Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Hindi uses three levels of 'you'—tu, tum, and aap—to signal social distance, intimacy, and respect.
- Tu (तू): Extremely intimate or derogatory; use only with God, pets, or very close friends.
- Tum (तुम): Familiar; use with friends, younger siblings, or people of equal status.
- Aap (आप): Formal/Respectful; use with elders, strangers, bosses, or in professional settings.
Overview
तू (tu)라고 부르면 분위기가 싸해질 수 있지만, 뭄바이 카페에서는 같은 단어가 깊은 우정의 표시가 된다는 사실을 알고 계셨나요? 힌디어의 경어는 단순히 예의를 차리는 것이 아닙니다. 복잡한 사회적 상호작용입니다. C1 수준에서는 '레지스터(언어 사용역)'의 기술을 마스터하게 됩니다.आप (격식), तुम (친근), तू (친밀/낮은 지위).How This Grammar Works
Formation Pattern
When To Use It
आप을 사용하세요. 친구나 사촌에게는 तुम을 사용하세요. 단짝 친구나 신에게는 तू를 사용합니다.
Common Mistakes
Contrast With Similar Patterns
Quick FAQ
तू는 항상 모욕인가요? A: 아니요! 단짝 친구 사이에서는 친밀함의 상징입니다.
Pronoun Conjugation Table
| Pronoun | Register | Verb (to be) | Verb (to do - past) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Aap
|
Formal
|
Hain
|
Kiya
|
|
Tum
|
Neutral
|
Ho
|
Kiya
|
|
Tu
|
Intimate
|
Hai
|
Kiya
|
Possessive Forms
| Pronoun | Possessive (M) | Possessive (F) |
|---|---|---|
|
Aap
|
Aapka
|
Aapki
|
|
Tum
|
Tumhara
|
Tumhari
|
|
Tu
|
Tera
|
Teri
|
Meanings
The system of second-person pronouns in Hindi that dictates the level of formality and social hierarchy between speakers.
Formal/Respectful
Used for elders, superiors, or strangers.
“आप क्या कर रहे हैं?”
“क्या आप चाय पिएंगे?”
Familiar/Neutral
Used for peers, friends, and younger people.
“तुम कहाँ जा रहे हो?”
“तुमने खाना खाया?”
Intimate/Derogatory
Used for extreme intimacy or to express power imbalance.
“तू कहाँ है?”
“तू पागल है क्या?”
Reference Table
| 단계 | 대명사 | 현재형 동사 어미 | 사회적 맥락 |
|---|---|---|---|
|
극존칭
|
आप (Aap)
|
-ते हैं / -इये
|
고위 인사, 낯선 성인, 어르신
|
|
표준 존칭
|
आप (Aap)
|
-ते हैं
|
부모님, 선생님, 직장 상사
|
|
친근함
|
तुम (Tum)
|
-ते हो / -ओ
|
친구, 사촌, 동료
|
|
극친밀/하대
|
तू (Tu)
|
-ता है / 어근
|
절친한 친구, 아이, 신(God)
|
|
지역색 (뭄바이)
|
तू (Tu)
|
-ता है
|
캐주얼한 초면, 또래
|
|
지역색 (럭나우)
|
आप (Aap)
|
-ते हैं / -इये
|
일상적인 서비스 관계에서도 표준
|
격식 수준 스펙트럼
Aap kaise hain? (Greeting)
Tum kaise ho? (Greeting)
Tu kaisa hai? (Greeting)
Kya scene hai? (Greeting)
힌디어 존칭 스펙트럼
공식적 (Aap)
- 상사 직장 맥락
- 낯선 사람 사회적 안전장치
친근함 (Tum)
- 친구 동등한 관계
- 사촌 가족 내 또래
지역별 분위기 체크
'Aap'을 써야 할까요?
상대방이 나보다 나이가 많은가요?
공적인 업무 상황인가요?
존칭 접미사 모음
표준형
- • Ji
- • Bhaiya
- • Didi
격식/우르두형
- • Saheb
- • Janab
- • Hazrat
수준별 예문
आप कैसे हैं?
How are you? (Formal)
तुम कहाँ हो?
Where are you? (Informal)
तू मेरा दोस्त है।
You are my friend. (Intimate)
आप क्या खाते हैं?
What do you eat? (Formal)
क्या आप चाय पिएंगे?
Will you drink tea?
तुमने क्या किया?
What did you do?
तू पागल है।
You are crazy.
आप यहाँ बैठिए।
Please sit here.
आपकी राय बहुत महत्वपूर्ण है।
Your opinion is very important.
तुम कल क्यों नहीं आए?
Why didn't you come yesterday?
तू ही मेरी मंजिल है।
You are my destination.
क्या आप मुझे जानते हैं?
Do you know me?
आपसे मिलकर खुशी हुई।
Nice to meet you.
तुमने मुझे बताया क्यों नहीं?
Why didn't you tell me?
तूने यह क्या कर दिया?
What have you done?
आप कृपया अपना नाम बताएं।
Please state your name.
आपकी उपस्थिति हमारे लिए सम्मान की बात है।
Your presence is an honor for us.
तुम अपने काम पर ध्यान दो।
Focus on your work.
तूने जो कहा, वह सच है।
What you said is true.
क्या आप इस प्रस्ताव से सहमत हैं?
Do you agree with this proposal?
आपकी उदारता का हम सदैव स्मरण रखेंगे।
We will always remember your generosity.
तुमने जो किया, वह सराहनीय है।
What you did is commendable.
तू ही सर्वशक्तिमान है।
You are the Almighty.
आपकी अनुमति हो तो मैं जाऊं?
May I leave if you permit?
혼동하기 쉬운
Learners often use 'tum' when they should be respectful.
Learners use 'tu' thinking it's just 'you'.
Mixing up the possessive and the pronoun.
자주 하는 실수
Tu kaise ho?
Aap kaise hain?
Aap jaata hai.
Aap jaate hain.
Tum aap kaise ho?
Aap kaise hain?
Tu kya kar rahe ho?
Tu kya kar raha hai?
Tum kya kar rahe hain?
Tum kya kar rahe ho?
Aapne khaya?
Kya aapne khana khaya?
Tu aaiye.
Tu aa.
Aap tumhara naam kya hai?
Aapka naam kya hai?
Tumne aapko dekha.
Aapne aapko dekha.
Aap jaao.
Aap jaiye.
Tu aapke liye.
Tere liye.
Aapne tumse kaha.
Aapne usse kaha.
Tumne aapki madad ki.
Tumne tumhari madad ki.
문장 패턴
Aap ___ hain?
Tum ___ ho?
Aapne ___ dekha?
Kya aap ___ sakte hain?
Real World Usage
Aapka anubhav kya hai?
Tum kahan ho?
Aap mujhe pizza dijiye.
Aap kahan ja rahe hain?
Tumne bahut achha post kiya!
Aap kaise hain?
안전한 선택은 언제나 'Aap'
'Tu'의 함정
지역별 뉘앙스 차이
Smart Tips
Always use 'aap'.
Use 'tum'.
Use 'aap'.
Use 'tu'.
발음
Aap
The 'aa' is a long vowel, hold it slightly.
Tum
The 'u' is short, like 'put'.
Tu
The 'u' is long, like 'too'.
Formal Question
Aap kaise hain? ↗
Rising intonation for politeness.
암기하기
기억법
Aap is for the Boss, Tum is for the Chum, Tu is for the True love.
시각적 연상
Imagine a ladder: Aap is at the top (respect), Tum is in the middle (friends), Tu is at the bottom (intimacy).
Rhyme
Aap for the elder, Tum for the peer, Tu for the loved one, held very near.
Story
Rohan meets his boss and says 'Aap'. He meets his friend and says 'Tum'. He whispers to his wife 'Tu'. He never mixes them up.
Word Web
챌린지
Write three sentences addressing a teacher, a friend, and a pet using the correct pronoun.
문화 노트
Aap is strictly used for elders, even in the family.
Tum is becoming the default for all peers.
Tu is used for God in many devotional songs.
Derived from Sanskrit honorifics.
대화 시작하기
Aap kya karte hain?
Tumhara naam kya hai?
Aapko kya pasand hai?
Tumne aaj kya kiya?
일기 주제
자주 하는 실수
Test Yourself
올바른 존칭 표현은?
तुम क्या ___? (너 뭐 하니?)
Find and fix the mistake:
आप कल कहाँ जा रहे हो?
Score: /3
연습 문제
8 exercises___ kaise hain?
Aap kya ___ (hai/hain)?
Find and fix the mistake:
Tu kaise hain?
Tum kahan ja rahe ho?
Match: Tu, Tum, Aap
Aap / kya / hain / kar / rahe
___ naam kya hai? (Formal)
Find and fix the mistake:
Tum kya kar rahe hain?
Score: /8
Practice Bank
6 exercisesचाय / क्या / आप / पिएंगे / ?
형, 너 어디야?
알맞게 연결하세요:
가장 격식 있는 호칭을 고르세요:
नमस्ते सर, क्या मैं अंदर आ ___?
दादाजी, तू खाना खा ले।
Score: /6
자주 묻는 질문 (8)
Yes, but it might sound distant. Use 'tum' for friends.
It's a grammatical way to show respect in Hindi.
Yes, with God or very close friends.
People will understand, but it might feel awkward.
Yes, but these are the main ones.
When the relationship becomes friendly and informal.
No, 'aap' is gender-neutral.
Yes, it's standard across Hindi-speaking areas.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Tú/Usted
Hindi has three levels, Spanish has two.
Tu/Vous
Hindi's 'tu' is more intimate than French 'tu'.
Du/Sie
German is binary.
Anata/Omae
Japanese often drops pronouns entirely.
Anta/Antum
Hindi pronouns are not gendered.
Ni/Nin
Chinese has no verb conjugation.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
Related Grammar Rules
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