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B2 adjective #600 most common 18 min read

broken

Top 600

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips broken in 30 Seconds

Explanation broken in your Level:

At the A1 level, 'broken' is a very simple and useful word. It is used to describe physical objects that do not work or are in pieces. For example, if you drop a glass and it breaks, the glass is 'broken.' If your toy does not move when you press the button, the toy is 'broken.' At this level, students learn 'broken' as the opposite of 'working' or 'new.' It is usually used in short, simple sentences like 'My pen is broken' or 'The window is broken.' It is one of the first adjectives students learn to describe the condition of things around them. Teachers often use pictures of cracked screens or shattered plates to help A1 students understand this word. It is important to know that 'broken' is the word we use for the result, while 'break' is the action. Even at this early stage, 'broken' helps learners communicate basic problems in their daily lives, such as when they need help fixing something or when they cannot use an object because it is damaged.

At the A2 level, learners begin to use 'broken' in more varied contexts. While still primarily focusing on physical objects, A2 students might start to hear the word used for simple body parts, like a 'broken arm' or 'broken leg.' They also learn that 'broken' can apply to machines and electronics that look okay but don't function, like a 'broken computer' or a 'broken clock.' At this level, students should be able to distinguish between 'broken' (for things like glass or machines) and 'torn' (for things like paper or clothes). They also start to encounter 'broken' in the past participle form within present perfect sentences, such as 'I have broken my glasses.' The word becomes a key part of their vocabulary for describing accidents and explaining why they cannot do certain activities. A2 learners also begin to understand that 'broken' can be used for simple abstract things, like a 'broken promise,' although the physical meaning remains the most common and important one for them to master.

At the B1 level, the use of 'broken' expands into more abstract and idiomatic territory. Students are expected to understand and use phrases like 'broken heart' to describe emotional sadness or 'broken English' to describe non-fluent speech. They also start to see 'broken' used in compound adjectives like 'heartbroken' or 'broken-down.' B1 learners should be comfortable using 'broken' to describe systems or situations that are failing, such as a 'broken relationship' or a 'broken home.' They also learn to use adverbs to modify 'broken,' such as 'completely broken' or 'badly broken,' to add more detail to their descriptions. At this level, students begin to notice the difference between 'broken' and 'out of order,' using the latter for public machines like vending machines or elevators. The word 'broken' starts to appear in more complex sentence structures, including passive voice and relative clauses, such as 'The chair, which was broken, had to be thrown away.' B1 learners are moving beyond simple physical damage to understanding the broader implications of failure and fragmentation.

At the B2 level, 'broken' is used with a high degree of nuance and precision. Students understand its application in professional, technical, and academic contexts. For example, they can discuss 'broken links' in web development, 'broken data' in statistics, or 'broken systems' in sociology. B2 learners are aware of the 'Broken Windows Theory' and other cultural or scientific references involving the word. They can use 'broken' to describe complex states, such as 'broken sleep' or 'broken terrain,' and understand the subtle differences between 'broken' and its more specific synonyms like 'fractured,' 'shattered,' or 'malfunctioning.' At this level, students are expected to use 'broken' correctly in formal writing, avoiding common mistakes like confusing it with the past tense 'broke.' They also understand the register of the word, knowing when it is appropriate to use 'broken' versus more formal alternatives like 'dysfunctional' or 'defective.' B2 learners can use 'broken' to create vivid imagery and metaphors in their writing, recognizing its power to convey both physical destruction and systemic failure.

At the C1 level, 'broken' is used as a sophisticated tool for analysis and expression. Learners can use it to describe subtle failures in logic, philosophy, or complex social structures. They might discuss a 'broken social contract' or the 'broken promises of modernity.' C1 students are sensitive to the emotional and cultural weight of the word, using it in poetic or highly rhetorical ways. They understand the etymological roots of the word and how it relates to other words in the 'break' family. At this level, students can analyze the use of 'broken' in literature and film, identifying it as a recurring theme or motif. They are also adept at using 'broken' in very specific technical fields, such as 'broken symmetry' in physics or 'broken-axis' in graphic design. C1 learners can navigate the potential insensitivity of terms like 'broken English' and choose more appropriate language when necessary. Their use of 'broken' is characterized by a deep understanding of its metaphorical potential and its ability to describe the most complex forms of fragmentation and failure in the human experience.

At the C2 level, mastery of 'broken' is absolute. The learner uses the word with the same ease and nuance as a highly educated native speaker. They can employ 'broken' in complex idiomatic expressions, rare technical terms, and high-level academic discourse. A C2 learner might use 'broken' to describe the 'broken reed' of a weak person or the 'broken waters' of a shoreline in a literary essay. They are fully aware of the historical evolution of the word and its various connotations in different English-speaking cultures. At this level, the learner can use 'broken' to achieve specific stylistic effects, such as using it in a series of adjectives to create a particular rhythm or mood. They can also critique the use of 'broken' in public discourse, recognizing when it is being used as a loaded term to influence opinion. For a C2 learner, 'broken' is not just a word to describe damage; it is a versatile and powerful concept that can be applied to almost any area of human thought and activity, from the most mundane physical observation to the most profound philosophical inquiry.

Practice it Examples Notes & Tips

broken in 30 Seconds

Broken is primarily used to describe physical objects that are fractured, shattered, or no longer in one piece due to force or an accident.
It also describes machines, electronics, or systems that are malfunctioning or failing to perform their intended function, even if they look undamaged.
Metaphorically, 'broken' applies to emotional states (heartbroken), failed social commitments (broken promises), and fragmented communication (broken English).
Grammatically, it is the past participle of 'break' used as an adjective, appearing both before nouns and after linking verbs like 'be' or 'seem'.

The adjective broken is one of the most versatile and essential words in the English language, serving as a bridge between the physical world of objects and the abstract world of systems, emotions, and promises. At its most literal level, it describes something that has been physically damaged into two or more parts or has sustained a fracture. When a child drops a ceramic plate and it shatters on the floor, the plate is undeniably broken. This physical manifestation of the word is the foundation upon which all other meanings are built. However, as you move into more advanced English usage, particularly at the B2 level, you will find that 'broken' frequently describes functionality rather than physical integrity. For instance, a television might look perfectly fine on the outside, but if it refuses to turn on, we describe it as broken. This shift from 'damaged' to 'non-functional' is a critical distinction for learners to master.

Physical Damage: Refers to items that are fractured, shattered, or split into pieces. Example: A broken window or a broken bone.
Functional Failure: Refers to machines, electronics, or systems that no longer operate as intended. Example: A broken elevator or a broken link on a website.

Beyond the physical and functional, 'broken' carries immense weight in emotional and social contexts. It is used to describe a state of deep psychological distress or a loss of spirit. A person might feel 'broken' after a series of personal failures or a significant loss. This usage implies that the person's internal resilience has been compromised. Similarly, we use the word to describe failed social structures or interpersonal commitments. A 'broken home' traditionally refers to a family where the parents have divorced, while a 'broken promise' is a commitment that was not honored. In these instances, 'broken' signifies a rupture in the expected order or the moral fabric of a relationship. The word is powerful because it suggests that something which was once whole and reliable is now fragmented and unreliable.

The old grandfather clock stood in the corner, its internal gears broken and silent after decades of service.

In academic and professional settings, 'broken' is often applied to data, logic, or systemic processes. A 'broken' economic model is one that no longer accurately predicts market behavior or provides for the population. In computer science, 'broken' code refers to a script that contains errors preventing it from executing. The word is also used in the context of 'broken English,' which describes speech that is grammatically incorrect or fragmented, often spoken by someone who is not yet fluent. While this term can sometimes be perceived as insensitive, it remains a common way to describe non-fluent communication. Understanding the nuances of 'broken' requires looking at the context: is the speaker talking about a physical object, a digital process, a human emotion, or a societal structure? Each context brings a slightly different shade of meaning to this ubiquitous adjective.

After the scandal, the politician's reputation was broken beyond repair.

Finally, 'broken' is used in various idioms and fixed expressions that every B2 learner should know. To be a 'broken record' means to repeat the same thing over and over again in an annoying way. A 'broken heart' describes the intense emotional pain of lost love. In sports, a 'broken play' occurs when a planned strategy fails and the players must improvise. These idiomatic uses demonstrate how the core concept of 'failure to remain whole or functional' is applied to almost every aspect of human experience. Whether you are describing a shattered vase, a malfunctioning smartphone, or a failed political system, 'broken' provides a clear and impactful way to communicate that something is no longer as it should be.

The detective noticed the broken seal on the envelope, indicating someone had read the letter.

Broken English: Speech that is fragmented and lacks proper grammar, often used by non-native speakers.
Broken Record: A metaphor for someone who repeats the same statement or complaint excessively.

He felt like a broken man after losing his business and his home in the same year.

The broken lines on the highway indicate where drivers are allowed to pass other vehicles.

Using the word broken correctly involves understanding its grammatical role as an adjective and its origins as the past participle of the verb 'to break.' In most sentences, 'broken' functions either attributively (before a noun) or predicatively (after a linking verb like 'be' or 'seem'). For example, in the phrase 'the broken toy,' it is attributive, describing the state of the toy directly. In the sentence 'The toy is broken,' it is predicative, serving as a subject complement. This dual functionality allows for significant flexibility in sentence construction. At the B2 level, you should also be comfortable using 'broken' in more complex structures, such as participial phrases or as part of compound adjectives.

Attributive Usage: Placing the adjective before the noun to define its state. Example: 'She carefully glued the broken pieces back together.'
Predicative Usage: Using the adjective after a linking verb to describe the subject. Example: 'The washing machine has been broken for three days.'

One of the most common mistakes learners make is confusing the past tense 'broke' with the adjective 'broken.' Remember that 'broke' is a verb indicating an action that happened in the past ('I broke the glass'), while 'broken' is the state of the object resulting from that action ('The glass is broken'). Furthermore, 'broken' can be modified by adverbs to provide more detail about the extent of the damage. Common modifiers include 'completely,' 'badly,' 'partially,' 'irreparably,' and 'cleanly.' For instance, 'The bone was cleanly broken' suggests a straight fracture, whereas 'The system is irreparably broken' suggests that it can never be fixed. These modifiers are essential for adding precision to your descriptions, which is a hallmark of higher-level English proficiency.

The broken promise weighed heavily on his conscience, making it difficult for him to face his friend.

In the context of technology and systems, 'broken' is often used in passive constructions or to describe states that are persistent. 'The link is broken' is a standard way to report a technical error. Interestingly, 'broken' can also be used in a metaphorical sense to describe the rhythm or flow of something. For example, 'broken sleep' refers to sleep that is frequently interrupted throughout the night. 'Broken terrain' refers to land that is uneven and difficult to traverse. In these cases, the word describes a lack of continuity or smoothness. When writing, consider whether 'broken' is the most descriptive word or if a more specific synonym like 'fractured,' 'shattered,' or 'malfunctioning' would be more appropriate for your specific context.

Because the printer was broken, we had to send the documents to a local print shop.

Another important aspect of using 'broken' is understanding its role in compound words and phrases. 'Heartbroken' is a common compound adjective that describes someone experiencing extreme sadness. 'Broken-down' can describe a vehicle that has stopped working or a person who is physically and mentally exhausted. These variations allow you to use the core concept of 'broken' in a wide variety of specific scenarios. When constructing sentences, pay attention to the prepositions that often follow 'broken' or its related forms. For example, we say something is 'broken into' pieces, or someone is 'broken by' a tragic event. Mastering these collocations will make your use of 'broken' sound much more natural and fluent.

The hiker struggled to navigate the broken ground of the mountain pass.

Compound: Heartbroken: Extremely sad, typically due to the end of a romantic relationship or a great loss.
Compound: Broken-down: In a very poor condition; no longer working or healthy.

She spoke in broken phrases, her voice trembling with emotion as she told her story.

The broken light flickered rhythmically, casting eerie shadows across the hallway.

The word broken is ubiquitous in daily life, appearing in contexts ranging from the mundane to the deeply philosophical. In a domestic setting, you will hear it most often in relation to household items. 'The toaster is broken again' or 'I think the chair leg is broken' are common complaints. In these cases, the word is used to signal a need for repair or replacement. In the workplace, especially in offices that rely heavily on technology, 'broken' is a frequent guest in conversations about IT issues. You might hear a colleague say, 'The link in the email is broken,' or 'The database seems to be broken after the update.' In these technical contexts, 'broken' is a shorthand for 'not functioning as programmed,' and it often carries a sense of frustration or urgency.

Daily Life: Used for household appliances, toys, and furniture. 'The remote is broken.'
Technology: Used for software bugs, dead links, and hardware failures. 'The server is broken.'

In the news and media, 'broken' is frequently used to describe societal and systemic issues. Journalists and commentators often speak of 'broken promises' by politicians or 'broken systems' in healthcare, education, or criminal justice. This usage is designed to highlight fundamental flaws that prevent these systems from achieving their intended goals. You might also hear about 'broken homes' or 'broken communities' in sociological reports, where the word describes a lack of stability or social cohesion. In sports commentary, 'broken' appears in phrases like 'a broken play' or 'a broken record.' The latter refers to an athlete surpassing a previously established maximum achievement, such as a 'broken world record.' This is one of the few contexts where 'broken' has a positive or celebratory connotation.

The news anchor reported on the broken ceasefire, as fighting resumed in the border region.

In the world of art, music, and literature, 'broken' is a powerful thematic tool. Countless songs feature lyrics about 'broken hearts' or 'broken dreams,' using the word to evoke sympathy and emotional resonance. In literature, a 'broken' character is one who has been deeply affected by trauma or hardship, often making them more complex and relatable to the reader. You might also encounter 'broken' in descriptions of physical environments in novels—'broken sunlight' filtering through trees or a 'broken skyline' of a ruined city. These descriptive uses help to set a specific mood or atmosphere. In movies, a 'broken man' is a common trope for a protagonist who has lost everything and must find a way to rebuild his life. The word's ability to convey both physical and emotional destruction makes it a favorite for storytellers.

The songwriter captured the feeling of a broken spirit in the haunting melody of the chorus.

Finally, you will hear 'broken' in various professional and specialized fields. In finance, a 'broken trade' is one that is canceled due to an error. In medicine, doctors talk about 'broken bones' or 'broken skin.' In linguistics, as mentioned before, 'broken English' is a common, if sometimes controversial, term. Even in meteorology, you might hear about 'broken clouds,' which refers to a sky that is mostly covered by clouds but has some gaps. This wide range of applications ensures that no matter what your interests or profession, you will encounter the word 'broken' frequently. Paying attention to how it is used in these different spheres will help you develop a more nuanced understanding of its meaning and how to use it effectively in your own communication.

The pilot informed the passengers that they would be flying through broken clouds for the next hour.

Sports: Used for records that have been surpassed. 'The world record was broken today.'
Meteorology: Used to describe cloud cover that is not continuous. 'Broken sky conditions.'

The IT department sent an alert about a broken authentication service affecting all users.

The antique dealer explained that the broken pediment was a characteristic feature of that furniture style.

One of the most frequent errors English learners make with the word broken is confusing it with its past tense counterpart, 'broke.' While both words originate from the verb 'to break,' they serve different grammatical functions. 'Broke' is the simple past tense and is used to describe an action that occurred in the past: 'I broke the window yesterday.' 'Broken,' on the other hand, is the past participle and is used as an adjective to describe the resulting state: 'The window is broken.' A common mistake is saying 'The window is broke.' While this is sometimes heard in very informal or dialectal English, it is grammatically incorrect in standard English. Conversely, using 'broken' as a simple past verb ('I broken the window') is also a major error. Always remember: 'broke' is the action, 'broken' is the state.

Broke vs. Broken: 'Broke' is a verb (past tense). 'Broken' is an adjective or past participle. Correct: 'He broke his leg.' 'His leg is broken.'
Broke (Slang): Note that 'broke' is also an adjective meaning 'having no money.' Example: 'I can't go out; I'm broke.'

Another common mistake involves the misuse of 'broken' when describing people. As mentioned previously, calling someone 'broken' is a very strong statement that implies they are psychologically shattered or have lost all hope. Learners often use 'broken' when they actually mean 'tired,' 'sad,' or 'disappointed.' For example, saying 'I am broken because I failed the test' sounds overly dramatic to a native speaker. A better choice would be 'I am devastated' or 'I am really upset.' Similarly, when describing physical health, 'broken' is usually reserved for bones. You wouldn't say you have a 'broken head' if you have a headache, or a 'broken stomach' if you have a stomachache. In these cases, 'hurt,' 'aching,' or 'upset' are the correct terms. Precision in choosing the right adjective is key to sounding natural.

Incorrect: The computer broken yesterday.
Correct: The computer broke yesterday.

Learners also struggle with the difference between 'broken' and 'out of order.' While they can sometimes be used interchangeably, 'broken' usually implies physical damage or a fundamental internal failure, whereas 'out of order' is specifically used for public machines or facilities that are not currently working. For example, you would see a sign saying 'The elevator is out of order,' but you would tell a friend 'My phone is broken.' Using 'out of order' for personal items like a watch or a toy sounds strange. Additionally, 'broken' is often confused with 'torn' or 'ripped.' 'Broken' is for hard objects (glass, plastic, wood), while 'torn' or 'ripped' is for flexible materials (paper, cloth, fabric). You wouldn't say you have 'broken pants' if there is a hole in them; you would say they are 'torn.'

Incorrect: I have a broken shirt.
Correct: I have a torn shirt.

Finally, be careful with the phrase 'broken English.' While it is a standard term, some people find it offensive or patronizing because it focuses on what the speaker *cannot* do rather than what they *can* do. In professional or highly sensitive environments, it is often better to use more neutral terms like 'limited English proficiency' or 'non-native speech.' Also, avoid using 'broken' to describe a person's character unless you are writing fiction or being very poetic. In everyday conversation, describing someone as 'a broken person' can come across as judgmental or overly harsh. By being aware of these common pitfalls and nuances, you can use 'broken' more accurately and appropriately in a wide range of situations, demonstrating a sophisticated command of the English language.

Incorrect: The vending machine is broken. (Signage)
Correct: The vending machine is out of order.

Broken vs. Torn: Use 'broken' for rigid objects and 'torn' for flexible ones like fabric or paper.
Broken vs. Out of Order: 'Out of order' is for public equipment; 'broken' is for general damage or personal items.

Incorrect: He is broken because he lost his keys.
Correct: He is annoyed because he lost his keys.

The broken link on the homepage led to a 404 error page.

While broken is a highly useful and common word, expanding your vocabulary with its synonyms and alternatives will allow you to be much more precise in your descriptions. The best alternative often depends on the type of object and the extent of the damage. For physical objects that have shattered into many tiny pieces, 'shattered' or 'smashed' are much more descriptive than 'broken.' If a hard object has a thin line of damage but is still in one piece, 'cracked' or 'fractured' is more accurate. 'Fractured' is particularly common in medical contexts when discussing bones. For mechanical or electronic items that are not working, 'malfunctioning,' 'defective,' or 'faulty' are excellent professional alternatives. These words suggest a flaw in the design or operation rather than external physical damage.

Shattered: Broken into many small pieces, often with great force. 'The glass shattered on the pavement.'
Malfunctioning: Failing to function normally or satisfactorily. 'The malfunctioning sensor caused the alarm to go off.'

In metaphorical or emotional contexts, you can replace 'broken' with words that capture the specific feeling you want to convey. Instead of a 'broken heart,' you might describe someone as 'grief-stricken' or 'devastated.' Instead of a 'broken promise,' you could use 'unfulfilled' or 'violated.' When describing a 'broken system,' alternatives like 'dysfunctional,' 'flawed,' or 'ineffective' can provide a more analytical tone. For 'broken English,' terms like 'fragmented,' 'halted,' or 'disjointed' can describe the speech pattern without the negative connotations sometimes associated with 'broken.' Choosing the right synonym not only improves your precision but also helps you match the register of your writing or speaking, whether it is formal, academic, or casual.

The fractured relationship between the two countries made diplomatic progress difficult.

There are also words that describe the *process* of becoming broken. 'Disintegrated' suggests something falling apart into its basic components over time. 'Crumbling' is often used for buildings or old structures that are slowly breaking down. 'Ruptured' is a specific term for something that has burst open, like a pipe or an internal organ. In the digital world, 'corrupted' is the standard term for data that has become 'broken' and can no longer be read by a computer. Understanding these distinctions allows you to paint a much clearer picture for your audience. For example, saying 'the data is corrupted' is much more helpful to an IT professional than simply saying 'the data is broken.'

The defective part was replaced under the manufacturer's warranty.

Finally, consider the antonyms of 'broken' to understand its boundaries. 'Whole,' 'intact,' 'functional,' 'operational,' and 'repaired' all represent the opposite of brokenness. If something was broken but is now working again, it is 'fixed' or 'mended.' If it was never broken in the first place, it is 'undamaged' or 'pristine.' By comparing 'broken' to these opposites, you can better appreciate the state of failure or damage that the word describes. Whether you are writing a technical report, a personal essay, or a poem, having a wide array of alternatives for 'broken' will make your English much more expressive and professional. Always ask yourself: is it just broken, or is it shattered, cracked, malfunctioning, or dysfunctional?

Despite the accident, the contents of the box remained intact and undamaged.

Corrupted: Specifically used for digital data that is no longer usable. 'The file was corrupted during the download.'
Dysfunctional: Not operating normally or properly, often used for families or organizations. 'A dysfunctional workplace.'

The shattered remains of the statue were scattered across the museum floor.

The crumbling walls of the ancient castle were a testament to the passage of time.

How Formal Is It?

Formal

Neutral

Informal

Child friendly

Slang

Fun Fact

The use of 'broken' to describe a person's spirit or heart dates back to at least the 14th century, showing that humans have long associated physical damage with emotional pain. The phrase 'broken English' has been used since the 16th century.

Pronunciation Guide

UK /ˈbrəʊ.kən/

US /ˈbroʊ.kən/

The primary stress is on the first syllable: BRO-ken.

Rhymes With

spoken token woken awoken unspoken misspoken betoken heartbroken

Common Errors

Pronouncing the 'o' like the 'o' in 'hot' (it should be a long 'o').
Adding an extra syllable at the end (e.g., 'bro-ken-uh').
Failing to pronounce the 'n' clearly.
Confusing the pronunciation with 'broke' (one syllable).
Over-emphasizing the 'k' sound.

Difficulty Rating

Reading 2/5

The word is very common and easy to recognize in text.

Writing 3/5

Requires care to distinguish from the past tense 'broke'.

Speaking 2/5

Pronunciation is straightforward for most learners.

Listening 2/5

Easily understood in context, though the 'n' can be soft.

What to Learn Next

Prerequisites

break fix new old damage

Learn Next

shattered malfunctioning dysfunctional fractured integrity

Advanced

disintegrated corrupted fragmented ruptured dilapidated

Grammar to Know

Past Participle as Adjective

The 'broken' window (adjective) vs. 'I have broken the window' (verb).

Compound Adjectives

A 'heart-broken' man (using a hyphen to join two words into one adjective).

Passive Voice

The record 'was broken' by the athlete.

Attributive vs Predicative

The 'broken' chair (attributive) vs. The chair is 'broken' (predicative).

Adverbial Modification

The glass was 'completely' broken.

Examples by Level

My favorite toy is broken.

Mon jouet préféré est cassé.

Subject + is + adjective.

The window is broken.

La fenêtre est cassée.

Simple predicative adjective.

Is your pen broken?

Ton stylo est-il cassé ?

Question form with 'be'.

The chair is broken, do not sit there.

La chaise est cassée, ne vous asseyez pas là.

Compound sentence with an imperative.

I have a broken pencil.

J'ai un crayon cassé.

Attributive adjective before the noun.

The clock is broken and it stopped.

L'horloge est cassée et elle s'est arrêtée.

Two clauses joined by 'and'.

Look at the broken glass on the floor.

Regardez le verre cassé sur le sol.

Attributive adjective with a prepositional phrase.

My phone screen is broken.

L'écran de mon téléphone est cassé.

Possessive noun + subject + is + adjective.

He cannot play football because he has a broken leg.

Il ne peut pas jouer au football car il a une jambe cassée.

Using 'broken' to describe a medical condition.

The washing machine was broken all last week.

La machine à laver était cassée toute la semaine dernière.

Past tense of 'be' with 'broken'.

She felt sad about her broken necklace.

Elle était triste pour son collier cassé.

Attributive adjective in a prepositional phrase.

We need to fix the broken door handle.

Nous devons réparer la poignée de porte cassée.

Infinitive 'to fix' with an object.

The elevator is broken, so we must use the stairs.

L'ascenseur est cassé, nous devons donc prendre les escaliers.

Cause and effect with 'so'.

I think this computer is broken; it won't start.

Je pense que cet ordinateur est cassé ; il ne veut pas démarrer.

Semicolon joining two related thoughts.

The broken toys were put in a box.

Les jouets cassés ont été mis dans une boîte.

Passive voice 'were put'.

He gave me a broken promise.

Il m'a fait une promesse non tenue.

Introduction to abstract use of 'broken'.

After the breakup, he walked around with a broken heart.

Après la rupture, il se promenait avec le cœur brisé.

Idiomatic use of 'broken heart'.

The car was completely broken and couldn't be repaired.

La voiture était complètement cassée et ne pouvait pas être réparée.

Adverb 'completely' modifying 'broken'.

She spoke in broken English but we understood her.

Elle parlait un anglais approximatif mais nous l'avons comprise.

Common phrase 'broken English'.

The broken-down truck blocked the entire highway.

Le camion en panne a bloqué toute l'autoroute.

Compound adjective 'broken-down'.

They are trying to mend their broken relationship.

Ils essaient de réparer leur relation brisée.

Metaphorical use for relationships.

The broken link on the website led to an error page.

Le lien mort sur le site web menait à une page d'erreur.

Technical use of 'broken'.

He felt like a broken man after losing his job.

Il se sentait comme un homme brisé après avoir perdu son emploi.

Simile 'like a broken man'.

The broken silence was followed by a loud scream.

Le silence rompu a été suivi d'un cri puissant.

Using 'broken' to describe a state of sound.

The broken economic system failed to provide for the poor.

Le système économique défaillant n'a pas réussi à subvenir aux besoins des pauvres.

Academic use for systems.

The hiker struggled to cross the broken terrain of the valley.

Le randonneur a eu du mal à traverser le terrain accidenté de la vallée.

Descriptive use for landscape.

His sleep was broken by the constant noise from the street.

Son sommeil était haché par le bruit constant de la rue.

Describing interrupted processes.

The broken promises of the government led to widespread protests.

Les promesses non tenues du gouvernement ont mené à des protestations généralisées.

Plural abstract noun with 'broken'.

The data was broken during the transfer, making it unreadable.

Les données ont été corrompues pendant le transfert, les rendant illisibles.

Technical use for data integrity.

She stared at the broken reflection of the moon in the lake.

Elle fixait le reflet brisé de la lune dans le lac.

Poetic descriptive use.

The detective noticed a broken seal on the evidence bag.

Le détective a remarqué un sceau brisé sur le sac de preuves.

Specific use for security/legal contexts.

The company's reputation was broken beyond repair after the scandal.

La réputation de l'entreprise était brisée de façon irréparable après le scandale.

Metaphorical use for reputation.

The philosopher argued that we live in a fundamentally broken world.

Le philosophe soutenait que nous vivons dans un monde fondamentalement brisé.

Adverb 'fundamentally' modifying 'broken'.

The broken symmetry of the crystal revealed its unique properties.

La symétrie brisée du cristal a révélé ses propriétés uniques.

Scientific/technical terminology.

His narrative was broken and non-linear, reflecting his trauma.

Son récit était haché et non linéaire, reflétant son traumatisme.

Literary analysis usage.

The broken social contract has led to a loss of trust in institutions.

Le contrat social rompu a entraîné une perte de confiance dans les institutions.

Political science terminology.

She spoke with a broken cadence that made her speech difficult to follow.

Elle parlait avec une cadence saccadée qui rendait son discours difficile à suivre.

Describing the rhythm of speech.

The broken spirit of the survivors was evident in their hollow eyes.

L'esprit brisé des survivants était évident dans leurs yeux vides.

Metaphorical use for human spirit.

The broken-axis graph was used to emphasize the recent growth.

Le graphique à axe brisé a été utilisé pour souligner la croissance récente.

Specialized technical term.

The poet used broken meter to create a sense of unease.

Le poète a utilisé un mètre irrégulier pour créer un sentiment de malaise.

Literary/poetic terminology.

The broken reed of his resolve finally snapped under the pressure.

Le roseau fragile de sa résolution a fini par se briser sous la pression.

Literary metaphor 'broken reed'.

The broken light of the setting sun dappled the forest floor.

La lumière tamisée du soleil couchant tachetait le sol de la forêt.

Highly descriptive, evocative use.

The broken promises of the past haunt the present political landscape.

Les promesses non tenues du passé hantent le paysage politique actuel.

Complex metaphorical structure.

The broken rhythm of the city at night is a symphony of chaos.

Le rythme saccadé de la ville la nuit est une symphonie de chaos.

Abstract metaphorical usage.

The broken waters of the reef protected the lagoon from the storm.

Les eaux brisées du récif protégeaient le lagon de la tempête.

Geographical/descriptive usage.

He was a broken man, a mere shadow of his former self.

C'était un homme brisé, l'ombre de lui-même.

Idiomatic and evocative character description.

The broken logic of the argument was easily dismantled by the critic.

La logique défaillante de l'argument a été facilement démantelée par le critique.

Abstract use for intellectual concepts.

The broken pediment above the door added a touch of Baroque elegance.

Le fronton brisé au-dessus de la porte ajoutait une touche d'élégance baroque.

Specialized architectural terminology.

Synonyms

fractured malfunctioning shattered faulty fragmented interrupted

Antonyms

intact functional whole

Common Collocations

broken heart

broken promise

broken bone

broken English

broken link

broken home

broken record

broken glass

broken sleep

broken system

Common Phrases

broken into pieces

— Describes something that has shattered into many fragments. It emphasizes the extent of the damage.

The antique vase was broken into pieces during the move.

broken beyond repair

— Describes something so badly damaged that it cannot be fixed. It is often used for both physical objects and reputations.

The car was broken beyond repair after the head-on collision.

broken in two

— Describes something that has snapped into two distinct parts. It is more specific than just 'broken'.

The strong wind caused the tree branch to be broken in two.

broken and bleeding

— A dramatic phrase used to describe someone who has been physically beaten or severely injured.

The boxer lay on the mat, broken and bleeding after the final round.

broken down

— Used for vehicles that have stopped working or people who are physically and emotionally exhausted.

We were late because our car was broken down on the side of the road.

broken silence

— Describes the moment when a period of quiet is suddenly interrupted by a sound.

A sudden thunderclap broken the silence of the night.

broken spirit

— Describes a person who has lost all courage, hope, or will to continue.

Years of hardship had left him with a broken spirit.

broken dreams

— A poetic phrase for goals or ambitions that were never achieved or were destroyed.

The city was full of people chasing broken dreams.

broken news

— An older or specific use referring to news that has just been released (breaking news).

The broken news of the treaty spread quickly through the capital.

broken law

— Refers to a legal rule that has been violated or not followed.

He was arrested for a broken law regarding public safety.

Often Confused With

broken vs broke

'Broke' is the past tense verb or an adjective meaning 'having no money.' 'Broken' is the state of being damaged.

broken vs torn

'Torn' is for paper or fabric; 'broken' is for hard objects.

broken vs out of order

'Out of order' is for public machines; 'broken' is for anything that doesn't work.

Idioms & Expressions

"like a broken record"

— To say the same thing over and over again in an annoying way. It refers to an old vinyl record that is scratched and repeats the same sound.

My boss is like a broken record; he keeps telling us to save paper every single day.

informal

"broken heart"

— A state of extreme grief or sorrow, typically caused by the loss of a loved one or the end of a relationship.

She died of a broken heart only months after her husband passed away.

neutral

"broken reed"

— A person or thing that is weak or unreliable, especially when support is needed.

I thought I could count on his help, but he proved to be a broken reed.

literary

"broken English"

— A way of speaking English that is grammatically incorrect and uses a limited vocabulary, typical of a non-native speaker.

The lost tourist asked for directions in broken English.

neutral

"broken home"

— A family in which the parents are divorced or separated.

Many of the children in the study came from broken homes.

neutral

"broken promises"

— Commitments or assurances that were made but not kept.

The politician's career was defined by a trail of broken promises.

neutral

"broken sleep"

— Sleep that is frequently interrupted by waking up.

The new parents were exhausted from weeks of broken sleep.

neutral

"broken play"

— In sports, a situation where a planned strategy fails and the players must react spontaneously.

The quarterback scored a touchdown on a broken play.

neutral/sports

"broken-down"

— In very poor condition; no longer working or healthy.

They lived in a broken-down shack on the edge of town.

neutral

"break the ice"

— While 'break' is the verb, the resulting 'broken ice' state refers to the start of a conversation in a social setting.

The host told a joke to help the broken ice among the guests.

informal

Easily Confused

broken vs fractured

Both mean something is cracked or broken.

Fractured is more formal and often used for bones or relationships. Broken is more general and can mean something is in many pieces.

The doctor said my arm is fractured, but my spirit isn't broken.

broken vs shattered

Both describe damage.

Shattered means broken into many tiny pieces, usually with force. Broken just means not whole or not working.

The window didn't just break; it shattered into tiny fragments.

broken vs malfunctioning

Both mean something doesn't work.

Malfunctioning implies an internal error in a machine. Broken can mean physical damage or internal failure.

The robot isn't broken, but its software is malfunctioning.

broken vs damaged

Both mean something is not perfect.

Damaged means there is some harm, but it might still work. Broken usually means it doesn't work or is in pieces.

The car was damaged in the accident, but it wasn't broken; I could still drive it.

broken vs corrupted

Both mean something is 'bad' or 'unusable'.

Corrupted is specifically for digital data or moral character. Broken is for physical or functional failure.

The file is corrupted, so the program thinks the link is broken.

Sentence Patterns

My [noun] is broken.

My toy is broken.

He has a broken [body part].

He has a broken leg.

It was a broken [abstract noun].

It was a broken promise.

She felt like a broken [person].

She felt like a broken woman.

The [system] is fundamentally broken.

The healthcare system is fundamentally broken.

A night of broken [process].

A night of broken sleep.

The broken [technical term] of the [subject].

The broken symmetry of the crystal.

The broken [metaphor] of [abstract concept].

The broken reed of his resolve.

Word Family

Nouns

Verbs

Adjectives

How to Use It

frequency

Very high in both spoken and written English.

Common Mistakes

The window is broke. → The window is broken.
'Broke' is the past tense verb; 'broken' is the adjective describing the state. In standard English, you must use the adjective form after 'is'.
I broken my phone yesterday. → I broke my phone yesterday.
For a past action, use the simple past tense 'broke,' not the past participle 'broken' without an auxiliary verb.
I have a broken pants. → I have torn pants.
'Broken' is for rigid objects. For clothing or fabric, the correct word is 'torn' or 'ripped'.
The elevator is broken. (On a sign) → The elevator is out of order.
While 'broken' is okay in conversation, 'out of order' is the standard formal phrase for public machinery that isn't working.
He is a broken person because he lost his wallet. → He is upset because he lost his wallet.
'Broken' is too extreme for a minor problem like losing a wallet. It should be reserved for major life traumas.

Tips

Broke vs. Broken

Always use 'broke' for the past action (He broke it) and 'broken' for the state (It is broken). Confusing these is a very common learner mistake.

Use Specific Synonyms

To sound more advanced, use 'shattered' for glass, 'fractured' for bones, and 'malfunctioning' for electronics instead of just 'broken'.

Emotional Sensitivity

Be careful when describing people as 'broken.' It is a very heavy word. Use 'upset' or 'struggling' for everyday problems.

Digital Contexts

In the world of computers, 'broken' is the standard word for links and code that don't work. It's perfectly acceptable in professional IT talk.

The Broken Record

If someone keeps repeating a complaint, tell them (politely) that they sound like a 'broken record.' It's a very common English idiom.

Descriptive Power

Use 'broken' to describe light (broken sunlight) or terrain (broken ground) to add poetic detail to your writing.

Broken Promises

The phrase 'broken promise' is much more common than 'failed promise' or 'unkept promise.' Stick to this collocation.

Formal Situations

In formal reports, use 'dysfunctional' or 'ineffective' instead of 'broken' when talking about systems or organizations.

The Long O

Make sure the 'o' in 'broken' is long, like in 'no' or 'go.' If it's too short, it might sound like a different word.

Broken Silence

Using 'broken' to describe sound (breaking the silence) is a great way to show B2-level proficiency in descriptive English.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Think of a 'BROken' object as one that is 'BROught down' or 'BROught to pieces.' The 'BRO' at the start can remind you of 'BROught.'

Visual Association

Imagine a ceramic heart with a large crack down the middle. This helps you remember both the physical meaning (the crack) and the emotional meaning (the heart).

Word Web

shattered cracked malfunctioning heartbroken promise link English system

Challenge

Try to use 'broken' in three different ways today: once for a physical object, once for a piece of technology, and once in an idiom like 'broken record'.

Word Origin

The word 'broken' comes from the Old English 'brocen,' which is the past participle of 'brecan' (to break). It has roots in the Proto-Germanic word '*brekanan,' which also means to break. This Germanic root is shared with other languages, such as the Dutch 'breken' and the German 'brechen.'

Original meaning: The original meaning was strictly physical: to be separated into pieces by force or to be fractured.

Germanic

Cultural Context

Be cautious when using 'broken English' as it can be seen as disparaging to non-native speakers.

The term 'broken home' is becoming less common as family structures change, but it is still widely understood.

The song 'Un-break My Heart' by Toni Braxton. The 'Broken Windows Theory' by James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling. The novel 'Broken Glass' by Alain Mabanckou.

Practice in Real Life

Real-World Contexts

Household Problems

The toaster is broken.
A broken light bulb.
The chair leg is broken.
Fix the broken window.

Technology

A broken link.
The software is broken.
Broken code.
My screen is broken.

Health/Medical

A broken arm.
Broken ribs.
Broken skin.
He has a broken nose.

Emotions/Relationships

A broken heart.
A broken promise.
A broken home.
Feel broken inside.

Society/Politics

A broken system.
Broken laws.
A broken economy.
Broken promises of politicians.

Conversation Starters

"Have you ever had a broken heart? How did you recover?"

"What is the most expensive thing you have ever broken by accident?"

"Do you think the education system in your country is broken?"

"What do you do when you find a broken link on a website?"

"How do you feel when someone gives you a broken promise?"

Journal Prompts

Describe a time when you felt 'broken.' What happened and how did you heal?

Write about a 'broken system' you have encountered. How would you fix it?

If you could 'un-break' one thing in the world, what would it be and why?

Reflect on the phrase 'broken record.' Is there something you talk about too much?

Describe a beautiful object that is broken. Why is it still beautiful to you?

Frequently Asked Questions

10 questions

No, 'I am broke' means you have no money. If you are very sad, you should say 'I am heartbroken' or 'I feel broken.' Using just 'broke' for emotions is incorrect.

It can be. While it is a common term, it focuses on the mistakes. In professional settings, it is better to say 'He is still learning English' or 'He has limited English proficiency.'

'Broken' is neutral and can be used in any situation. 'Busted' is very informal slang. You can use 'busted' with friends, but use 'broken' in school or work.

Yes, but it is a very strong metaphorical use. It means the person has suffered so much that they have lost their hope or strength. Use it carefully.

You can say 'I have a broken arm' or 'My arm is broken.' Doctors often use the word 'fractured' instead, which means the same thing but sounds more professional.

It means someone is repeating the same thing over and over again, like an old record player that is stuck. It is usually used when someone is complaining.

It can be both. In 'The vase is broken,' it is an adjective. In 'I have broken the vase,' it is the past participle form of the verb 'break.'

No, for paper or cloth, you should use 'torn' or 'ripped.' 'Broken' is for hard things like glass, wood, or plastic.

A broken link is a link on a website that doesn't work. When you click it, you usually see an error page (like a 404 error).

It is a term for a family where the parents are no longer living together because of divorce or separation.