A1 문제 6 min read 쉬움

기본 질문하기: 누구, 무엇, 어디 (Кто, Что, Где)

Use Kto, Chto, and Gde at the start of sentences without a verb to ask basic questions.
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'Kto' for people, 'Chto' for things, and 'Gde' for places to start asking questions in Russian.

  • Kto (Кто) asks about people: Кто это? (Who is this?)
  • Chto (Что) asks about objects/actions: Что это? (What is this?)
  • Gde (Где) asks about location: Где ты? (Where are you?)
Question Word + Verb + Subject/Object?

Overview

러시아어로 질문할 때 왜 '이다'나 '있다' 같은 동사가 보이지 않는지 궁금한 적이 있나요? 인스타그램을 내리다가 모스크바에 있는 신비로운 인물의 멋진 사진을 보고 «이게 누구야?»라고 묻고 싶을 때, 러시아어로는 간단히 Kto eto?라고 하면 됩니다. 수식어나 불필요한 동사 없이 바로 본론으로 들어가는 거죠. 러시아어 의문문 단어는 여러분이 이 언어에서 갖게 될 첫 번째 진짜 초능력입니다.
러시아어 의문사는 여러분이 나누게 될 모든 대화의 기본 구성 요소입니다. 가장 가까운 스타벅스를 찾든, 단톡방에서 새로운 친구가 누구인지 묻든, 식당에서 그 이상하게 생긴 수프가 무엇인지 묻든, 이 세 단어만 알면 됩니다: Kto, Chto, Gde.

How This Grammar Works

한국어로는 «저 사람은 누구예요?» 또는 «역이 어디예요?»라고 하지만, 러시아어에서 '이다'는 보이지 않습니다. 질문을 하려면 보통 문장 맨 앞에 의문사를 둡니다.
  1. 1대상 확인: 사람인가요? Kto를 쓰세요. 사물인가요? Chto를 쓰세요. 장소인가요? Gde를 쓰세요.
  2. 2주어 추가: 묻고자 하는 사람이나 사물입니다.
  3. 3억양이 핵심: 러시아어는 질문을 위해 어순을 항상 바꾸지 않습니다. 의문사에서 목소리를 높여 질문임을 나타내야 합니다.

Formation Pattern

1
질문을 만드는 공식은 매우 간단합니다:
2
'누구' 패턴: Kto + [명사/대명사]?
3
'무엇' 패턴: Chto + [명사/대명사]?
4
'어디' 패턴: Gde + [명사/대명사]?

When To Use It

거의 모든 사회적 상호작용에서 이 단어들을 사용하게 됩니다.
  • SNS: 사진 태그를 보고: Kto eto?.
  • 배달 앱: 음식을 기다리며: Gde moya pica?.
  • 쇼핑: 신기한 물건을 보고: Chto eto?.

Common Mistakes

가장 큰 실수는 '이다'에 해당하는 단어를 번역해 넣으려는 것입니다.
  • 실수: Kto iz eto?.
  • 수정: 그냥 Kto eto?라고 하세요.
또 다른 흔한 실수는 Chto의 발음입니다. '치토'라고 발음하지 마세요. '슈토'처럼 들려야 합니다.

Contrast With Similar Patterns

학습이 진행됨에 따라 이 단어들의 어미가 변하는 것(격 변화)을 보게 되겠지만, A1 수준에서는 기본형(주격)만 알면 충분합니다.

Quick FAQ

Q

여자에 대해 물을 때 Kto를 바꿔야 하나요?

아니요! 이 수준에서 Kto는 공통으로 쓰입니다.

Q

왜 Chto는 '슈토'처럼 들리나요?

언어가 진화하면서 발음하기 더 편한 방식으로 바뀐 것입니다.

3. Basic Interrogative Usage

Russian Transliteration Meaning Usage
Кто
Kto
Who
People
Что
Chto
What
Things
Где
Gde
Where
Location

Meanings

These are the fundamental interrogative words used to request information about identity, objects, and location.

1

Identity

Asking for the identity of a person or living being.

“Кто это?”

“Кто твой друг?”

2

Object/Action

Asking for the identity of an object or an activity.

“Что это?”

“Что ты делаешь?”

3

Location

Asking for the physical position of someone or something.

“Где мой телефон?”

“Где Москва?”

Reference Table

Reference table for 기본 질문하기: 누구, 무엇, 어디 (Кто, Что, Где)
Question Word English Translation Pronunciation Hint Used For...
`Кто`
Who
Ktoh
People and pets
`Что`
What
Shto
Objects and concepts
`Где`
Where
Gdeh
Locations and positions

격식 수준 스펙트럼

격식체
Кто там?

Кто там? (At the door)

중립
Кто там?

Кто там? (At the door)

비격식체
Кто там?

Кто там? (At the door)

속어
Кто там?

Кто там? (At the door)

The Big Three Russian Questions

Question Words

People

  • Кто Who

Objects

  • Что What

Location

  • Где Where

Who vs. What in Russian

Animate (Кто)
Друг Friend
Кошка Cat
Inanimate (Что)
Кофе Coffee
Книга Book

Choosing the Right Question Word

1

Are you asking about a person?

YES
Use Кто
NO
Go to next step
2

Are you asking about a place?

YES
Use Где
NO ↓

Common Scenarios

☕

At the Café

  • • Что это?
  • • Где меню?
  • • Кто официант?
📱

On Social Media

  • • Кто это?
  • • Что это за тренд?
  • • Где ты?
무료 가입하고 전체 설명 읽기

수준별 예문

1

Кто это?

Who is this?

2

Что это?

What is this?

3

Где ты?

Where are you?

4

Где Москва?

Where is Moscow?

1

Что ты делаешь?

What are you doing?

2

Кто твой друг?

Who is your friend?

3

Где находится банк?

Where is the bank located?

4

Что ты хочешь?

What do you want?

1

Кого ты видел?

Whom did you see?

2

Чего ты хочешь от меня?

What do you want from me?

3

Где бы ты хотел жить?

Where would you like to live?

4

Кто из них прав?

Which of them is right?

1

Не знаю, кто это сделал.

I don't know who did this.

2

Что бы ни случилось, я буду там.

Whatever happens, I will be there.

3

Где бы я ни был, я помню о доме.

Wherever I am, I remember home.

4

Кто бы мог подумать?

Who would have thought?

1

Кто из нас не ошибался?

Who among us hasn't made a mistake?

2

Что ни день, то новые новости.

Every day brings new news.

3

Где уж нам до них.

We are nowhere near their level.

4

Кто есть кто в этой истории?

Who is who in this story?

1

Что за человек этот Иван?

What kind of person is this Ivan?

2

Где-где, а в Петербурге красиво.

If anywhere, it's beautiful in St. Petersburg.

3

Кто-кто, а он точно знает.

He, if anyone, definitely knows.

4

Что к чему, я не пойму.

I don't understand what's what.

혼동하기 쉬운

Asking Basic Questions: Who, What, Where (Кто, Что, Где) 대 Gde vs Kuda

Learners use Gde for movement.

Asking Basic Questions: Who, What, Where (Кто, Что, Где) 대 Kto vs Chto

Using Kto for animals or objects.

Asking Basic Questions: Who, What, Where (Кто, Что, Где) 대 Chto vs Kak

Using Chto for 'how'.

자주 하는 실수

✗

Кто это? (for a chair)

✓

Что это?

Kto is for people only.
✗

Gde is pronounced 'G-dee'

✓

Gde (G-deh)

The 'e' is not an 'ee' sound.
✗

Chto is pronounced 'Ch-to'

✓

Shto

The 'ch' is a historical spelling.
✗

Kto is plural

✓

Kto is singular

Kto always takes singular verbs.
✗

Gde ты идешь?

✓

Куда ты идешь?

Gde is for static location, Kuda for movement.
✗

Что ты хочешь?

✓

Чего ты хочешь?

Some verbs require genitive.
✗

Кто ты видел?

✓

Кого ты видел?

Direct object requires accusative.
✗

Где ты был?

✓

Где ты был?

Actually correct, but watch for case agreement.
✗

Что он сказал?

✓

Что он сказал?

Correct, but ensure verb gender matches.
✗

Кто это сделал?

✓

Кто это сделал?

Correct, but watch for past tense gender.
✗

Что за...

✓

Что за...

Ensure correct usage of 'za'.
✗

Где-где

✓

Где-где

Ensure correct intonation.
✗

Кто-кто

✓

Кто-кто

Ensure correct intonation.

문장 패턴

Кто ___?

Что ___?

Где ___?

Кто ___ в ___?

Real World Usage

Texting constant

Ты где?

Ordering food very common

Что это?

Job interview common

Кто вы?

Travel common

Где метро?

Social media very common

Кто это?

Classroom common

Что значит это слово?

무료 가입하고 모든 예문 보기
💡

The Silent 'Is'

Never look for the word 'is' in Russian present tense questions. It doesn't exist! Just put the question word and the noun together.
⚠️

Pronunciation Alert

Don't say 'Ch-to'. It sounds very foreign. Always pronounce 'Что' as 'Shto'.
🎯

The 'Eto' Hack

If you don't know the noun, just use 'Eto' (this). 'Kto eto?' or 'Chto eto?' will cover 90% of your beginner needs.

Smart Tips

Always use 'Chto'.

Кто это? (book) → Что это? (book)

Use 'Kuda' instead of 'Gde'.

Где ты идешь? → Куда ты идешь?

Use 'Kto'.

Что это? (person) → Кто это? (person)

Keep it simple.

Где ты делаешь? → Что ты делаешь?

발음

/ʂto/

Chto

Pronounced as 'Shto'.

/gdʲe/

Gde

The 'd' is soft before 'e'.

Rising

Кто? ↑

Questioning tone

암기하기

기억법

Kto is for the 'K'rew (people), Chto is for 'C'hings, Gde is for 'G'eography (places).

시각적 연상

Imagine a person (Kto) holding a box (Chto) while standing on a map (Gde).

Rhyme

Kto is who, Chto is what, Gde is where, give it a shot!

Story

I asked 'Kto' is at the door. He was holding 'Chto' (a gift). I asked him 'Gde' he bought it.

Word Web

КтоЧтоГдеКогоЧегоКуда

챌린지

Write 3 questions about your room using these words.

문화 노트

Asking 'Who is this?' is very direct. Use 'Izvinite' (excuse me) first.

These words are Proto-Slavic in origin.

대화 시작하기

“

Кто твой любимый актер?

“

Что ты любишь есть?

“

Где ты живешь?

“

Кто сегодня придет?

일기 주제

Write about who is in your family.
Write about what you have in your bag.
Write about where you want to travel.
Write about what you did yesterday.

자주 하는 실수

Incorrect

정답

Incorrect

정답

Incorrect

정답

Incorrect

정답

Sign up free to see all tips

Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with the correct question word.

___ это? (Asking about a person)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Кто
Use 'Кто' (Who) when asking about people.
Which sentence is correct for asking 'Where is the hotel?' 객관식

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Где отель?
'Где' is the correct word for location ('Where').
Find the mistake in this sentence asking about a sandwich. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Кто это сэндвич?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Что это сэндвич?
A sandwich is an object, so you must use 'Что' (What), not 'Кто' (Who).

Score: /3

연습 문제

8 exercises
Fill in the blank.

___ это? (Who is this?)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Кто
Kto is for people.
Choose the correct word. 객관식

___ ты? (Where are you?)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Где
Gde is for location.
Correct the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Кто это? (pointing at a book)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Что это?
Chto is for objects.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

ты / Где / ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Где ты?
Standard order.
Match the word to the meaning. Match Pairs

Match Kto, Chto, Gde.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Who, What, Where
Correct definitions.
Choose the correct word. 객관식

___ ты делаешь?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Что
What are you doing?
Fill in the blank.

___ ты идешь?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Куда
Kuda is for movement.
Build a question. Sentence Building

Use Kto.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Кто там?
Natural order.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Fill in the blank. 빈칸 채우기

___ мой телефон?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Где
Translate 'What is this?' into Russian. 번역

What is this?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Что это?
Put the words in the correct order to ask 'Who is there?' Sentence Reorder

там / Кто / ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Кто там?
Match the Russian word with its English meaning. Match Pairs

Match the words:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Кто:Who, Что:What, Где:Where
How do you ask 'Where is the WiFi?' 객관식

Choose the best option:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Где вай-фай?
Correct the question: 'Shto eto?' (written correctly) Error Correction

Што это?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Что это?
Fill in the blank. 빈칸 채우기

___ твой папа?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Кто
Translate 'Where are you?' (informal). 번역

Where are you?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Где ты?
Which question word matches a pizza? 객관식

___ это? (It's a pizza)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Что
Ask 'Where is the museum?' Sentence Reorder

музей / Где / ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Где музей?

Score: /10

자주 묻는 질문 (8)

It's a historical spelling that stuck.

Usually no, use Chto or 'Kakaya sobaka'.

Yes, static location.

People will understand, but it sounds unnatural.

Yes, like Kak, Pochemu, Kogda.

Yes, in different cases.

Yes, for emphasis.

Ask questions about everything you see.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

무료 가입하고 연습하기

In Other Languages

Spanish high

Quién/Qué/Dónde

Spanish has accents.

French high

Qui/Quoi/Où

French requires more complex sentence structure.

German high

Wer/Was/Wo

German has more complex case endings.

Japanese moderate

Dare/Nani/Doko

Japanese question words stay in place.

Arabic moderate

Man/Ma/Ayna

Arabic is written right-to-left.

Chinese low

Shéi/Shénme/Nǎlǐ

Chinese is non-inflected.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Next
러시아어로 '~이 아니다' 말하기 (не)

Related Grammar Rules

A0

'어디'와 '무엇' 묻기 (Где & Что)

Overview 당신은 지금 붉은 광장 한복판에 서 있습니다. 휴대폰 배터리는 1%뿐입니다. 호텔을 찾거나, 아니면 괜찮은 커피라도...
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