이 페이지를 내 언어로
English فارسی العربية Deutsch Español Français 日本語 Português 中文 हिन्दी
A1 verb 9분 분량

听懂

tingdong
예시 노트와 팁 听懂 30초 만에
설명 听懂 in your Level:
At the A1 level, '听懂' (tīng dǒng) is a survival phrase. You will primarily use it to communicate your basic needs and limitations as a learner. The most important forms are '听懂了' (I understood), '没听懂' (I didn't understand), and the question '听懂了吗？' (Did you understand?). At this stage, you are mostly concerned with whether you can grasp the literal meaning of simple sentences, classroom instructions (like 'Open your book'), and common greetings. You don't need to worry about complex grammar yet; just focus on using it as a fixed expression to tell your teacher or Chinese friends if you are following the conversation. It's your 'safety net' phrase.
At the A2 level, you begin to use the 'potential forms': '听得懂' (can understand) and '听不懂' (can't understand). You will use these to describe your general ability to comprehend different speakers or media. For example, '我听不懂他说的话' (I can't understand what he says) or '我听得懂简单的中文' (I can understand simple Chinese). You will also start to distinguish between '听懂' (understanding the meaning) and '听到' (hearing the sound). You might use it in more diverse contexts, such as listening to weather reports, simple news, or ordering food in a restaurant where the waiter has a slight accent.
무료 가입하고 전체 설명 읽기
By B1, you are expected to use '听懂' in more complex sentence structures, such as using it with the '把' (bǎ) construction or in passive sentences. You will also use it to discuss 'intent' rather than just 'words.' For example, '你听懂我的意思了吗？' (Did you understand my meaning/intention?). At this level, you should be able to understand the main points of clear, standard speech on familiar matters. You might also start using '听懂' to talk about cultural nuances or idiomatic expressions that you've successfully deciphered. You are moving from 'decoding sounds' to 'grasping concepts.'
무료 가입하고 전체 설명 읽기
At the B2 level, '听懂' involves understanding complex technical discussions in your field of expertise and following extended speech even when it is not clearly structured. You will use the word to describe your ability to '听懂' various regional accents (like the difference between Beijing and Southern accents) and social registers. You might use it in phrases like '完全听懂' (completely understand) or '基本听懂' (mostly understand). You are also becoming aware of '弦外之音' (reading between the lines) and using '听懂' to confirm you've caught the subtext or sarcasm in a conversation.
무료 가입하고 전체 설명 읽기
At C1, '听懂' is about total mastery. You can '听懂' almost any spoken language, including abstract, complex topics and colloquialisms. You might use the term to describe the nuances of classical Chinese being quoted in modern speech or highly specialized jargon. Your usage of '听懂' becomes more reflective; you might discuss why a certain phrase was difficult to '听懂' due to its historical or cultural baggage. You are also able to '听懂' different levels of formality and social hierarchy conveyed through subtle changes in tone and word choice.
무료 가입하고 전체 설명 읽기
At the C2 level, '听懂' is effortless. You can understand any kind of spoken language, whether live or broadcast, even when delivered at fast native speed. You use the word '听懂' in a meta-linguistic way, perhaps analyzing how different dialects or sociolects affect '听懂' for different groups of people. You might use it in literary or academic contexts to discuss the 'comprehensibility' of ancient texts when read aloud. At this level, you are not just understanding words; you are fully integrated into the auditory world of the Chinese language in all its complexity and regional variety.
무료 가입하고 전체 설명 읽기
예시 노트와 팁

听懂 30초 만에

  • 听懂 (tīng dǒng) means to understand by listening.
  • It is a resultative verb compound: Action (听) + Result (懂).
  • Use '听得懂' for 'can understand' and '听不懂' for 'cannot understand'.
  • Essential for learners to communicate comprehension levels in Chinese.

The Chinese word 听懂 (tīng dǒng) is a quintessential example of a 'Resultative Verb Compound' (RVC). In Chinese grammar, expressing an action is often separate from expressing the result of that action. While the verb 听 (tīng) simply means 'to listen' or 'to hear,' it doesn't inherently guarantee that the listener actually processed or grasped the meaning of what was said. To indicate that the listening was successful in its intent to convey meaning, we attach the resultative complement 懂 (dǒng), which means 'to understand.'

Cognitive Processing
Unlike the English verb 'to hear,' which can be passive, 听懂 implies an active cognitive engagement where the brain decodes sounds into logical concepts. It is the bridge between auditory perception and intellectual comprehension.
The Potential Form
In daily conversation, you will frequently encounter this word in its potential forms: 听得懂 (tīng de dǒng) meaning 'able to understand' and 听不懂 (tīng bù dǒng) meaning 'unable to understand.' These are perhaps the most vital phrases for any student of Chinese.

Imagine you are in a crowded market in Beijing. You hear the vendor shouting prices. You are definitely 听 (listening), but because of the thick accent or the speed of the speech, you might not 听懂 (understand). This distinction is crucial because it allows speakers to pinpoint exactly where the communication breakdown is occurring: is it a physical hearing issue, or a linguistic comprehension issue?

“老师讲的话，你听懂了吗？” (Lǎoshī jiǎng de huà, nǐ tīng dǒng le ma? - Did you understand what the teacher said?)

Furthermore, 听懂 is not limited to literal spoken words. It can apply to the 'subtext' or the 'implied meaning' of a conversation. If someone is being sarcastic or using a metaphor, and you catch the hidden meaning, you have truly 听懂-ed them. It signifies a level of cultural and linguistic fluency that goes beyond mere vocabulary recognition. It encompasses the rhythm, the tone, and the context of the Mandarin language.

“我不仅听到了他的声音，还听懂了他的弦外之音。” (Wǒ bùjǐn tīng dào le tā de shēngyīn, hái tīng dǒng le tā de xiánwàizhīyīn. - I didn't just hear his voice; I also understood his underlying meaning.)

Linguistic Mechanics
Structurally, 听懂 follows the Verb + Result pattern. Other examples include 看见 (kàn jiàn - see/look-perceive) and 做完 (zuò wán - finish/do-finish). Mastering 听懂 is your gateway to understanding how Chinese verbs describe the world as a series of actions and their inevitable results.

Using 听懂 correctly requires an understanding of its three primary grammatical states: the completed action, the potential ability, and the negative result. Because it is a resultative compound, its behavior differs significantly from simple verbs like 'eat' or 'run.'

1. The Completed Action (Affirmative and Negative)

To say you understood something that was just said, you use the particle 了 (le) to indicate completion. To say you didn't understand something that was said in the past, you use 没 (méi) before the verb and remove the 了.

  • 我听懂了。 (I understood [what was said].)
  • 我没听懂。 (I didn't understand [what was said].)

2. The Potential Form (Ability)

This is where beginners often get confused. If you want to say 'I can understand Chinese' (in general) or 'I can't understand this speaker' (due to their speed or accent), you must insert 得 (de) for positive or 不 (bù) for negative between 听 and 懂.

Positive Potential
听得懂 (tīng de dǒng) - I have the capacity to understand. Example: “你听得懂广东话吗？” (Can you understand Cantonese?)
Negative Potential
听不懂 (tīng bù dǒng) - I do not have the capacity to understand. Example: “他说得太快，我听不懂。” (He speaks too fast, I can't understand.)

3. Interrogative Forms

To ask someone if they understand, you have several options, ranging from simple to formal:

  • 听懂了吗？ (Tīng dǒng le ma?) - Did you understand? (Standard)
  • 听不听得懂？ (Tīng bù tīng de dǒng?) - Can you understand or not? (Affirmative-Negative question)
  • 你听懂没？ (Nǐ tīng dǒng méi?) - Did you understand or not? (Informal/Colloquial)

In professional settings, such as a lecture or a business meeting, the speaker might use 听懂 to check for consensus or clarity. It is not just about the words, but about the 'logic' or the 'instructions' being conveyed. For instance, '听懂我的意思了吗？' (Did you understand my meaning/intent?).

“如果你听懂了我的要求，请就开始工作吧。” (Rúguǒ nǐ tīng dǒng le wǒ de yāoqiú, qǐng jiù kāishǐ gōngzuò ba. - If you have understood my requirements, please start working.)

The phrase 听懂 is ubiquitous in Chinese-speaking environments. From the high-pressure classrooms of Shanghai to the bustling street food stalls of Taipei, it serves as the ultimate litmus test for communication.

1. In the Classroom

Teachers use 听懂 constantly to gauge student progress. If a teacher finishes explaining a complex mathematical formula or a grammatical rule, they will almost certainly follow up with '听懂了吗？' Students who are struggling will shyly respond with '听不懂' or '还没听懂' (don't understand yet).

The 'Foreigner' Experience
As a learner, you will hear locals ask each other, '他听得懂中文吗？' (Can he understand Chinese?). This is often said right in front of you! Being able to reply '我听得懂' usually earns immediate respect and a friendly smile.

2. Public Announcements and Travel

In train stations or airports, announcements can be muffled or spoken in a local dialect. Travelers often turn to one another and ask, '你听懂广播说什么了吗？' (Did you understand what the broadcast said?). Here, 听懂 is the difference between catching your train and being stranded.

“车站的广播太吵了，我完全听不懂。” (Chēzhàn de guǎngbō tài chǎo le, wǒ wánquán tīng bù dǒng. - The station broadcast is too noisy; I completely can't understand it.)

3. Movies, Music, and Media

When watching a Chinese film without subtitles, you are putting your 听懂 skills to the ultimate test. Young people often discuss whether they '听懂' the lyrics of a complex rap song or the deep philosophical themes in a dialogue-heavy movie. It implies a level of cultural literacy.

4. Social Nuance and Sarcasm

In Chinese social life, 'face' (面子) is important. Sometimes, people speak indirectly. If a friend tells you a story with a hidden warning, and you acknowledge it, you might say, '我听懂你的意思了' (I understand your meaning/intent). It signals that you are 'in' on the secret or the implication.

“他说这些话是想提醒你，你听懂了吗？” (Tā shuō zhèxiē huà shì xiǎng tíxǐng nǐ, nǐ tīng dǒng le ma? - He said those things to warn you; did you catch that?)

For English speakers, the concept of 'Resultative Verb Compounds' is often the biggest hurdle. In English, 'understand' is a single verb. In Chinese, 听懂 is a two-part construction, and treating it like a single English verb leads to several common errors.

Mistake 1: Using '不' instead of '没' for past failure
Students often say “我不听懂” when they mean 'I didn't understand what you just said.' Because understanding (or failing to) is a completed result in this context, you must use “我没听懂”.
Mistake 2: Forgetting the Potential Marker
To say 'I can't understand,' many say “我不可以听懂”. While understandable, it sounds very unnatural. The correct way is to use the potential form “我听不懂”.

3. Confusion with '听到' (tīng dào)

A very frequent mistake is confusing 听懂 with 听到. 听到 means you physically heard the sound (the sound reached your ears). 听懂 means you understood the meaning. You can 听到 someone speaking Russian, but you might not 听懂 what they are saying.

Incorrect: “我听到老师的话，所以我做了作业。” (I heard the teacher, so I did the homework.) - This implies you just heard noise.
Correct: “我听懂了老师的话，所以我做了作业。” (I understood the teacher, so I did the homework.)

4. Overusing '懂' alone

While 懂 (dǒng) can be used alone to mean 'to understand,' it is often too vague. In a listening context, Chinese speakers almost always prefer the specific compound 听懂. Using just '懂' can sound a bit blunt or abstract, whereas 听懂 specifies exactly how the understanding was achieved.

5. Word Order with Objects

When there is an object, like 'the teacher's words,' it usually comes after the whole compound.
Correct: 我听懂了老师的话。
Incorrect: 我听老师的话懂了。

While 听懂 is the most common way to say 'understand by listening,' Mandarin offers several nuances depending on the depth and context of that understanding.

听懂 (tīng dǒng) vs. 明白 (míng bai)

听懂: Specifically refers to understanding through the ears. It's about decoding speech.

明白: A more general 'to understand' or 'to be clear.' You can '明白' a situation, a fact, or an explanation. It's often used to say 'I see' or 'I get it.'

听懂 (tīng dǒng) vs. 理解 (lǐ jiě)

听懂: Basic comprehension of spoken words.

理解: Deep, empathetic, or intellectual understanding. You '理解' someone's feelings, a complex philosophy, or the reasons behind an action. It's more profound than just 'catching the words.'

听懂 (tīng dǒng) vs. 领会 (lǐng huì)

听懂: Hearing and knowing the meaning.

领会: To grasp the spirit or essence of something, often used in professional or artistic contexts (e.g., '领会领导的意图' - to grasp the leader's intentions).

Comparison Table

WordPrimary SenseBest For...
听懂Auditory decodingDaily talk, lessons, accents
明白Clarity/LogicConfirming instructions
理解Intellectual/EmotionalFeelings, abstract concepts
了解Knowledge/FamiliarityKnowing a person or facts

“我听懂了你的话，但我不能理解你为什么要这么做。” (I understood your words, but I can't understand/comprehend why you'd do that.)

재미있는 사실

In ancient Chinese, the character for 'listen' (聽) was much more complex, including the radicals for 'ear,' 'king,' 'ten,' 'eye,' and 'one heart.' This suggests that true listening requires the attention of a king, the focus of ten eyes, and a single-minded heart.

발음 가이드

UK /tɪŋ dʊŋ/
US /tɪŋ dʊŋ/
The primary stress is slightly more on the second syllable 'dǒng' because it carries the result of the action.
라임이 맞는 단어
精懂 (jīng dǒng) 明懂 (míng dǒng) 清懂 (qīng dǒng) 轻懂 (qīng dǒng) 应懂 (yīng dǒng) 定懂 (dìng dǒng) 并懂 (bìng dǒng) 星懂 (xīng dǒng)
자주 하는 실수
  • Pronouncing 'tīng' with a falling tone (4th tone) instead of a high flat tone (1st tone).
  • Pronouncing 'dǒng' as a short flat sound instead of a full dipping third tone.
  • Merging the two words into one sound without a clear break between the 'ng' and 'd'.
  • Aspirating the 'd' in 'dǒng' too much, making it sound like 'tǒng'.
  • Nasalizing the 'ong' too much like a French 'on' sound.
무료 가입하고 전체 설명 읽기

수준별 예문

1

我听懂了。

I understood.

Simple past result with '了'.

2

你听懂了吗？

Did you understand?

Standard question form.

3

我没听懂。

I didn't understand.

Negative past result with '没'.

4

老师，请再说一遍，我没听懂。

Teacher, please say it again, I didn't understand.

Using '没听懂' to ask for repetition.

5

你听懂我的话了吗？

Did you understand my words?

Object '我的话' follows the verb compound.

6

我听懂一点点。

I understand a little bit.

Adding a quantifier after the verb.

7

他没听懂你的名字。

He didn't understand your name.

Subject-Verb-Object structure.

8

大家都听懂了。

Everyone understood.

Using '大家' (everyone) as a subject.

1

我听不懂他说什么。

I can't understand what he is saying.

Negative potential form '听不懂'.

2

你听得懂中文吗？

Can you understand Chinese?

Positive potential form '听得懂'.

3

他说得太快，我听不懂。

He speaks too fast, I can't understand.

Cause and effect with '太...了'.

4

我听不懂他的口音。

I can't understand his accent.

Object '口音' (accent).

5

这首歌的歌词，你听得懂吗？

Can you understand the lyrics of this song?

Topic-comment structure.

6

我能听懂简单的句子。

I can understand simple sentences.

Using '能' with '听懂' (redundant but common in A2).

7

你听不听得懂广东话？

Can you understand Cantonese or not?

Affirmative-negative potential question.

8

电视上的新闻，我听不懂。

I can't understand the news on TV.

Specifying the source of the audio.

1

如果你没听懂，一定要问我。

If you didn't understand, you must ask me.

Conditional '如果...的话'.

2

我终于听懂了这篇课文的意思。

I finally understood the meaning of this lesson.

Adverb '终于' (finally).

3

你听懂我的意思了吗？

Did you understand my meaning?

Understanding 'intent' (意思).

4

虽然我听懂了每一个字，但我不明白整句话的意思。

Although I understood every word, I don't understand the meaning of the whole sentence.

Contrastive '虽然...但是'.

5

他说话带口音，我只能听懂一半。

He speaks with an accent; I can only understand half.

Using '只能' (can only).

6

你能不能听懂他在暗示什么？

Can you understand what he is hinting at?

Understanding 'hints' (暗示).

7

我没听懂那个笑话的笑点在哪里。

I didn't understand where the punchline of that joke was.

Understanding 'humor' (笑话).

8

这个讲座太专业了，我完全听不懂。

This lecture is too professional; I completely can't understand it.

Adverb '完全' (completely).

1

要听懂他的弦外之音，需要一定的文化背景。

To understand his underlying meaning, a certain cultural background is needed.

Using '弦外之音' (overtones/subtext).

2

即使环境很吵，他也能听懂对方在说什么。

Even if the environment is noisy, he can still understand what the other person is saying.

Conjunction '即使...也'.

3

我基本能听懂他想表达的逻辑。

I can basically understand the logic he wants to express.

Adverb '基本' (basically).

4

如果你听懂了老板的意图，就赶紧去办吧。

If you understood the boss's intention, go and do it quickly.

Object '意图' (intention).

5

听懂方言对于很多外地人来说是一个挑战。

Understanding dialects is a challenge for many outsiders.

Gerund-like use of '听懂' as a subject.

6

他那番话，我听懂了其中的讽刺味。

I understood the sarcasm in those words of his.

Understanding 'sarcasm' (讽刺).

7

通过上下文，我大概听懂了那个生词的意思。

Through the context, I roughly understood the meaning of that new word.

Using '上下文' (context).

8

没有字幕，我很难听懂这部电影的对白。

Without subtitles, it's hard for me to understand the dialogue of this movie.

Negative condition '没有...很难'.

1

他那番话深藏不露，普通人很难听懂他的真实目的。

His words were very subtle; it's hard for ordinary people to understand his true purpose.

Using '深藏不露' (hiding one's light).

2

只有深入了解中国文化，你才能真正听懂这些成语的妙处。

Only by deeply understanding Chinese culture can you truly understand the beauty of these idioms.

Structure '只有...才'.

3

在嘈杂的辩论中，要准确听懂每个人的观点并不容易。

In a noisy debate, it is not easy to accurately understand everyone's viewpoint.

Adverb '准确' (accurately).

4

他说话总是云山雾罩的，让人很难听懂他的核心立场。

He always speaks in a vague and confusing way, making it hard to understand his core position.

Idiom '云山雾罩' (vague/mysterious).

5

听懂一个民族的幽默，是融入该文化的最高境界。

Understanding the humor of a nation is the highest level of integrating into that culture.

Abstract philosophical statement.

6

尽管他极力掩饰，我还是听懂了他言语间的失落感。

Despite his best efforts to hide it, I still understood the sense of loss in his words.

Understanding 'emotions' (失落感).

7

这种古汉语的朗诵，非专业人士很难听懂其韵味。

This kind of Classical Chinese recitation is hard for non-professionals to understand its charm.

Using '非...很难' (non-X is hard to...).

8

你能听懂这段加密语音背后的真实指令吗？

Can you understand the real instructions behind this encrypted voice message?

Understanding 'encrypted' (加密) messages.

1

他那套官话套话，我早就听懂了，无非是想推卸责任。

I understood his bureaucratic clichés long ago; it's nothing more than trying to shirk responsibility.

Using '官话套话' (official jargon).

2

听懂这种极具地方色彩的隐语，需要长期的田野调查。

Understanding this highly localized argot requires long-term field research.

Using '隐语' (argot/slang).

3

即便是在极度扭曲的音频中，他也能凭经验听懂关键信息。

Even in extremely distorted audio, he can understand key information based on experience.

Condition '即便...也'.

4

能否听懂这首交响乐中蕴含的哲学思辨，因人而异。

Whether one can understand the philosophical speculation contained in this symphony varies from person to person.

Using '因人而异' (varies by person).

5

他试图用繁复的修辞来误导听众，但还是被我听懂了破绽。

He tried to mislead the audience with complex rhetoric, but I still heard the flaws in his argument.

Understanding 'flaws' (破绽).

6

听懂那些被历史尘封的方言录音，是保护文化遗产的重要一步。

Understanding those dialect recordings sealed by history is an important step in protecting cultural heritage.

Using '尘封' (covered in dust/forgotten).

7

这种高度凝练的诗化语言，非得心领神会才能听懂其精髓。

This highly condensed poetic language can only be understood in its essence through spiritual comprehension.

Using '心领神会' (to understand intuitively).

8

在外交场合，听懂对方的“不予置评”往往比听懂“赞成”更重要。

In diplomatic settings, understanding the other party's 'no comment' is often more important than understanding 'agreement.'

Comparing different types of understanding.

자주 쓰는 조합

听懂内容
听懂意思
完全听懂
很难听懂
听懂要求
听懂暗示
听懂方言
听懂指令
居然听懂了
听懂细节

자주 쓰는 구문

听懂了吗？

— Did you understand? (The most common way to check comprehension.)

老师问：“听懂了吗？”

我听懂了。

— I understood. (A standard confirmation.)

好的，我听懂了。

我听不懂。

— I can't understand. (Used for language barriers or fast speech.)

对不起，我听不懂中文。

还没听懂。

— Haven't understood yet. (Implies you are trying.)

这个语法我还没听懂。

完全听不懂。

— Completely can't understand. (Stronger negation.)

他说的话我完全听不懂。

听得懂一点点。

— Can understand a little bit. (Modest response for learners.)

我只能听得懂一点点。

你听得懂吗？

— Can you understand? (Asking about ability.)

这个电影没字幕，你听得懂吗？

谁能听懂？

— Who can understand? (Expressing frustration at unclear speech.)

他说得那么乱，谁能听懂？

听懂并执行。

— Understand and execute. (Common in military or business.)

我们要听懂指令并执行。

装作听懂了。

— Pretend to have understood. (Socially saving face.)

他其实没懂，只是装作听懂了。

관용어 및 표현

"似懂非懂"

— To seem to understand but not really understand. Half-comprehension.

听完老师的解释，他还是似懂非懂的。

Literary/Common
"弦外之音"

— The sound outside the strings; the implied meaning or subtext.

你要听懂他的弦外之音。

Literary
"言外之意"

— Meaning beyond the words; implication.

你听懂他的言外之意了吗？

Formal
"心领神会"

— To understand intuitively without words being spoken.

他们两人配合默契，心领神会。

Literary
"对牛弹琴"

— To play the lute to a cow; to talk to someone who cannot understand you.

跟他讲道理简直是对牛弹琴，他根本听不懂。

Idiomatic
"闻一知十"

— To hear one thing and know ten; to be very quick at understanding.

这个孩子很聪明，闻一知十。

Literary
"大惑不解"

— To be completely puzzled and unable to understand.

对于他的决定，大家都感到大惑不解。

Formal
"一窍不通"

— Not one hole is open; to know absolutely nothing about a subject.

我对电脑维修一窍不通。

Idiomatic
"不明所以"

— Not knowing why; not understanding the reason behind something.

看他突然大笑，大家都不明所以。

Literary
"了如指掌"

— To know something as well as one knows their own palm; to understand perfectly.

他对这里的地形了如指掌。

Idiomatic

어휘 가족

명사

听力 (tīnglì) - listening ability
听众 (tīngzhòng) - audience

동사

听 (tīng) - to listen
懂 (dǒng) - to understand
听到 (tīngdào) - to hear
听说 (tīngshuō) - to hear of
听从 (tīngcóng) - to obey

형용사

懂事 (dǒngshì) - sensible/mature
好听 (hǎotīng) - pleasant to hear

관련

理解 (lǐjiě)
明白 (míngbai)
清楚 (qīngchu)
领会 (lǐnghuì)
听取 (tīngqǔ)
무료 가입하고 모든 예문 보기

암기하기

기억법

Think of 'Ting' as the sound of a bell ringing in your ear, and 'Dong' as the 'Ding-Dong' moment in your brain when the lightbulb goes on. Ting (Listen) + Dong (Understand)!

시각적 연상

Visualize an ear (听) connected by a wire to a glowing lightbulb (懂) inside a brain.

Word Web

听力 (listening) 老师 (teacher) 中文 (Chinese) 意思 (meaning) 明白 (understand) 耳朵 (ear) 声音 (sound) 口音 (accent)

어원

The word is a compound of two ancient Chinese characters. '听' (tīng) originally depicted an ear and a person standing, representing the act of listening. '懂' (dǒng) is a later character, combining the 'heart' radical (忄) with 'heavy/profound' (重), suggesting a deep, heartfelt understanding.

원래 의미: The original meaning of the compound is literally 'to listen until understanding is reached.'

Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic branch.
무료 가입하고 팁과 노트 보기

관련 콘텐츠

이 단어를 다른 언어로

わかる जापानी
도움이 되었나요?

댓글 (0)

로그인하여 댓글 달기
아직 댓글이 없습니다. 첫 번째로 생각을 공유하세요!