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학습 통계
CEFR 레벨
난이도
자막 (611 세그먼트)
♪
"I think, therefore, I am."
But am I?
I think. Ha.
A single microscopic brain cell cannot think,
is not conscious,
but if you bring in a few more brain cells,
and a few more, and connect them all,
at a certain point, the group itself will
be able to think
and experience emotions
and have opinions and a personality
and know that it exists.
How can such astonishing things
be made from such simple ingredients?
Well, answering that question means learning not only who we are,
but, more importantly, how we are.
Today, using what neuroscientists know so far,
I am going to make my hometown
function like a brain!
( all cheering, applauding )
♪
A single brain cell is tiny,
both in size and abilities.
But when enough are together, they can do amazing things
like be aware of themselves.
When the collective power of a group working together
is greater than the sum of their individual parts,
that is called "emergence."
In a similar fashion, we as individuals
are connected to the people around us.
Those connections form communities that, when functioning properly,
can work together to accomplish amazing feats.
A great example is "wisdom of the crowds."
Even if not a single person in a crowd
knows the right answer to a question,
collectively, they could all somehow know the right answer.
In 1987, economist Jack Treynor
conducted the "Bean Jar" experiment.
He asked 56 students to guess the number of jellybeans in a jar.
Now, as you can probably guess,
not a single one of them guessed the right answer.
But amazingly, when he took the average of their guesses,
what he got was a number within just 3% of the real answer.
Now, some people guessed way too high,
but others guessed way too low,
so all together, their errors balanced out,
and from a whole bunch of wrong guesses,
the true answer emerged.
What else can a crowd do?
If I got a bunch of humans together
and had each one of them act like a brain cell,
turning on or off in response to the actions of other people,
could I make a neural network
like the one in our brain?
And if I had enough people,
could intelligence, emotions,
a mind, emerge?
If I recruited every single person
in the country of China
and arranged them like neurons,
would the result not only be a simple brain,
but something that can think and feel
and be aware of its own existence?
Well, this is the China Brain thought experiment,
first proposed by Lawrence Davis and, later, Ned Block.
It's never been done before and, well, unfortunately,
I don't have access to everyone in China.
I made some calls, and like a lot of them are busy.
But the first step is to see what a crowd in real life
could even do.
This hasn't been done successfully before,
but I want to blow a neural network
up to the scale of a crowd.
And what better crowd to use than one made of the people
whose emergent properties made me who I am today?
That's right, I am going home to Stilwell, Kansas.
♪
♪
( birds chirping )
Michael: For help designing the brain
we would make out of people,
I recruited Chris Eliasmith,
director of the Center for Theoretical Neuroscience
at the University of Waterloo.
So Chris, we're headed south,
going down to the heart of Stilwell,
- where I grew up. - Nice.
We're going to do something a little bit weird. Um.
I want to create a brain.
- Right. - OK? But with a crowd of people.
It sounds like a challenge, for sure.
I looked into it,
and I found that the roundworm has a brain
that's made up of only 300-some-odd neurons.
- That's right. - We can get 300 people,
and where better to get these people to make a brain
than my hometown of Stilwell?
This was the community that, in many ways, made me who I am.
Michael: This is all downtown Stilwell.
Some of my earliest memories are from here.
This used to be, and maybe still is, a feed store,
and they would have sno-cones during the summer.
It was the most awesome, delicious thing ever.
But as you can see,
a lot of corn is grown in Kansas,
but around here, the main thing that I saw being grown
- was just sod. - Oh, really?
Yeah, There's a famous sod farm around here
whose slogan was "High on grass."
- ( Chris laughs ) - It was pretty...pretty edgy for the time.
OK, so back to the brain that we're gonna make.
You know, building brains is in my job description.
I wrote a book called How to Build a Brain.
Michael: Chris is known for is neural network,
the Semantic Pointer Architecture Unified Network,
or SPAUN, which is one of the world's most complex
computer simulations of the brain.
It uses 6.6 million simulated neurons
to perform functions like counting, reasoning,
and image recognition.
SPAUN is cutting-edge,
but neural networks are nothing new.
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