Concessive Clauses: Although/Even though (obwohl)
obwohl to express 'although' by kicking the verb to the end of the subordinate clause.
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'obwohl' to introduce a contrast, and remember that the verb must jump to the very end of the clause.
- Obwohl is a subordinating conjunction: 'Obwohl ich müde bin, arbeite ich.'
- The verb in the 'obwohl' clause always moves to the final position.
- The main clause following an 'obwohl' clause starts with the verb (V2 rule).
Overview
German, like any language, equips its speakers with tools to articulate complex thoughts, including those involving contradiction or unexpected circumstances. The subordinating conjunction obwohl serves precisely this function, allowing you to express a concession – an acknowledgment of a fact that might logically impede an action or state, yet does not. While simpler conjunctions like aber (but) can introduce contrast, obwohl elevates your expression by creating a clear relationship between a primary statement and a secondary, seemingly contradictory one.
Mastering obwohl is a hallmark of B2-level German, enabling more nuanced communication and reflecting a deeper grasp of sentence structure. It signifies the transition from merely connecting ideas to precisely defining their logical tension.
At its core, obwohl translates to "although" or "even though" in English. It introduces a subordinate clause, which means it governs its own verb placement, consistently sending the conjugated verb to the very end of its clause. This distinct word order is crucial and differentiates obwohl from coordinating conjunctions or adverbs.
Understanding this verb-final rule is foundational for correctly constructing sentences that use concessive clauses, providing a reliable framework for expressing intricate relationships between events or facts. Integrating obwohl into your active vocabulary enhances both your spoken and written German, enabling you to articulate complex arguments, politely disagree, or simply comment on the ironies of everyday life with greater precision.
How This Grammar Works
obwohl function by establishing a logical tension between two statements. One statement, the main clause, presents a fact or action, while the obwohl-clause introduces a circumstance that would typically make the main clause's content surprising, difficult, or illogical. Despite this opposing circumstance, the main clause's action or state still occurs or is true.aber.weil (because) or da (since). For instance, Ich trage die Jacke, weil es kalt ist. (I am wearing the jacket because it is cold.) Here, the action (wearing a jacket) is a direct, logical response to the condition (cold weather).obwohl signifies an unexpected outcome. Ich trage das T-Shirt, obwohl es kalt ist. (I am wearing the T-shirt even though it is cold.) The condition (es ist kalt) would logically suggest wearing something warmer, yet the action (Ich trage das T-Shirt) occurs regardless, highlighting a deliberate choice or an unusual circumstance.obwohl is a subordinating conjunction. This grammatical category dictates that the clause it introduces (the subordinate clause) will have its conjugated verb positioned at the absolute end. This verb-final structure is a consistent feature of all subordinate clauses in German, distinguishing them from main clauses where the conjugated verb typically occupies the second position (V2).obwohl-clause acts as a dependent part of the sentence; it cannot stand alone as a complete thought. Its meaning is fully realized only in conjunction with a main clause.obwohl is the most common and versatile option for expressing concession, you might encounter obgleich or obschon, particularly in older texts, formal academic writing, or literary contexts. Both are synonymous with obwohl but carry a more elevated or somewhat archaic tone. For practical, everyday German at the B2 level and beyond, obwohl remains the standard choice.obwohl, including the verb-final word order in the subordinate clause. Understanding the core function of obwohl—to express an unfulfilled expectation or a surprising persistence despite a counteracting factor—is key to deploying it effectively.Formation Pattern
obwohl-clause sentence involves two primary structures, both adhering to the fundamental rule of verb placement in subordinate clauses. The core principle is that obwohl introduces a dependent clause where the conjugated verb is moved to the final position. This rule applies regardless of whether the obwohl-clause precedes or follows the main clause.
obwohl-Clause:
obwohl-clause. In the obwohl-clause, the subject comes after obwohl, and the conjugated verb is placed at the very end.
[Main Clause (V2)], obwohl [Subject] [Other Elements] [Conjugated Verb (End)].
Wir sind wandern gegangen, obwohl es stark geregnet hat.
Wir sind wandern gegangen – Main clause, sind is V2. , – Comma. obwohl es stark geregnet hat – obwohl-clause, es is subject, hat is conjugated verb at the end.)
Sie hat die Prüfung bestanden, obwohl sie kaum gelernt hatte.
Sie hat die Prüfung bestanden – Main clause, hat is V2. , – Comma. obwohl sie kaum gelernt hatte – obwohl-clause, sie is subject, hatte is conjugated verb at the end.)
obwohl-Clause + Main Clause:
obwohl-clause begins the sentence, it occupies the first position structurally. Following the obwohl-clause and a comma, the main clause MUST begin with its conjugated verb. This is a critical word order rule in German, often referred to as the "verb-first after a subordinate clause" rule. The subject of the main clause then immediately follows its verb.
Obwohl [Subject] [Other Elements] [Conjugated Verb (End)], [Conjugated Verb (Main Clause V1)] [Subject] [Other Elements].
Obwohl es stark geregnet hat, sind wir wandern gegangen.
Obwohl es stark geregnet hat – obwohl-clause, hat at the end. , – Comma. sind wir wandern gegangen – sind is the main clause verb, immediately followed by its subject wir.)
Obwohl sie kaum gelernt hatte, hat sie die Prüfung bestanden.
Obwohl sie kaum gelernt hatte – obwohl-clause, hatte at the end. , – Comma. hat sie die Prüfung bestanden – hat is the main clause verb, immediately followed by its subject sie.)
obwohl-clause contains a compound tense (like Perfekt or Plusquamperfekt) or a modal verb (like können, müssen, wollen) with an infinitive, the conjugated auxiliary verb or modal verb still goes to the very end of the subordinate clause. The infinitive or past participle precedes it.
obwohl-clause | Explanation |
...obwohl ich müde bin. | Conjugated verb bin at the end. |
...obwohl er die Aufgabe erledigt hat. | Auxiliary hat (conjugated) at the end, participle erledigt before it. |
...obwohl sie das Buch schon gelesen hatte. | Auxiliary hatte (conjugated) at the end, participle gelesen before it. |
...obwohl ich nicht kommen kann. | Modal kann (conjugated) at the end, infinitive kommen before it. |
...obwohl ich es nicht hätte machen sollen. | The hätte (conjugated auxiliary) goes to the end, preceded by machen (infinitive) and sollen (infinitive of modal). This is the double infinitive construction. |
When To Use It
obwohl effectively allows you to articulate complexities and subtle relationships that are essential for B2-level communication. It goes beyond simple contrast, enabling you to highlight situations where an expected outcome is defied or a condition is acknowledged but overridden. You will primarily use obwohl to express:- Unexpected Outcomes or Contradictory Situations: This is the core function. You acknowledge a circumstance (in the
obwohl-clause) that would logically lead to one result, but the main clause reveals a different, often surprising, outcome. For example,Ich habe das Konzert genossen, obwohl der Sänger heiser war.(I enjoyed the concert, even though the singer was hoarse.) The hoarseness would suggest a less enjoyable experience, yet the enjoyment prevailed.
- Justifications or Explanations for Seemingly Illogical Actions: When you've done something that might appear irrational to others,
obwohlhelps you frame the context.Er hat das alte Auto behalten, obwohl er sich ein neues leisten könnte.(He kept the old car, even though he could afford a new one.) This implies a personal reason or preference overriding financial capability.
- Acknowledging Difficulties Without Being Deterred: In professional or personal contexts,
obwohlcan convey resilience or determination.Wir haben das Projekt pünktlich abgeschlossen, obwohl wir viele technische Probleme hatten.(We finished the project on time, even though we had many technical problems.) This highlights success despite obstacles.
- Adding Nuance to Opinions or Statements: Rather than a stark contrast with
aber,obwohloften prefaces a mitigating factor.Ich mag den Film, obwohl die Handlung etwas vorhersehbar ist.(I like the film, although the plot is somewhat predictable.) It allows for a more balanced perspective.
- Formal and Informal Communication:
obwohlis versatile. It's appropriate in a university essay (Obwohl die Forschungsergebnisse vielversprechend sind, sind weitere Studien erforderlich.), a work email (Wir können den Liefertermin halten, obwohl die Produktion Verzögerungen hatte.), and casual conversation (Ich bin müde, obwohl ich genug geschlafen habe.). This broad applicability makes it an indispensable tool for B2 learners.
- Cultural Insight: German discourse often values precision and thoroughness. Using
obwohlallows speakers to present a complete picture, acknowledging all factors—even contradictory ones—rather than simplifying a situation. This reflects a tendency to consider multiple dimensions of an argument or situation, adding depth to communication that is often appreciated in academic or professional settings. It allows for a more comprehensive statement than a simpleaberwould provide, showcasing an ability to grapple with complex realities.
Common Mistakes
obwohl. Awareness of these typical error patterns, and understanding their underlying grammatical reasons, is crucial for achieving accuracy.obwohl-Clause:obwohl is a subordinating conjunction, which demands the conjugated verb at the very end of its clause. Placing the verb in the second position (V2) as in a main clause is incorrect.- Incorrect:
✗ Ich bin gegangen, obwohl ich bin müde. - Correct:
✓ Ich bin gegangen, obwohl ich müde bin. - Reason:
obwohlintroduces a subordinate clause, which always sends its conjugated verb to the final position. The main clauseIch bin gegangencorrectly hasbinin V2, but theobwohl-clause must adhere to the verb-final rule.
- Incorrect:
✗ Obwohl es regnet ich gehe spazieren. - Correct:
✓ Obwohl es regnet, gehe ich spazieren. - Reason: The comma clearly demarcates the boundary between the
obwohl-clause and the main clause, which is a fundamental rule for subordinate clauses in German.
obwohl with trotzdem:obwohl is a subordinating conjunction (connects clauses, verb-final), whereas trotzdem (nevertheless, despite that) is a conjunctive adverb. trotzdem affects the main clause's word order by taking the first position, pushing the verb to V2, but it does not make the clause it introduces subordinate.obwohl (subordinating conjunction) | trotzdem (conjunctive adverb) |trotzdem if it starts the clause) |Ich gehe raus, obwohl es regnet. | Es regnet. Trotzdem gehe ich raus. (Trotzdem is V1, gehe is V2) |- Incorrect:
✗ Es regnet, obwohl gehe ich raus. - Correct:
✓ Es regnet. Trotzdem gehe ich raus.OR✓ Ich gehe raus, obwohl es regnet. - Reason:
obwohlrequires a subordinate clause structure. If you want to usetrotzdem, it usually implies a break or starts a new thought, placing the verb of its clause in V2.
obwohl with trotz:trotz (despite) is a preposition that requires a noun or pronoun in the Genitive case (or Dative in spoken German if the Genitive is not clear/easy). It does not introduce a clause.- Incorrect:
✗ Ich gehe raus, trotz es regnet.(Usingtrotzwith a clause) - Correct:
✓ Ich gehe raus, trotz des Regens.(Usingtrotzwith a Genitive noun) - Correct:
✓ Ich gehe raus, obwohl es regnet.(Usingobwohlwith a clause) - Reason:
trotzis a preposition governing a noun phrase;obwohlis a conjunction governing a full clause.
obwohl-Clause:obwohl-clause starts the sentence, the main clause must begin with its conjugated verb (V1), followed by its subject. Forgetting this inversion leads to an incorrect structure.- Incorrect:
✗ Obwohl es regnet, ich gehe spazieren. - Correct:
✓ Obwohl es regnet, gehe ich spazieren. - Reason: The entire
obwohl-clause acts as the first element (position 1) of the main clause. Therefore, the main clause's conjugated verb must occupy position 2, leading to the V1-subject inversion.
Real Conversations
Understanding how obwohl functions in theory is one thing; observing its application in natural dialogue provides invaluable insight into its practical utility. These scenarios reflect its use across various communicative contexts.
Scenario 1
- Lisa: Ich habe mir schon wieder ein neues Buch gekauft.
- Max: Echt? Du hast doch noch so viele ungelesene Bücher zu Hause!
- Lisa: Ja, ich weiß, aber ich konnte nicht widerstehen, obwohl ich eigentlich sparen wollte.
(Lisa acknowledges her intention to save, but the book purchase happened anyway, creating a mild contradiction.)
Scenario 2
Subject
Hallo Herr Schmidt,
ich wollte Sie nur informieren, dass wir leider den Termin nicht einhalten können, obwohl unser Team sehr hart gearbeitet hat und Überstunden gemacht wurden. Unerwartete technische Schwierigkeiten haben die Entwicklung erheblich verlangsamt.
Mit freundlichen Grüßen,
Anna Meyer*
(Anna highlights the team's effort, which would normally ensure timely delivery, but concedes that unforeseen problems led to the delay.)
Scenario 3
Post
Caption
Genieße den Morgenkaffee am Strand, obwohl es eigentlich schon fast zu warm dafür ist!*(The speaker enjoys hot coffee despite the warm weather making it less logical, emphasizing a personal preference or a moment of indulgence.)
Scenario 4
- Julia: Gehst du heute Abend zum Sport?
- Tom: Ich bin mir nicht sicher. Ich fühle mich ein bisschen schlapp, obwohl ich gut geschlafen habe.
- Julia: Das ist komisch. Vielleicht brauchst du einfach eine Pause.
(Tom's feeling of sluggishness contradicts having slept well, prompting Julia's suggestion.)
These examples illustrate that obwohl is not limited to highly formal discourse; it's a flexible tool for navigating the nuances of everyday German, from personal reflections to professional communications. Its presence makes your statements more precise and your language richer.
Quick FAQ
obwohl, addressing common uncertainties learners face:obwohl at the beginning of a sentence?obwohl-clause starts the sentence, it functions as the first element of the main clause. Consequently, the main clause's conjugated verb must immediately follow the comma (V2 position, but effectively V1 relative to the subject).Obwohl es schon spät ist, arbeite ich noch weiter. (ist is the verb in the obwohl-clause, arbeite is the verb in the main clause, followed by the subject ich).obwohl considered formal or informal?obwohl is generally neutral to slightly formal. It is perfectly acceptable and common in all registers, from casual conversation and social media posts to professional emails and academic writing. It sounds more refined and grammatically complete than a simple aber when expressing concession, making it a valuable tool for B2 learners aiming for sophisticated expression.obwohl and obgleich?obwohl and obgleich are identical; they both mean "although" or "even though." The primary difference lies in their register and frequency of use. obgleich is considerably more formal and literary than obwohl. While you will understand obgleich when you encounter it in die Literatur or very formal texts, obwohl is the standard and preferred choice in contemporary spoken and written German.obgleich in everyday conversation or most professional contexts unless you specifically aim for an elevated or old-fashioned tone.obwohl require the Konjunktiv (subjunctive mood)?obwohl clauses almost always use the Indicative mood (the "normal" verb forms). This is because obwohl introduces a fact or circumstance that is genuinely true and actually happening, even though it's contradictory.obwohl clauses. For instance, Obwohl er reich ist, lebt er sehr bescheiden. (ist is indicative), not *Obwohl er reich sei, lebt er sehr bescheiden.obwohl differ from ob?ob translates to "whether" or "if" and introduces indirect questions or expresses doubt/uncertainty. For example: Ich weiß nicht, ob er kommt. (I don't know whether he is coming.) In contrast, obwohl means "although/even though" and introduces a concession.obwohl introduce a rhetorical question?obwohl introduces a statement of fact or a circumstance. Rhetorical questions in German are typically structured as direct questions or with conjunctions like ob if implying uncertainty, but obwohl is not used for this purpose. Its role is to present a known, albeit contradictory, reality.Structure of Concessive Clauses
| Conjunction | Subject | Middle | Verb (End) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Obwohl
|
ich
|
müde
|
bin
|
|
Obwohl
|
er
|
viel lernt
|
hat
|
|
Obwohl
|
wir
|
kein Geld
|
haben
|
|
Obwohl
|
sie
|
spät
|
kommt
|
Meanings
These conjunctions introduce a clause that expresses a fact which makes the main clause surprising or unexpected.
Direct Contrast
Expressing a contradiction between two facts.
“Obwohl er krank ist, geht er zur Arbeit.”
“Sie ist glücklich, obwohl sie wenig Geld hat.”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Affirmative
|
Obwohl + S + V(end), V + S + ...
|
Obwohl es regnet, gehe ich raus.
|
|
Negative
|
Obwohl + S + nicht + V(end)
|
Obwohl ich nicht schlafe, bin ich fit.
|
|
Question
|
Obwohl + S + V(end), V + S + ...?
|
Obwohl er müde ist, kommt er mit?
|
|
Inversion
|
Main clause first
|
Ich gehe raus, obwohl es regnet.
|
Formality Spectrum
Obwohl er erkrankt ist, geht er seiner Arbeit nach. (Workplace)
Obwohl er krank ist, arbeitet er. (Workplace)
Obwohl er krank ist, macht er weiter. (Workplace)
Obwohl er krank ist, zieht er durch. (Workplace)
Concessive Logic
Usage
- Contrast Contradiction
- Surprise Unexpected result
Obwohl vs Trotzdem
Examples by Level
Obwohl es regnet, spiele ich.
Although it is raining, I am playing.
Obwohl ich klein bin, laufe ich schnell.
Although I am small, I run fast.
Obwohl es spät ist, lerne ich.
Although it is late, I am studying.
Obwohl ich Hunger habe, esse ich nicht.
Although I am hungry, I am not eating.
Obwohl er krank ist, geht er zur Arbeit.
Although he is sick, he goes to work.
Sie ist glücklich, obwohl sie wenig Geld hat.
She is happy, although she has little money.
Obwohl das Wetter schlecht ist, gehen wir raus.
Although the weather is bad, we go out.
Ich mag ihn, obwohl er manchmal unhöflich ist.
I like him, although he is sometimes rude.
Obwohl ich den ganzen Tag gearbeitet habe, bin ich nicht müde.
Although I worked all day, I am not tired.
Er hat die Prüfung bestanden, obwohl er kaum gelernt hat.
He passed the exam, although he barely studied.
Obwohl wir uns gestritten haben, sind wir noch Freunde.
Although we argued, we are still friends.
Das Auto ist teuer, obwohl es alt ist.
The car is expensive, although it is old.
Obwohl die Verhandlungen schwierig waren, konnten wir eine Einigung erzielen.
Although the negotiations were difficult, we were able to reach an agreement.
Obwohl er über qualifizierte Mitarbeiter verfügt, scheitert das Projekt.
Although he has qualified employees, the project is failing.
Sie hat den Job angenommen, obwohl das Gehalt niedrig ist.
She accepted the job, although the salary is low.
Obwohl die Beweise eindeutig sind, leugnet er die Tat.
Although the evidence is clear, he denies the act.
Obwohl man von einer wirtschaftlichen Erholung ausgehen konnte, blieb die Arbeitslosigkeit hoch.
Although one could assume an economic recovery, unemployment remained high.
Obwohl die architektonischen Pläne ambitioniert waren, wurden sie nie umgesetzt.
Although the architectural plans were ambitious, they were never implemented.
Obwohl die wissenschaftliche Debatte kontrovers ist, gibt es einen Konsens.
Although the scientific debate is controversial, there is a consensus.
Obwohl sie ihre Meinung änderte, blieb sie bei ihrem ursprünglichen Plan.
Although she changed her opinion, she stuck to her original plan.
Obwohl das Werk in einer Zeit des Umbruchs entstand, wirkt es zeitlos.
Although the work was created in a time of upheaval, it seems timeless.
Obwohl die linguistische Analyse komplex ist, lässt sie sich vereinfacht darstellen.
Although the linguistic analysis is complex, it can be simplified.
Obwohl die historischen Quellen spärlich sind, lässt sich ein Bild rekonstruieren.
Although the historical sources are sparse, a picture can be reconstructed.
Obwohl die soziologischen Faktoren variieren, bleibt das Phänomen universell.
Although the sociological factors vary, the phenomenon remains universal.
Easily Confused
Learners use 'trotzdem' as a conjunction.
Learners think it's different from 'obwohl'.
Learners confuse contrast with time.
Common Mistakes
Obwohl ich bin müde.
Obwohl ich müde bin.
Obwohl ich müde bin, ich gehe schlafen.
Obwohl ich müde bin, gehe ich schlafen.
Ich bin müde, obwohl ich habe geschlafen.
Ich bin müde, obwohl ich geschlafen habe.
Obwohl das Wetter war schlecht, wir gingen.
Obwohl das Wetter schlecht war, gingen wir.
Sentence Patterns
Obwohl ___ ___, ___ ___ ___.
___ ___, obwohl ___ ___ ___.
Obwohl ___ ___ ___, ___ ___ ___ ___.
___ ___ ___, obwohl ___ ___ ___ ___ ___.
Real World Usage
Obwohl wir die Frist verpasst haben, ist der Kunde zufrieden.
Obwohl es regnet, treffen wir uns!
Obwohl ich müde bin, gehe ich zum Sport.
Obwohl ich wenig Erfahrung habe, bin ich sehr motiviert.
Obwohl das Hotel teuer war, war es das wert.
Obwohl das Essen kalt war, hat es gut geschmeckt.
Verb-Final Rule
Don't use 'trotzdem' as a conjunction
V2 Rule
Register
Smart Tips
Always put a comma after the 'obwohl' clause.
Pause slightly after the 'obwohl' clause.
The modal verb goes to the very end.
The prefix stays attached to the verb at the end.
Pronunciation
Obwohl
Pronounced 'ob-VOHL'. Stress the second syllable.
Rising-Falling
Obwohl es regnet (rise), gehe ich raus (fall).
Indicates a contrastive relationship.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Obwohl: 'Ob' (if) + 'wohl' (well). Even if it goes well, the verb must go to the end!
Visual Association
Imagine a magnet at the end of the sentence pulling the verb away from the subject.
Rhyme
Obwohl am Anfang, das Verb am Ende, so ist die Regel, das ist das Wende.
Story
Hans wanted to go to the park. Although it was raining, he went. He forgot his umbrella, but he didn't care. Although he got wet, he was happy.
Word Web
Challenge
Write 5 sentences using 'obwohl' about your day today.
Cultural Notes
Germans value logical structure; using 'obwohl' shows you can connect complex ideas.
Similar usage, but often slightly more formal in written correspondence.
In spoken Swiss German, 'obwohl' is understood, but 'obwohl' is often replaced by 'obwohl' or 'trotzdem' in dialect.
Derived from 'ob' (if) and 'wohl' (well).
Conversation Starters
Obwohl es heute kalt ist, gehst du raus?
Obwohl du viel zu tun hast, hast du Zeit für ein Treffen?
Obwohl das Projekt stressig ist, macht es dir Spaß?
Obwohl man oft hört, dass Deutsch schwer ist, wie findest du es?
Journal Prompts
Common Mistakes
Test Yourself
Obwohl ich müde ___, arbeite ich.
Which sentence is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
Obwohl er hat viel Geld, ist er geizig.
Er ist krank. Er arbeitet trotzdem. (Use 'obwohl')
The verb in an 'obwohl' clause must be at the end.
A: Gehst du zum Konzert? B: Ja, ___.
ich / obwohl / bin / müde / arbeite / ich
Sort: er / obwohl / arbeitet / krank / ist
Score: /8
Practice Exercises
8 exercisesObwohl ich müde ___, arbeite ich.
Which sentence is correct?
Find and fix the mistake:
Obwohl er hat viel Geld, ist er geizig.
Er ist krank. Er arbeitet trotzdem. (Use 'obwohl')
The verb in an 'obwohl' clause must be at the end.
A: Gehst du zum Konzert? B: Ja, ___.
ich / obwohl / bin / müde / arbeite / ich
Sort: er / obwohl / arbeitet / krank / ist
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesobwohl / ich / müde / bin / ich / lerne
I am eating the cake, even though I am not hungry.
Match the halves:
Es ist spät. ___, ich arbeite weiter.
Sie kommt zur Party, obwohl sie viel ___ (arbeiten) muss.
Obwohl ich reich bin bin ich unglücklich.
Translate the sentence:
___ ich viel gelernt habe, war die Prüfung schwer.
gehe / ich / ins Bett / obwohl / nicht / bin / ich / müde
Hey, kommst du? ___, es regnet.
Score: /10
FAQ (8)
No, 'obwohl' must start the subordinate clause.
It is neutral and used in all contexts.
They mean the same, but 'obgleich' is more formal.
No, use 'trotz' for nouns.
No, it just changes the position.
Yes, but the main clause remains a statement or question.
Because 'obwohl' is a subordinating conjunction.
Yes, they are direct equivalents.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
Aunque
German does not change the mood of the verb in 'obwohl' clauses.
Bien que
German uses the indicative mood with 'obwohl'.
Although
German forces the verb to the end of the clause.
~noni
Japanese is SOV, so the verb is naturally at the end.
رغم أن
Arabic structure is very different regarding word order.
虽然...但是
German uses a single conjunction 'obwohl'.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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