based on facts. Here, the reporting is the noun being modified.

Noun Modification Rule: Noun A + ni motozuku + Noun B. This structure is extremely common in academic and news writing.

Another variation you will encounter is the use of the past tense form when modifying nouns, although it is less common than the dictionary form. You might occasionally see Noun A + ni motozuita + Noun B.

長年の経験に基づいたアドバイス。

This means: Advice based on many years of experience. The nuance here emphasizes that the foundation was established in the past. It is also possible to use this expression at the end of a sentence to state what something is based on. In this case, you would use the polite copula.

この評価はテストの点数に基づいています。

This translates to: This evaluation is based on the test scores. This structure is highly useful when answering questions or providing explanations.

Sentence Ending Structure: Noun + ni motozuite imasu. This is the standard way to conclude a sentence explaining the basis of something.

Finally, let us look at a complex sentence combining these elements.

新しい法律に基づいて、市民の安全に基づく政策が実行された。

This translates to: Based on the new law, policies based on citizen safety were implemented. While slightly repetitive, it perfectly demonstrates both the adverbial and adjectival uses of the phrase within a single, grammatically correct sentence. Mastering these variations will give you immense flexibility in expressing complex logical relationships in Japanese.

To truly master a language, one must understand not just the grammar, but the real world contexts in which vocabulary is deployed. This particular expression is not something you will typically hear in a casual chat at an izakaya or while playing video games with friends. Instead, it belongs to the domains of professional, academic, and official communication. One of the most common places you will encounter this phrase is in news broadcasts.

News and Journalism: News anchors and reporters frequently use this phrase to cite their sources or explain the rationale behind government actions, ensuring their reporting sounds objective and reliable.

For instance, when reporting on a new government policy, a news anchor might say the following.

政府は専門家の意見に基づいて決定を下しました。

This translates to: The government made a decision based on the opinions of experts. Another major domain is the corporate world. In Japanese business culture, decisions are rarely made on a whim; they require justification and consensus. During a marketing meeting, a manager might present a new strategy.

市場調査に基づいて新製品を開発します。

This means: We will develop a new product based on market research. The academic sphere is yet another environment where this phrase is ubiquitous. University professors, researchers, and students writing theses rely heavily on this expression to reference literature, data, and established theories.

Academic Writing: In academic contexts, this phrase is essential for building arguments upon existing research, which is a fundamental requirement of scholarly work.

A researcher presenting their findings might state the following.

この仮説は相対性理論に基づいています。

This translates to: This hypothesis is based on the theory of relativity. Furthermore, you will frequently see this phrase in legal documents, terms of service, and official guidelines. For example, a privacy policy might include a clause like this.

個人情報保護法に基づいてデータを管理します。

This means: We manage data based on the Personal Information Protection Law. Finally, you might encounter it in the entertainment industry, specifically in the opening credits of movies or television dramas.

Entertainment Disclaimers: It is standard practice to inform the audience if a work of fiction has roots in reality using this specific grammatical structure.

この物語は実際の事件に基づいている。

This translates to: This story is based on a real incident. By recognizing these contexts, you will not only understand the meaning of the phrase but also the professional and authoritative tone it conveys.

When learning complex Japanese grammar, it is incredibly common to confuse similar sounding or similar meaning expressions. This particular phrase is no exception, and learners frequently make errors by substituting it with other compound particles that have distinct nuances. One of the most prevalent mistakes is confusing it with the phrase ni yotte. While both can sometimes be translated loosely into English in ways that seem overlapping, their core Japanese meanings are different.

Mistaking for Ni Yotte: Ni yotte primarily means by means of, due to, or depending on. It indicates a method, a cause, or a variation, whereas our target phrase indicates a strict foundation or basis.

For example, if you want to say that a decision was made based on the rules, you must use our target phrase.

ルールに基づいて決定した。

If you incorrectly say Ruuru ni yotte kettei shita, it sounds more like the rules themselves were the agent making the decision, or that the decision varies depending on the rules, which alters the intended meaning. Another frequent error involves confusing it with ni shitagatte. This phrase translates to in accordance with or following.

Mistaking for Ni Shitagatte: Ni shitagatte implies obedience to a rule or following a sequence, rather than building upon a foundation. It also has a secondary meaning of as X happens, Y happens.

Consider the following correct usage of our target phrase.

設計図に基づいて家を建てる。

This means building a house based on the blueprints. The blueprints are the foundation of the construction. If you say Sekkeizu ni shitagatte ie wo tateru, it means building the house in accordance with the blueprints. In this specific case, both are grammatically correct and have very similar practical outcomes, but the nuance shifts from foundation to obedience/following instructions. However, you cannot say Data ni shitagatte handan suru (to judge in accordance with data); data is a foundation, not an instruction to obey. A third common mistake is a purely grammatical one regarding noun modification. Learners often forget to change the te-form back to the dictionary form when modifying a noun.

Incorrect Noun Modification: It is grammatically incorrect to say Noun A ni motozuite Noun B. You must say Noun A ni motozuku Noun B.

誤り：事実に基づいて映画。

This is incorrect.

正解：事実に基づく映画。

This is the correct way to say a movie based on facts. Finally, learners sometimes try to use this phrase with subjective feelings or opinions, which sounds unnatural.

不自然：私の気分に基づいて決めます。

Saying I will decide based on my mood using this formal expression creates a jarring contrast. It is better to use simpler grammar for subjective, casual statements. By avoiding these common pitfalls, your Japanese will sound much more natural and precise.

The Japanese language is rich with expressions that convey subtle variations of meaning, and there are several alternatives to our target phrase that you should be aware of. Understanding these synonyms will not only expand your vocabulary but also allow you to choose the perfect nuance for any given situation. One of the closest synonyms is wo moto ni shite. This phrase also translates to based on, but it carries a slightly different nuance and formality level.

Wo Moto Ni Shite: This expression implies taking a raw material, an idea, or a source and transforming it or creating something new from it. It is slightly less formal than our target phrase.

For example, if a novel is adapted into a screenplay, you would typically use this alternative.

この小説をもとにして脚本を書いた。

This means: I wrote a screenplay based on this novel. The novel was the raw material. In contrast, our target phrase emphasizes a strict adherence to a foundation, like rules or data. Another highly formal alternative is ni nottotte. This is an advanced expression that you will mostly encounter in highly official or traditional contexts.

Ni Nottotte: This translates to in accordance with or conforming to. It is almost exclusively used with nouns related to established rules, traditions, precedents, or formal procedures.

伝統に則って儀式を行う。

This means: To perform a ceremony in accordance with tradition. You would not use this phrase with data or survey results; it is reserved for established norms. A third alternative is wo fumaete. This is an excellent phrase for business and academic discussions.

Wo Fumaete: This translates to taking into account, keeping in mind, or based on the premise of. It implies that you have considered a certain fact or situation before taking your next action.

前回の反省を踏まえて、計画を修正する。

This means: Taking into account the reflections from last time, we will revise the plan. It shows a thoughtful progression from a past event to a future action. Finally, for a very simple, everyday alternative, you can sometimes just use the particle de.

自分の経験で話す。

This means: To speak from (based on) my own experience. While not a direct grammatical equivalent, in casual speech, simple particles often replace complex compound expressions.

勘で答える。

This means: To answer based on intuition. By mastering these alternatives, you can express yourself with the precision and nuance of a native speaker, selecting the exact phrase that fits the context, formality, and specific meaning you wish to convey.

How Formal Is It?

재미있는 사실

The kanji for 'moto' (基) is composed of two parts: '其' (a phonetic component that originally depicted a winnowing basket) and '土' (earth/soil). It visually represents the solid earth or foundation upon which something is built. This perfectly aligns with the modern usage of the word to indicate a solid, objective foundation like data or facts.

발음 가이드

UK /ni mo.to.zɯ.i.te/

US /ni mo.to.zɯ.i.te/

The pitch accent typically starts low on 'ni', rises on 'mo', stays high through 'to' and 'zu', and drops on 'i' and 'te'.

라임이 맞는 단어

続いて (tsuzuite) 気づいて (kizuite) うなずいて (unazuite) 近づいて (chikazuite) 思い描いて (omoiegaite) 輝いて (kagayaite) ささやいて (sasayaite) つぶやいて (tsubuyaite)

자주 하는 실수

Pronouncing 'zu' as 'dzu' with a heavy 'd' sound.
Elongating the 'te' at the end to sound like 'tay'.
Pausing between 'motozu' and 'ite'. It should be one fluid word.
Stressing the 'ni' too heavily. It is just a particle.
Mispronouncing the 'i' as an English 'eye' instead of a sharp 'ee' sound.

난이도

독해 6/5

The kanji 基 is an N3 level kanji. The grammar structure is standard intermediate.

쓰기 7/5

Remembering to switch between 'motozuite' and 'motozuku' depending on what follows can be tricky for learners.

말하기 6/5

Pronunciation is straightforward, but using it naturally in real-time conversation requires practice.

듣기 5/5

It is a distinct, multi-syllable phrase that is relatively easy to catch in formal speech.

다음에 무엇을 배울까

선수 학습

に (ni - particle) て形 (te-form grammar) データ (deeta - data) 事実 (jijitsu - fact) ルール (ruuru - rule)

다음에 배울 것

によって (ni yotte - depending on/by) に従って (ni shitagatte - in accordance with) に応じて (ni oojite - depending on/in response to) をもとにして (wo moto ni shite - based on/derived from) を踏まえて (wo fumaete - taking into account)

고급

に則って (ni nottotte - in accordance with tradition/rules) に準拠して (ni junkyo shite - in compliance with) を根拠に (wo konkyo ni - on the grounds of) に立脚して (ni rikkyaku shite - based on the standpoint of) を前提として (wo zentei to shite - on the premise of)

알아야 할 문법

Noun Modification (Dictionary Form)

Verb phrases must revert to the dictionary form to modify a noun. (e.g., データに基づく判断 - A decision based on data).

Te-form for Adverbial Use

Use the te-form to connect the phrase to a subsequent action verb. (e.g., データに基づいて判断する - To decide based on data).

Formal Written Stem Form (Masu-stem)

In highly formal writing, the te-form is often replaced by the masu-stem. (e.g., データに基づき、判断する).

Negative Form

To say 'not based on', use the negative form of the verb. (e.g., 事実に基づかない主張 - An argument not based on facts).

Passive Voice Integration

Often used with passive verbs to sound more objective. (e.g., 法律に基づいて処罰される - To be punished based on the law).

무료 가입하고 전체 설명 읽기

수준별 예문

データに基づいて。

Based on data.

A1 learners only need to recognize the noun 'data' and the sound of the phrase.

ルールに基づいて。

Based on the rules.

Focus on the loan word 'ruuru' (rule).

事実に基づいて。

Based on facts.

Recognize 'jijitsu' (fact) as a common foundation noun.

これに基づいて。

Based on this.

Using the simple pronoun 'kore' (this).

計画に基づいて。

Based on the plan.

Recognize 'keikaku' (plan).

法律に基づいて。

Based on the law.

Recognize 'houritsu' (law).

経験に基づいて。

Based on experience.

Recognize 'keiken' (experience).

調査に基づいて。

Based on the survey.

Recognize 'chousa' (survey/investigation).

データに基づいて決めます。

I will decide based on the data.

Connecting the phrase to a simple verb 'kimeru' (to decide).

ルールに基づいてゲームをします。

We play the game based on the rules.

Using the phrase with 'suru' (to do/play).

事実に基づいて話してください。

Please speak based on facts.

Combining with the te-kudasai request form.

この本は実話に基づいています。

This book is based on a true story.

Using the te-imasu form at the end of a sentence.

計画に基づいて旅行します。

We will travel based on the plan.

Connecting to the action verb 'ryokou suru' (to travel).

テストの結果に基づいてクラスを分けます。

We divide the classes based on the test results.

Using a slightly more complex noun phrase 'tesuto no kekka'.

経験に基づいてアドバイスをします。

I give advice based on my experience.

Connecting to 'adobaisu wo suru' (to give advice).

アンケートに基づいてメニューを変えました。

We changed the menu based on the questionnaire.

Using the past tense verb 'kaemashita' (changed).

科学的な根拠に基づいて議論するべきだ。

We should argue based on scientific evidence.

Using advanced vocabulary 'kagakuteki na konkyo' and 'beki da'.

顧客のフィードバックに基づく改善案を提出した。

I submitted an improvement plan based on customer feedback.

Using the dictionary form 'motozuku' to modify the noun 'kaizen'an'.

この映画は、実際に起きた事件に基づいて制作されました。

This movie was produced based on an incident that actually happened.

Using a relative clause 'jissai ni okita' to modify the foundation noun.

会社の規定に基づいて、交通費が支給されます。

Transportation expenses are provided based on company regulations.

Using formal business vocabulary 'kitei' and passive voice 'shikyuu saremasu'.

長年の研究に基づいた結論を発表します。

I will announce a conclusion based on years of research.

Using the past tense noun modifier 'motozuita'.

法律に基づいて厳正に処罰される。

They will be strictly punished based on the law.

Using an adverb 'gensei ni' between the phrase and the verb.

過去のデータに基づいて将来の売上を予測する。

To predict future sales based on past data.

Contrasting 'kako' (past) and 'shourai' (future) in a logical sentence.

お互いの合意に基づいて契約書を作成しました。

We drafted the contract based on mutual agreement.

Using 'otagai no goui' (mutual agreement) as the foundation.

憲法の理念に基づいて、新しい法律が制定された。

A new law was enacted based on the ideals of the constitution.

Using abstract political vocabulary 'kenpou no rinen' (ideals of the constitution).

客観的な事実に基づかない主張は説得力に欠ける。

Arguments that are not based on objective facts lack persuasive power.

Using the negative noun-modifying form 'motozukanai'.

独自のアルゴリズムに基づく検索エンジンを開発した。

We developed a search engine based on our original algorithm.

Using technical vocabulary 'arugorizumu' and 'kensaku enjin'.

史実に基づきつつも、大胆な脚色が加えられている。

While based on historical facts, bold dramatization has been added.

Using the formal stem form 'motozuki' combined with 'tsutsu mo' (even while).

国際的な基準に基づいて品質管理を行っております。

We conduct quality control based on international standards.

Using formal business language 'okonatte orimasu'.

この評価システムは、従業員の業績にのみ基づいているわけではない。

This evaluation system is not based solely on employee performance.

Combining with 'ni nomi' (only on) and 'wake dewa nai' (it does not mean that).

最新の気象データに基づく避難勧告が発令された。

An evacuation advisory based on the latest weather data was issued.

Using official disaster prevention vocabulary 'hinan kankoku'.

人間工学に基づいたデザインの椅子を購入した。

I purchased a chair with a design based on ergonomics.

Using specialized vocabulary 'ningen kougaku' (ergonomics).

当該措置は、独占禁止法第３条の規定に基づいて実施されたものである。

The said measure was implemented based on the provisions of Article 3 of the Antimonopoly Act.

Highly formal legal language using 'tougai' and 'mono de aru'.

本研究は、先行研究の知見に基づき、新たな仮説を提唱する。

This study proposes a new hypothesis based on the findings of preceding research.

Academic writing style using 'hon kenkyuu' and the stem form 'motozuki'.

市場原理に基づく経済政策の限界が指摘されている。

The limitations of economic policies based on market principles are being pointed out.

Discussing abstract economic concepts and using passive voice 'shiteki sarete iru'.

証拠に基づかない憶測での発言は控えるべきだ。

One should refrain from making statements based on speculation rather than evidence.

Using the negative form to contrast evidence and speculation.

企業の社会的責任に基づく環境保護活動を推進する。

We promote environmental protection activities based on corporate social responsibility.

Using complex compound nouns like 'kigyou no shakaiteki sekinin' (CSR).

条約の解釈は、ウィーン条約法条約の規則に基づいて行われる。

The interpretation of treaties is conducted based on the rules of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.

Specific international law terminology.

確固たる信念に基づいた行動は、他者の心を動かす。

Actions based on firm convictions move the hearts of others.

Using literary/philosophical vocabulary 'kakkotaru shinnen'.

統計学的な優位性に基づく結論でなければ、学術誌には掲載されない。

Unless it is a conclusion based on statistical significance, it will not be published in an academic journal.

Using conditional 'denakereba' with advanced academic terms.

その判決は、単なる法解釈にとどまらず、深い人間理解に基づいている。

That verdict is based not merely on legal interpretation, but on a deep understanding of humanity.

Combining with 'ni todomarazu' (not limited to) for rhetorical depth.

彼の芸術論は、東洋の無の思想に根源的に基づくものである。

His theory of art is fundamentally based on the Eastern philosophy of nothingness.

Using adverbs like 'kongenteki ni' to emphasize the depth of the foundation.

いかなる権力も、主権者たる国民の信託に基づかなければ正当性を持ち得ない。

No power can possess legitimacy unless it is based on the trust of the people, who are the sovereign.

Highly formal political philosophy phrasing.

実証主義的アプローチに基づく歴史研究のパラダイムシフトが起きつつある。

A paradigm shift in historical research based on a positivist approach is occurring.

Using complex academic jargon 'jisshoushugiteki' and 'paradaimushifuto'.

その政策は、長期的展望を欠き、目先の利益のみに基づいた愚策と言わざるを得ない。

That policy lacks a long-term perspective and must be called a foolish measure based solely on immediate profit.

Using strong critical language 'gusaku' and 'iwazaru wo enai'.

宇宙の創謬に関する新たな理論は、量子力学の最新の知見に基づき構築されている。

The new theory regarding the creation of the universe is constructed based on the latest findings in quantum mechanics.

Using the formal stem form 'motozuki' with highly specialized scientific terms.

普遍的な倫理観に基づく企業統治こそが、持続可能な成長の要諦である。

Corporate governance based on universal ethics is precisely the key to sustainable growth.

Using emphatic particles 'koso' and formal vocabulary 'youtei'.

言語の恣意性に基づくソシュールの記号論は、現代思想に多大な影響を与えた。

Saussure's semiotics, based on the arbitrariness of language, has had a massive influence on modern thought.

Discussing complex linguistic theory.

자주 쓰는 조합

データに基づいて

事実に基づいて

法律に基づいて

経験に基づいて

ルールに基づいて

調査結果に基づいて

実話に基づいて

計画に基づいて

専門家の意見に基づいて

科学的根拠に基づいて

자주 쓰는 구문

これに基づいて

— Based on this. Used to refer back to a previously mentioned fact or document.

これに基づいて次のステップに進みます。

何に基づいて

— Based on what? Used to question the foundation or reasoning of someone's statement.

あなたは何に基づいてそう言っているのですか。

それに基づいて

— Based on that. Used to refer to something the other person just said or a distant fact.

それに基づいて計画を修正しましょう。

原則に基づいて

— Based on principles. Used when actions are guided by fundamental rules or beliefs.

当社の原則に基づいて対応いたします。

合意に基づいて

— Based on agreement. Used in legal or business contexts to show mutual consent.

双方の合意に基づいて契約を解除する。

基準に基づいて

— Based on standards. Used when evaluating or manufacturing something.

安全基準に基づいて検査を行う。

実績に基づいて

— Based on actual results or track record. Often used in performance evaluations.

過去の実績に基づいて評価される。

方針に基づいて

— Based on policy. Used when actions align with an organization's strategic direction.

政府の方針に基づいて対策を講じる。

仮説に基づいて

— Based on a hypothesis. Used in scientific or academic research.

この仮説に基づいて実験を進める。

史実に基づいて

— Based on historical facts. Used when discussing historical fiction or analysis.

史実に基づいて描かれたドラマ。

자주 혼동되는 단어

に基づいて vs によって (ni yotte)

Means 'by means of', 'due to', or 'depending on'. It indicates a method or cause, not a strict foundation. 'Rules ni yotte' sounds like the rules are the agent doing the action.

に基づいて vs に従って (ni shitagatte)

Means 'in accordance with' or 'following'. Used for obeying rules or instructions. You cannot say 'Data ni shitagatte' because you cannot 'obey' data.

に基づいて vs をもとにして (wo moto ni shite)

Means 'based on' but implies using something as a raw material to create something new (like a movie based on a book). 'Ni motozuite' is for logical foundations.

관용어 및 표현

"机上の空論に基づかない"

— Not based on an armchair theory. Emphasizes practicality over mere theoretical ideas.

私たちの戦略は机上の空論に基づかない、実践的なものです。

Formal Business

"確たる証拠に基づいて"

— Based on solid evidence. A stronger, more emphatic way to say based on facts.

警察は確たる証拠に基づいて彼を逮捕した。

Formal/News

"長年の勘に基づいて"

— Based on years of intuition. A slightly paradoxical use, combining a formal grammar structure with an informal concept (intuition).

職人は長年の勘に基づいて温度を調整する。

Neutral

"独自の哲学に基づいて"

— Based on one's unique philosophy. Often used to describe artists, founders, or eccentric creators.

彼は独自の哲学に基づいて会社を経営している。

Formal

"法の精神に基づいて"

— Based on the spirit of the law. Used when interpreting the intent behind a law, rather than just the literal text.

裁判官は法の精神に基づいて判決を下した。

Highly Formal/Legal

"自己責任の原則に基づいて"

— Based on the principle of self-responsibility. A common disclaimer in Japanese society.

投資は自己責任の原則に基づいて行ってください。

Formal/Warning

"適材適所の考えに基づいて"

— Based on the idea of the right person in the right place. Used in human resources.

適材適所の考えに基づいて人員を配置する。

Business

"お客様第一主義に基づいて"

— Based on the principle of customer first. A common corporate slogan.

当社はお客様第一主義に基づいてサービスを提供します。

Corporate/Polite

"グローバルな視点に基づいて"

— Based on a global perspective. Used to show broad, international thinking.

グローバルな視点に基づいて市場を分析する。

Business/Academic

"ゼロベースに基づいて"

— Based on a zero-base. A business jargon meaning to start planning from scratch without preconceived notions.

予算はゼロベースに基づいて見直されるべきだ。

Business Jargon

혼동하기 쉬운

に基づいて vs に基づいて (ni motozuite)

Learners confuse it with 'ni yotte' because both can translate to 'by' or 'based on' in loose English.

Use 'ni motozuite' when the noun is a solid foundation (data, facts). Use 'ni yotte' when the noun is a method, cause, or agent.

データに基づいて判断する (Judge based on data) vs. インターネットによって調べる (Investigate by means of the internet).

に基づいて vs に従って (ni shitagatte)

Both involve rules or guidelines.

'Ni shitagatte' focuses on obedience and following a path or instruction. 'Ni motozuite' focuses on the logical foundation.

マニュアルに従って操作する (Operate following the manual) vs. マニュアルに基づいて評価する (Evaluate based on the manual).

に基づいて vs に応じて (ni oojite)

Both dictate how an action is performed relative to a noun.

'Ni oojite' means 'in response to' or 'depending on the changes of'. It implies flexibility. 'Ni motozuite' implies a fixed foundation.

状況に応じて計画を変える (Change the plan depending on the situation) vs. 事実に基づいて計画を立てる (Make a plan based on facts).

に基づいて vs をもとにして (wo moto ni shite)

They share the same kanji origin (基/元) and translate similarly.

'Wo moto ni shite' is for transformation (raw material to product). 'Ni motozuite' is for logical reliance.

小説をもとにして映画を作る (Make a movie based on a novel) vs. 法律に基づいて罰する (Punish based on the law).

に基づいて vs を踏まえて (wo fumaete)

Both are formal business terms used before making decisions.

'Wo fumaete' means 'taking into consideration' (usually past experiences or current conditions). 'Ni motozuite' is a stricter 'based exactly on'.

昨日の議論を踏まえて提案する (Propose taking yesterday's discussion into account) vs. データに基づいて提案する (Propose based on data).

문장 패턴

[Noun] に基づいて [Verb]

データに基づいて決定する。

[Noun A] に基づく [Noun B]

事実に基づく報道。

[Noun A] に基づいた [Noun B]

経験に基づいたアドバイス。

[Noun] に基づいています

この評価はテストの点数に基づいています。

[Noun] に基づき、[Formal Clause]

調査結果に基づき、計画を変更する。

[Noun] に基づかない [Noun]

根拠に基づかない噂。

[Noun] に基づかずに [Verb]

事実に基づかずに批判する。

[Noun] に基づくべきだ

政策は科学的根拠に基づくべきだ。

어휘 가족

명사

基 (moto) - foundation/basis

基本 (kihon) - basics/fundamentals

基礎 (kiso) - foundation/base

基準 (kijun) - standard/criterion

동사

基づく (motozuku) - to be based on

基づかせる (motozukaseru) - to cause to be based on (causative)

형용사

基本的な (kihonteki na) - basic/fundamental

사용법

frequency

Very common in written Japanese, news, and business contexts. Less common in casual daily conversation.

자주 하는 실수

データに基づいて決定 (Deeta ni motozuite kettei) → データに基づく決定 (Deeta ni motozuku kettei)
You cannot use the te-form (motozuite) to modify a noun (kettei - decision). You must use the dictionary form (motozuku).
私の気分に基づいて決めます (Watashi no kibun ni motozuite kimemasu) → 私の気分で決めます (Watashi no kibun de kimemasu)
The phrase is too formal and objective to be used with subjective feelings like 'mood'. Use a simpler particle like 'de'.
ルールによって判断する (Ruuru ni yotte handan suru) → ルールに基づいて判断する (Ruuru ni motozuite handan suru)
While 'ni yotte' can mean 'depending on', when you mean 'based on a strict foundation', 'ni motozuite' is the correct and natural choice.
データに従って決める (Deeta ni shitagatte kimeru) → データに基づいて決める (Deeta ni motozuite kimeru)
You cannot 'obey' or 'follow' data in the way 'ni shitagatte' implies. Data is a foundation, so you must use 'ni motozuite'.
小説に基づいて映画を作る (Shousetsu ni motozuite eiga wo tsukuru) → 小説をもとにして映画を作る (Shousetsu wo moto ni shite eiga wo tsukuru)
When adapting a creative work (using it as raw material to make something new), 'wo moto ni shite' is much more natural than the strictly logical 'ni motozuite'.

팁

Verb vs. Noun Modification

Always check what word comes immediately after the phrase. If it's a verb (like decide, make, act), use 'motozuite'. If it's a noun (like decision, plan, action), use 'motozuku'.

Pair with Concrete Nouns

Memorize this phrase with its most common partners: Data (データ), Facts (事実), Rules (ルール), and Law (法律). This will prevent you from using it unnaturally.

Use the Stem Form in Essays

When writing a formal essay or business report, replace 'ni motozuite' with 'ni motozuki'. It saves space and sounds much more academic.

Sound Professional Instantly

If you want to impress your Japanese boss or colleagues, frame your proposals with 'Chousa kekka ni motozuite...' (Based on the survey results...). It shows you are logical.

The 'Moto' Keyword

When listening to fast Japanese news, listen for the 'moto' sound. It's a clear signal that the speaker is about to state the source or foundation of their information.

Avoid Subjectivity

Never use this phrase with words like 'kibun' (mood), 'kanjou' (emotion), or 'k勘' (intuition - unless used ironically). It is strictly for objective foundations.

Watch for Traps

In JLPT N3/N2 reading sections, questions often ask 'Why did the author do X?'. The answer is usually found right before the phrase 'ni motozuite'.

Moto ni shite vs. Motozuite

Use 'moto ni shite' for creative adaptations (book to movie). Use 'motozuite' for logical adherence (data to decision).

Smooth Delivery

Do not chop the word up. Practice saying 'nimotozuite' as one continuous breath group to sound fluent.

The Business Standard

In Japanese corporate culture, decisions must be justified. This phrase is your best tool for providing that justification politely and firmly.

암기하기

기억법

Imagine a MOTORCYCLE (moto) zooming (zu) into a TENT (ite). But the tent is built on a solid foundation of DATA. The motorcycle is based on (ni motozuite) the data foundation.

시각적 연상

Visualize a large, heavy stone block with the word 'DATA' carved into it. On top of this stone block, a person is building a house. The action of building is 'ni motozuite' the stone block.

Word Web

Foundation Data Facts Rules Law Objective Formal Action

챌린지

Find a news article in English. Identify three sentences that use the phrase 'based on' or 'according to'. Translate those specific sentences into Japanese using 'ni motozuite'.

어원

The phrase is composed of the particle 'ni' and the verb 'motozuku'. The verb 'motozuku' itself is a compound. It comes from the noun 'moto' (基), meaning foundation, origin, or base, and the verb suffix 'tsuku' (付く), meaning to attach to or to adhere to. Over time, the pronunciation shifted to 'motozuku' through a process called rendaku (sequential voicing). Therefore, the literal historical meaning is 'to attach oneself to a foundation'.

원래 의미: To physically or metaphorically attach or adhere to a base or foundation.

Japonic -> Japanese

문화적 맥락

There are no specific cultural sensitivities or offensive connotations associated with this phrase. It is universally polite and formal.

English speakers often use 'based on' very casually (e.g., 'Based on how I feel today...'). In Japanese, using 'ni motozuite' for casual feelings sounds strange. It is reserved for more concrete foundations.

Commonly seen in the opening credits of historical Taiga dramas on NHK: 'Kono dorama wa shijitsu ni motozuite imasu' (This drama is based on historical facts). Frequently used in the Japanese Constitution and legal codes to establish the basis of rights and duties. Often heard in corporate press conferences during product launches or apologies.

실생활에서 연습하기

실제 사용 상황

Business Meetings

データに基づいて
調査に基づいて
実績に基づいて
方針に基づいて

News Reports

専門家の意見に基づいて
事実に基づいて
政府の発表に基づいて
統計に基づいて

Legal Documents

法律に基づいて
規定に基づいて
条約に基づいて
合意に基づいて

Academic Writing

先行研究に基づいて
実験結果に基づいて
仮説に基づいて
理論に基づいて

Entertainment Disclaimers

実話に基づいて
史実に基づいて
実際の事件に基づいて
原作に基づいて

대화 시작하기

"その決定は、どのようなデータに基づいているのですか？ (What kind of data is that decision based on?)"

"あなたの意見は、個人的な経験に基づいていますか、それとも客観的な事実に基づいていますか？ (Is your opinion based on personal experience or objective facts?)"

"この映画は実話に基づいているそうですが、見ましたか？ (I heard this movie is based on a true story, have you seen it?)"

"新しいルールに基づいて、私たちの働き方はどう変わると思いますか？ (How do you think our way of working will change based on the new rules?)"

"過去の失敗に基づいて、今回はどのような対策を立てましたか？ (Based on past failures, what countermeasures have you planned this time?)"

일기 주제

Write about a time you made a major life decision. What facts or experiences was it based on? (〜に基づいて決定した)

Describe your favorite movie or book that is based on a true story. (実話に基づく映画・本)

Explain a rule at your workplace or school and discuss the reasoning it is based on. (ルールは何に基づいているか)

If you were to start a business, what core principles would it be based on? (どのような理念に基づくか)

Reflect on a mistake you made. What actions will you take in the future based on this experience? (経験に基づく今後の行動)

자주 묻는 질문

10 질문

It is generally too formal for casual chats. If you are talking about a movie based on a true story, it is acceptable, but for everyday things, it sounds stiff. You might use 'de' or 'wo beesu ni' instead.

'Ni motozuite' is the te-form, used to modify verbs (actions). 'Ni motozuku' is the dictionary form, used to modify nouns (things). For example, 'Data ni motozuite kimeru' (decide based on data) vs. 'Data ni motozuku kettei' (a decision based on data).

Yes, it is grammatically incorrect. You cannot use the te-form to directly modify a noun in this context. You must change it to 'Noun A ni motozuku Noun B'.

It sounds very unnatural. 'Ni motozuite' implies an objective, solid foundation. Feelings are subjective. Do not say 'Kibun ni motozuite' (based on my mood).

It is written as 基づいて. The kanji is 基 (ki/moto), which means foundation or basis.

You use the negative form of the verb: 'ni motozukanai' (to modify nouns) or 'ni motozukazuni' (to modify verbs). For example, 'Jijitsu ni motozukanai hanashi' (A story not based on facts).

Yes, they mean the same thing. 'Ni motozuki' is the masu-stem form, which is used in highly formal written Japanese or formal speeches instead of the te-form.

No, it is a particle phrase that must follow a noun. You can, however, start a sentence with 'Kore ni motozuite' (Based on this) or 'Sore ni motozuite' (Based on that).

It is generally classified as JLPT N3 grammar, though you will continue to see it frequently in N2 and N1 reading and listening materials.

Yes, it strongly implies that the noun is the primary, if not absolute, foundation for the action or decision. It leaves little room for arbitrary choices.

무료 가입하고 팁과 노트 보기