A2 Case System 1 min read 쉬움

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

The Genitive case shows possession or relationship by adding specific articles to the noun.

  • Use 'al', 'a', 'ai', or 'ale' before the noun to show possession.
  • The noun being possessed changes its ending if it is feminine or plural.
  • Masculine/Neuter nouns often stay the same in the singular but use 'lui' for names.
Possessed Object + (al/a/ai/ale) + Possessor

Meanings

The Genitive case is used to indicate possession, belonging, or a relationship between two nouns.

1

Direct Possession

Showing ownership of an object.

“Casa a tatălui meu.”

“Mașina a Mariei.”

2

Relationship

Describing a connection between people or things.

“Prietenul a fratelui meu.”

“Ideea a profesorului.”

3

Partitive/Composition

Describing parts of a whole.

“O parte a orașului.”

“Un grup a studenților.”

Genitive Article Agreement

Gender/Number Article Example
Masculine Singular al al elevului
Feminine Singular a a elevei
Masculine Plural ai ai elevilor
Feminine/Neuter Plural ale ale elevilor
Proper Name (M) lui lui Ion
Proper Name (F) lui lui Maria

Common Contractions

Form Full Form Usage
al al Standard
a a Standard
ai ai Standard
ale ale Standard

Reference Table

Reference table for Possession with Genitive
Form Structure Example
Affirmative Object + Article + Owner Cartea a Mariei
Negative Nu + Object + Article + Owner Nu este cartea a Mariei
Question Este + Object + Article + Owner? Este cartea a Mariei?
Plural Objects + Articles + Owner Cărțile ale Mariei
Proper Name Object + lui + Name Mașina lui Ion
Complex Object + Article + Noun + Adjective Cartea a elevului bun

격식 수준 스펙트럼

격식체
Cartea a elevului.

Cartea a elevului. (School)

중립
Cartea a elevului.

Cartea a elevului. (School)

비격식체
Cartea elevului.

Cartea elevului. (School)

속어
Cartea lu' elevu'.

Cartea lu' elevu'. (School)

Genitive Case Map

Genitive Case

Articles

  • al masc. sing.
  • a fem. sing.
  • ai masc. pl.
  • ale fem. pl.

Usage

  • Possession Ownership
  • Relationship Connection
  • Partitive Part of

Genitive vs Dative

Genitive
Cartea a Mariei Maria's book
Dative
Dau Mariei cartea I give Maria the book

Choosing the Right Article

1

Is the object masculine singular?

YES
Use 'al'
NO
Check feminine
2

Is the object feminine singular?

YES
Use 'a'
NO
Check plural

Examples by Level

1

Cartea a elevului.

The student's book.

2

Casa a bunicii.

Grandmother's house.

3

Telefonul a tatălui.

Father's phone.

4

Pisica a Mariei.

Maria's cat.

1

Aceasta este mașina a profesorului.

This is the teacher's car.

2

Am văzut casa a prietenului meu.

I saw my friend's house.

3

Caietul a lui Ion este pe masă.

Ion's notebook is on the table.

4

Florile a grădinii sunt frumoase.

The garden's flowers are beautiful.

1

Rezultatele a examenului au fost publicate.

The exam results have been published.

2

Aceasta este decizia a consiliului.

This is the council's decision.

3

Am citit paginile a cărții.

I read the pages of the book.

4

Problemele a sistemului sunt complexe.

The system's problems are complex.

1

Impactul a politicilor a fost analizat.

The impact of the policies was analyzed.

2

Structura a clădirii este impresionantă.

The building's structure is impressive.

3

Evoluția a limbii române este fascinantă.

The evolution of the Romanian language is fascinating.

4

Aceasta este o consecință a acțiunilor sale.

This is a consequence of his actions.

1

Autoritatea a instituțiilor a fost pusă la îndoială.

The authority of the institutions was questioned.

2

Aceasta este esența a filozofiei sale.

This is the essence of his philosophy.

3

Am observat nuanțele a picturii.

I observed the nuances of the painting.

4

Acesta este rezultatul a muncii a generațiilor.

This is the result of the work of generations.

1

Subtilitățile a discursului au fost remarcate.

The subtleties of the speech were noted.

2

Aceasta este o manifestare a spiritului a epocii.

This is a manifestation of the spirit of the age.

3

Am analizat complexitatea a fenomenului.

I analyzed the complexity of the phenomenon.

4

Aceasta este o dovadă a geniului a autorului.

This is proof of the author's genius.

Easily Confused

Possession with Genitive Genitive vs Dative

Both involve case endings and can look similar.

Possession with Genitive Genitive vs Prepositional 'de'

Both can express belonging.

Possession with Genitive Definite vs Indefinite Genitive

Learners often forget the definite article on the possessor.

자주 하는 실수

Cartea al Mariei

Cartea a Mariei

Cartea is feminine, so it needs 'a'.

Mașina a Ion

Mașina lui Ion

Proper names need 'lui'.

Al cartea Mariei

Cartea a Mariei

The article comes after the noun.

Cartea a Maria

Cartea a Mariei

The possessor needs to be in the genitive case.

Cărțile a Mariei

Cărțile ale Mariei

Cărțile is plural, so it needs 'ale'.

Telefonul a lui Ion

Telefonul lui Ion

The article 'al' is redundant if 'lui' is used.

Casa a prieten

Casa a prietenului

The possessor needs the definite article.

Rezultatul a examen

Rezultatul examenului

The possessor needs the definite article.

Partea a oraș

Partea a orașului

The possessor needs the definite article.

Ideea a profesor

Ideea profesorului

The possessor needs the definite article.

Consecința a acțiune

Consecința acțiunii

The possessor needs the definite article.

Esența a filozofie

Esența filozofiei

The possessor needs the definite article.

Nuanțele a pictură

Nuanțele picturii

The possessor needs the definite article.

Sentence Patterns

Aceasta este ___ a ___.

___ a ___ este pe masă.

Rezultatul a ___ este ___.

Impactul a ___ asupra ___ este mare.

Real World Usage

Social Media common

Poza a Mariei este superbă!

Texting constant

Cartea a lui Ion e la mine.

Job Interviews common

Am analizat rezultatul a testului.

Ordering Food occasional

Vreau o porție a meniului zilei.

Travel common

Care este intrarea a muzeului?

Food Delivery Apps common

Comanda a clientului este gata.

💡

Check the Gender

Always look at the object being possessed first. If it's masculine, use 'al'. If feminine, use 'a'.
⚠️

Don't Forget the Article

The possessor noun must have a definite article. Don't say 'Cartea a elev', say 'Cartea a elevului'.
🎯

Use 'lui' for Names

When the possessor is a person's name, just use 'lui' before the name. It's much easier!
💬

Formal vs Informal

In very informal speech, people might drop the article, but for writing and formal speech, always use the full Genitive structure.

Smart Tips

Identify the object first. If it's a book (carte), it's feminine. Use 'a'.

Cartea al Mariei Cartea a Mariei

Remember 'lui' is your best friend for names.

Cartea a Ion Cartea lui Ion

Check if the object is plural. If it is, use 'ai' or 'ale'.

Cărțile a Mariei Cărțile ale Mariei

Ensure the possessor noun has the definite article.

Rezultatul a test Rezultatul testului

발음

al (ahl), a (ah), ai (ah-ee), ale (ah-leh)

Genitive Articles

The articles 'al', 'a', 'ai', 'ale' are pronounced clearly as written.

Possessive Statement

Cartea a Mariei ↘

Falling intonation for a statement.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Al, A, Ai, Ale — remember the 'A's for the Genitive case!

Visual Association

Imagine a giant 'A' bridge connecting a book to a student. The bridge changes shape (al, a, ai, ale) depending on the book's size.

Rhyme

Al for him, A for her, Ai and Ale for the plural blur.

Story

Ion has a book. The book belongs to Ion. We say 'Cartea a lui Ion'. If he has many books, we say 'Cărțile ale lui Ion'. It's all about the book!

Word Web

alaaialeluiposesieapartenență

챌린지

Look around your room and label 5 items using the Genitive case (e.g., 'Telefonul a tatălui').

문화 노트

The Genitive is used in all formal and informal contexts.

Sometimes speakers use 'la' instead of the Genitive case.

Similar to standard, but with slight variations in pronunciation.

The Romanian Genitive case evolved from the Latin genitive case, combined with the development of the definite article.

Conversation Starters

A cui este această carte?

Care este rezultatul a testului?

Ce părere ai despre decizia a consiliului?

Cum analizezi impactul a politicilor actuale?

Journal Prompts

Describe your family members' belongings.
Write about a project you are working on.
Discuss a recent news article.
Reflect on the impact of technology on society.

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with the correct genitive article.

Cartea ___ Mariei este pe masă.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Cartea is feminine singular.
Choose the correct sentence. 객관식

Which sentence is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mașina a tatălui este nouă.
Mașina is feminine singular.
Correct the error in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Caietul a elev este pe masă.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Caietul al elevului
Caietul is masculine singular.
Transform the sentence to use the Genitive case. Sentence Transformation

Cartea lui Ion.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Cartea a lui Ion
Cartea is feminine singular.
Match the object with the correct article. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a, al, ale
Cartea (a), Caietul (al), Cărțile (ale).
Fill in the blank.

Rezultatele ___ examenului au fost bune.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ale
Rezultatele is plural.
Choose the correct form. 객관식

Aceasta este decizia ___ consiliului.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Decizia is feminine singular.
Build a sentence using these words. Sentence Building

clădirii / structura / impresionantă / este

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Structura a clădirii este impresionantă.
Structura is feminine singular.

Score: /8

연습 문제

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct genitive article.

Cartea ___ Mariei este pe masă.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Cartea is feminine singular.
Choose the correct sentence. 객관식

Which sentence is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Mașina a tatălui este nouă.
Mașina is feminine singular.
Correct the error in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Caietul a elev este pe masă.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Caietul al elevului
Caietul is masculine singular.
Transform the sentence to use the Genitive case. Sentence Transformation

Cartea lui Ion.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Cartea a lui Ion
Cartea is feminine singular.
Match the object with the correct article. Match Pairs

Match: 1. Cartea, 2. Caietul, 3. Cărțile

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a, al, ale
Cartea (a), Caietul (al), Cărțile (ale).
Fill in the blank.

Rezultatele ___ examenului au fost bune.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ale
Rezultatele is plural.
Choose the correct form. 객관식

Aceasta este decizia ___ consiliului.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: a
Decizia is feminine singular.
Build a sentence using these words. Sentence Building

clădirii / structura / impresionantă / este

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Structura a clădirii este impresionantă.
Structura is feminine singular.

Score: /8

자주 묻는 질문 (8)

These articles are necessary to show possession clearly in Romanian. They act as a bridge between the object and the owner.

Look at the gender and number of the object being possessed. Masculine singular = al, Feminine singular = a, Masculine plural = ai, Feminine/Neuter plural = ale.

Use 'lui' before the name for masculine and feminine names. For common nouns, use the definite article.

Yes, it is very common. You will hear it in almost every conversation.

Sometimes, but the Genitive is more precise and formal. Using 'de' can sound less natural in certain contexts.

Matching the article to the owner instead of the object. Always check the object first!

Not really, the rules are quite consistent. Just watch out for proper names.

Try labeling items in your house or describing relationships between people you know.

In Other Languages

Spanish partial

de + noun

Romanian articles agree with the object; Spanish 'de' does not.

French partial

de + noun

Romanian uses gendered articles; French uses a preposition.

German moderate

Genitive case endings

German changes the noun; Romanian adds an article.

Japanese low

no particle

Japanese uses a simple particle; Romanian uses gendered articles.

Arabic low

Idafa construction

Arabic uses juxtaposition; Romanian uses an article.

Chinese low

de particle

Chinese uses a universal particle; Romanian uses gendered articles.

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