C1 Prepositions & Particles 8 min read Medium

Mastering Complex Arabic Prepositions & Particles (بناءً على، نظراً لـ)

Mastering compound particles transforms basic Arabic into professional, high-level discourse through precise logical framing and correct case usage.
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'بناءً على' for 'based on' and 'نظراً لـ' for 'in view of/given that' to elevate your formal Arabic writing.

  • بناءً على (bina'an 'ala) requires a noun or verbal noun following it: بناءً على طلبك (Based on your request).
  • نظراً لـ (nazaran li-) functions as a causal preposition meaning 'due to' or 'given': نظراً للظروف (Given the circumstances).
  • Both are fixed phrases; the prepositional component ('على' or 'لـ') must always be present to link the cause to the effect.
بناءً على + [Noun/Masdar] | نظراً لـ + [Noun/Masdar]

Overview

As you navigate the advanced terrain of Arabic, moving beyond basic communicative functions to articulate complex ideas with precision and sophistication becomes paramount. At the C1 CEFR level, mastering complex prepositions and particles is not merely an option but a necessity. These linguistic tools, often multi-word expressions, elevate your discourse from functional to truly nuanced, enabling you to express intricate logical relationships—causality, concession, conditionality, and specification—that simple connectors cannot convey.

Unlike their single-word counterparts, these complex structures, such as بناءً على (based on) and نظراً لـ (in view of), function as cohesive units. They imbue your speech and writing with formality, authority, and academic rigor, essential for engaging with sophisticated texts, professional communication, and intellectual discussions. Their mastery signifies a profound understanding of Arabic syntactic and semantic subtleties, distinguishing a proficient speaker from a merely functional one.

This guide will meticulously dissect their structure, usage, and implications, empowering you to wield them with confidence.

How This Grammar Works

The effectiveness of complex Arabic prepositions and particles stems from their ability to encapsulate specific logical functions within a structured phrase. Most of these constructions can be broadly categorized into two main types: those formed around a verbal noun (مصدر) often in the accusative case, and those that are fundamentally particles (حروف) acting as conjunctions or adverbial phrases. Understanding the underlying grammatical mechanisms is crucial for correct application.
Many complex prepositions are built upon a masdar (verbal noun) which frequently appears in the accusative case (المنصوب) acting as a cognate accusative (مفعول مطلق) or an adverb of reason/manner. This masdar is then followed by a simple preposition, which in turn governs the subsequent noun in the genitive case (المجرور). For instance, in بناءً على (بنى - to build), بناءً is the accusative masdar, and على introduces the object upon which something is based.
Similarly, نظراً لـ (نظر - to look) uses نظراً as an accusative masdar to express the reason or consideration.
Consider بالرغم من (despite). Here, الرغم (reluctance, opposition) is a noun governed by the preposition بـ (with/by), creating a pseudo-Idafa construct بالرغم. This entire phrase then works with من (from) to introduce the concession.
The noun immediately following the full complex preposition is always in the genitive case due to the preceding preposition within the complex structure, or by being the مضاف إليه in an Idafa construction. For example, بناءً على الطلب (based on the request), where الطلب is مجرور (genitive) because of على. Similarly, نظراً لـ الظروف (in view of the circumstances), الظروف is مجرور because of لـ.
Conversely, other complex connectors are particles that function as conjunctions or adverbial phrases, not necessarily governing a case. These include phrases like حيثُ (where, as), إذ (since, when), or بما أنّ (inasmuch as). These particles typically introduce a full sentence (جملة اسمية or جملة فعلية) that provides context, reason, or explanation.
For example, نحن متفقون، إذ أن الموعد نهائي (We are in agreement, since the deadline is final). Here, إذ أن introduces a nominal sentence الموعد نهائي.
Key Principle: The structure often dictates the case. Prepositions within the complex phrase always render the subsequent noun genitive. Particles introducing أنّ require أنّ's subject to be accusative. Other particles like حيثُ introduce complete independent clauses.

Formation Pattern

1
Mastering the formation of these complex connectors involves recognizing their composite elements and understanding how they interact. These phrases are not randomly assembled; they follow predictable patterns, primarily centered around a verbal noun or a specific particle followed by a governing element.
2
Type 1: Masdar-Based Complex Prepositions (مفعول مطلق + حرف جر + الاسم المجرور)
3
This is a common pattern where an accusative verbal noun (masdar) sets the logical tone, followed by a simple preposition that connects to the genitive noun. The initial masdar often acts as a cognate accusative, implying an omitted verb.
4
Formula: [Masdar in Accusative] + [Preposition] + [Noun/Pronoun in Genitive]
5
| Phrase | Masdar (Accusative) | Preposition | Example | Translation |
6
| :----------------- | :------------------ | :---------- | :-------------------------------------- | :---------------------------- |
7
| بناءً على | بناءً (building) | على | بناءً على توصيات الفريق | Based on the team's recommendations |
8
| نظراً لـ | نظراً (looking) | لـ | نظراً لارتفاع التكاليف | In view of the rising costs |
9
| استناداً إلى | استناداً (leaning) | إلى | استناداً إلى البيانات الحديثة | According to recent data |
10
| حرصاً على | حرصاً (keenness) | على | حرصاً على سلامة المواطنين | Out of keenness for citizens' safety |
11
| رغبةً في | رغبةً (desire) | في | رغبةً في تحقيق التقدم | In desire to achieve progress |
12
Note: When attaching pronouns, the pronoun replaces the genitive noun and is attached to the final preposition: بناءً عليه (based on it), نظراً لها (in view of it/her).
13
Type 2: Particle-Based Connectors (حرف + (أنّ/حيث/إذ) + جملة كاملة)
14
These phrases often function as subordinating conjunctions, introducing a clause that provides reason, condition, or additional information. They do not directly govern the case of individual words within the following clause, but rather the entire clause.
15
Formula: [Particle Phrase] + [Full Sentence (Nominal or Verbal)]
16
| Phrase | Function | Followed by | Example | Translation |
17
| :------------------ | :----------- | :----------------------------------------- | :--------------------------------------- | :----------------------------- |
18
| بما أنّ | Reason, since | أنّ + Nominal Sentence | بما أنّ الوقت ضيق، يجب أن نسرع. | Since time is short, we must hurry. |
19
| حيثُ | Where, as | Full Sentence (Nominal or Verbal) | نجح المشروع، حيثُ عمل الجميع بجد. | The project succeeded, as everyone worked hard. |
20
| إذْ | Since, when | Full Sentence (Nominal or Verbal) | أغلقتُ النافذة، إذْ كان الجو بارداً. | I closed the window, as the weather was cold. |
21
| على الرغم من أنّ | Despite the fact that | أنّ + Nominal Sentence | على الرغم من أنّها مريضة، ذهبت للعمل. | Despite the fact that she was sick, she went to work. |
22
Important: Remember that أنّ (inna) always requires a noun in the accusative case immediately following it, forming a nominal sentence. For example, in بما أنّ الوقت ضيق, الوقت is accusative. If the particle introduces a verb, then the verb's normal conjugation and case apply.

When To Use It

The strategic deployment of complex prepositions and particles is a hallmark of advanced Arabic proficiency, enabling nuanced communication across various contexts, from academic discourse to formal correspondence and even sophisticated casual conversation. Understanding when to use them is as vital as knowing how to form them.
1. For Expressing Causality and Rationale (السببية والتسويغ):
When you need to provide a formal or elaborate reason for an action, decision, or situation, these connectors are indispensable. They offer a more refined alternative to simpler causal conjunctions like لأنّ.
  • Use نظراً لـ (in view of, owing to) to introduce a circumstance or consideration that necessitates or explains something. It implies careful thought and often precedes a formal decision or explanation.
  • نظراً لـ الظروف الاقتصادية الراهنة، تم تأجيل المشروع. (In view of the current economic circumstances, the project was postponed.)
  • بما أنّ (inasmuch as, since) establishes a pre-existing fact or condition as the basis for a subsequent statement, often used in logical arguments or formal declarations.
  • بما أنّك لم تحضر الاجتماع، فاتتك بعض القرارات الهامة. (Inasmuch as you did not attend the meeting, you missed some important decisions.)
2. For Attributing Information and Source (الاستناد والإحالة):
To cite sources, refer to evidence, or base a statement on specific criteria, these phrases lend credibility and precision.
  • بناءً على (based on, according to) is crucial for formal reports, academic papers, or official statements where information is derived from a specific source or set of data.
  • بناءً على طلب الجمهور، سيتم عرض الفيلم مرة أخرى. (Based on public demand, the film will be screened again.)
  • استناداً إلى (relying on, according to) functions similarly to بناءً على, often emphasizing the foundational evidence for a claim or action.
  • استناداً إلى تقرير الخبراء، يجب اتخاذ إجراءات عاجلة. (According to the experts' report, urgent measures must be taken.)
3. For Expressing Concession and Contrast (الاستدراك والتباين):
When highlighting a contrast or an unexpected outcome despite a certain condition, these complex phrases add rhetorical strength.
  • بالرغم من (despite, in spite of) and على الرغم من (both are interchangeable and common) introduce a fact that stands in opposition to the main clause, creating a sense of overcoming or surprise.
  • بالرغم من الصعوبات، تمكنت الشركة من تحقيق أرباح. (Despite the difficulties, the company managed to achieve profits.)
  • على الرغم من أنّ (despite the fact that) is used when the concessive element is a full clause rather than just a noun.
  • على الرغم من أنّها كانت متعبة، إلا أنها واصلت العمل. (Despite the fact that she was tired, she continued working.)
4. For Specifying Context or Aspect (تحديد السياق):
To narrow down the focus or specify a particular aspect of a discussion.
  • من حيثُ (in terms of, from the aspect of) is invaluable in academic and analytical contexts to specify the precise domain or perspective being considered.
  • المشروع ناجح من حيثُ التمويل، لكنه يواجه تحديات من حيثُ التنفيذ. (The project is successful in terms of funding, but it faces challenges in terms of execution.)
These structures are most prevalent in written Arabic—official documents, news reports, academic texts, and formal emails. However, their strategic use in spoken Arabic, particularly in formal presentations or intellectual discussions, significantly enhances your credibility and communicative power. Avoid overusing them in very casual conversations, as it might sound overly formal.

Common Mistakes

Advanced learners, while generally proficient, often encounter specific pitfalls when employing complex Arabic prepositions and particles. These errors typically stem from a combination of insufficient grammatical understanding, interference from their native language, or confusion between similar-sounding expressions.
1. Incorrect Case Endings after Masdar-Based Prepositions:
This is perhaps the most frequent error. As established, the noun following the final preposition in masdar-based phrases (like بناءً على, نظراً لـ, استناداً إلى) must be in the genitive case (المجرور). Failing to apply the kasra (ـِ) or the ي for dual/sound masculine plural results in a grammatical solecism.
  • Incorrect: بناءً على القرارُ (The decision - nominative)
  • Correct: بناءً على القرارِ (The decision - genitive)
  • Incorrect: نظراً لـ المهندسين (The engineers - nominative)
  • Correct: نظراً لـ المهندسين (The engineers - genitive, ين for sound masculine plural)
2. Misusing أنّ (inna) vs. أنْ (an) after Particles:
Particles like بما when meaning 'since' are followed by أنّ (with the shaddah) and a nominal sentence, where أنّ's subject is accusative. Confusing this with the subjunctive أنْ (sukoon on noon), which precedes a verb, is a common error.
  • Incorrect: بما أنْ الوقت ضيق (using أنْ for 'that' followed by a noun)
  • Correct: بما أنّ الوقتَ ضيقٌ (using أنّ with accusative noun الوقتَ)
3. Omitting Necessary Prepositions or Components:
Some complex prepositions have fixed components that cannot be omitted. For instance, بالرغم من requires the من for completeness, especially when followed by a noun.
  • Incorrect: بالرغم الصعوبات (omitting من)
  • Correct: بالرغم من الصعوبات (Despite the difficulties)
4. Confusing إذْ (since, when) with إذا (if):
These are phonetically similar but semantically distinct. إذْ introduces a reason or a temporal context, while إذا introduces a conditional clause.
  • Incorrect: إذا كان متأخراً، لم يحضر الاجتماع. (If he was late, he didn't attend the meeting - implies condition not reason)
  • Correct: إذْ كان متأخراً، لم يحضر الاجتماع. (Since he was late, he didn't attend the meeting - implies reason)
5. Over-reliance on Simple Connectors:
While not strictly a

Particle Structure

Particle Meaning Followed By Example
بناءً على
Based on
Noun/Masdar
بناءً على طلبك
نظراً لـ
Given/Due to
Noun/Masdar
نظراً للظروف

Meanings

These are high-register particles used to establish logical relationships between a cause or basis and a subsequent action or state.

1

Evidence-based (بناءً على)

Indicating that an action is derived from or supported by specific information or requests.

“بناءً على تقرير الخبراء، اتخذنا القرار.”

“تم التعديل بناءً على ملاحظاتك.”

2

Causal/Situational (نظراً لـ)

Explaining a situation by highlighting a preceding condition or factor.

“نظراً لضيق الوقت، لن نتمكن من الحضور.”

“نظراً لأهمية الموضوع، سنناقشه غداً.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Mastering Complex Arabic Prepositions & Particles (بناءً على، نظراً لـ)
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
بناءً على + Noun
بناءً على القرار
Affirmative
نظراً لـ + Noun
نظراً للوقت
Negative (Contextual)
بناءً على عدم + Masdar
بناءً على عدم الحضور
Negative (Contextual)
نظراً لعدم + Masdar
نظراً لعدم توفره
Variation
بناءً على ما + Verb
بناءً على ما قيل
Variation
نظراً لما + Verb
نظراً لما حدث

Formality Spectrum

Formal
بناءً على التقرير، اتخذنا القرار.

بناءً على التقرير، اتخذنا القرار. (Professional meeting)

Neutral
بسبب التقرير، قررنا.

بسبب التقرير، قررنا. (Professional meeting)

Informal
عشان التقرير، قررنا.

عشان التقرير، قررنا. (Professional meeting)

Slang
عشان التقرير، سوينا كذا.

عشان التقرير، سوينا كذا. (Professional meeting)

Causal Connectors Map

Causal Particles

Evidence

  • بناءً على Based on

Circumstance

  • نظراً لـ Given that

Usage Comparison

بناءً على
بناءً على القانون Based on the law
نظراً لـ
نظراً للطقس Due to the weather

Decision Flow

1

Is it based on evidence?

YES
Use بناءً على
NO
Use نظراً لـ

Usage Domains

💼

Formal

  • • Reports
  • • Emails
  • • Legal Documents
  • • Academic Papers
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Examples by Level

1

بناءً على طلبك.

Based on your request.

2

نظراً للوقت.

Given the time.

3

بناءً على القانون.

Based on the law.

4

نظراً للظروف.

Given the circumstances.

1

بناءً على ما قلته، سأذهب.

Based on what you said, I will go.

2

نظراً لمرضه، لم يحضر.

Given his illness, he did not attend.

3

بناءً على التقرير، نجحنا.

Based on the report, we succeeded.

4

نظراً لغلاء الأسعار، توقفنا.

Given the high prices, we stopped.

1

بناءً على توصية اللجنة، تم التعيين.

Based on the committee's recommendation, the appointment was made.

2

نظراً لعدم توفر الميزانية، تم التأجيل.

Given the lack of budget, it was postponed.

3

بناءً على المعطيات، القرار صحيح.

Based on the data, the decision is correct.

4

نظراً لأهمية الحدث، سنحضر.

Given the importance of the event, we will attend.

1

بناءً على المادة الخامسة، يحق لك الاعتراض.

Based on Article 5, you have the right to object.

2

نظراً للتعقيدات التقنية، سنحتاج لوقت إضافي.

Given the technical complexities, we will need extra time.

3

بناءً على نتائج البحث، تم تعديل الخطة.

Based on the research results, the plan was modified.

4

نظراً لتغير الظروف، نعتذر عن الحضور.

Given the changing circumstances, we apologize for not attending.

1

بناءً على التوافق السياسي، تم تشكيل الحكومة.

Based on the political consensus, the government was formed.

2

نظراً لتفاقم الأزمة، اتخذت إجراءات صارمة.

Given the worsening of the crisis, strict measures were taken.

3

بناءً على التحليل الإحصائي، تبين وجود خلل.

Based on the statistical analysis, a defect was found.

4

نظراً لالتزاماته السابقة، تعذر عليه المشاركة.

Given his previous commitments, he was unable to participate.

1

بناءً على ما تقدم من أدلة، نخلص إلى النتيجة.

Based on the evidence presented, we conclude the result.

2

نظراً لما يمليه الضمير المهني، كان لزاماً علينا التدخل.

Given what professional conscience dictates, it was incumbent upon us to intervene.

3

بناءً على مقتضيات المصلحة العامة، تم الإعلان.

Based on the requirements of public interest, the announcement was made.

4

نظراً لتعذر الوصول إلى حل، تم رفع القضية.

Given the inability to reach a solution, the case was escalated.

Easily Confused

Mastering Complex Arabic Prepositions & Particles (بناءً على، نظراً لـ) vs بسبب vs نظراً لـ

Both mean 'because of'. Learners use them interchangeably.

Mastering Complex Arabic Prepositions & Particles (بناءً على، نظراً لـ) vs بناءً على vs وفقاً لـ

Both mean 'according to/based on'.

Mastering Complex Arabic Prepositions & Particles (بناءً على، نظراً لـ) vs Preposition vs Conjunction

Learners try to follow these with verbs.

Common Mistakes

✗

بناءً على ذهبت

✓

بناءً على طلبي ذهبت

Cannot follow with a verb.
✗

نظراً الطقس

✓

نظراً للطقس

Missing the preposition 'lam'.
✗

بناءً على أنني...

✓

بناءً على قراري...

Avoid using 'anna' clauses.
✗

نظراً لـ أن...

✓

نظراً لـ...

Keep it as a noun phrase.
✗

بناءً على ما قررت

✓

بناءً على قراري

Masdar is preferred over verb clauses.

Sentence Patterns

بناءً على ___، اتخذنا القرار.

نظراً لـ ___، لن نحضر.

تم التعديل بناءً على ___.

نظراً لـ ___، تم إلغاء الرحلة.

Real World Usage

Legal Contract constant

بناءً على المادة 10، يحق للطرفين...

Academic Paper very common

بناءً على نتائج الدراسة، نجد أن...

Business Email common

نظراً لالتزامات العمل، سأعتذر...

News Report common

نظراً لتطورات الأحداث، تم إغلاق...

Government Notice common

بناءً على قرار الوزارة، سيتم...

Project Update occasional

نظراً لبطء التنفيذ، سنقوم بـ...

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💡

Use Masdars

Always use a verbal noun (Masdar) after these particles to sound professional.
⚠️

No Verbs

Do not put a verb directly after these. Use 'بناءً على حقيقة أن' if you must.
🎯

Formal Register

Use these to elevate your writing from 'basic' to 'professional' instantly.
💬

Context Matters

These are for formal writing; don't use them in casual chat.

Smart Tips

Use 'بناءً على' to cite your sources.

قررنا تغيير الخطة لأننا رأينا النتائج. → بناءً على نتائج الدراسة، قررنا تغيير الخطة.

Use 'نظراً لـ' to explain the situation.

تأخرنا بسبب الظروف. → نظراً للظروف الراهنة، تأخرنا في التنفيذ.

Use 'بناءً على' to show compliance.

القانون يقول كذا. → بناءً على المادة 5، يجب الالتزام.

Use 'نظراً لـ' to highlight key factors.

هناك أسباب كثيرة للنجاح. → نظراً لتضافر الجهود، حققنا النجاح.

Pronunciation

bi-na-an 'a-la

Tanween

The 'an' in 'bina'an' is a tanween fath, pronounced clearly.

na-za-ran lil-

Lam merger

The 'li-' in 'nazaran li-' merges with 'al' to become 'lil'.

Formal pause

بناءً على التقرير، ↗ اتخذنا القرار ↘

Rising intonation on the prepositional phrase, falling on the main clause.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Build (بناء) your argument on (على) facts; Look (نظراً) at the situation (لـ).

Visual Association

Imagine a judge building a house (بناء) on a solid foundation (على). Then imagine a person looking (نظراً) through a telescope at the surrounding circumstances (لـ).

Rhyme

بناءً على للأساس، نظراً لـ للقياس.

Story

Ahmed was writing a report. He used 'بناءً على' to cite the law. Then, he had to explain why he was late. He used 'نظراً لـ' to explain the traffic. His boss was impressed by his formal language.

Word Web

بناءعلىنظراًلـقرارظروفمصلحة

Challenge

Write three sentences about your day using these two particles.

Cultural Notes

These terms are used heavily in formal business and government correspondence.

Often used in academic settings, but less so in daily conversation.

Used in formal news and legal contexts.

Derived from the root 'b-n-y' (to build) and 'n-z-r' (to look/consider).

Conversation Starters

“

بناءً على ماذا اتخذت هذا القرار؟

“

نظراً لضيق الوقت، ماذا سنفعل؟

“

بناءً على خبرتك، ما هي النصيحة؟

“

نظراً لأهمية المشروع، هل سنبدأ؟

Journal Prompts

Write about a decision you made based on advice.
Explain why you chose to study Arabic.
Describe a professional challenge you faced.
Draft a formal email requesting a deadline extension.

Common Mistakes

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

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Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with the correct particle.

___ طلبك، قمنا بالتعديل.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: بناءً على
It refers to a request, so 'based on' is correct.
Choose the correct sentence. Multiple Choice

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: بناءً على قراري
Must be followed by a noun.
Correct the error. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

نظراً الطقس، تأخرنا.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: نظراً للطقس
Needs the 'lam' preposition.
Reorder the sentence. Sentence Reorder

Arrange the words in the correct order:

All words placed

Click words above to build the sentence

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: تم القرار بناءً على التقرير
Standard word order.
Translate to Arabic. Translation

Given the circumstances.

Answer starts with: نظر...

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: نظراً للظروف
Standard translation.
Match the particle to its meaning. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: A. Based on, B. Given that
Correct definitions.
Transform the sentence. Sentence Transformation

Change 'بسبب' to 'نظراً لـ'. Sentence: بسبب مرضه لم يأتِ.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: نظراً لمرضه لم يأتِ
Correct prepositional usage.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: لماذا تأخرت؟ B: ___ الزحام.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: نظراً لـ
Explaining a situation.

Score: /8

Practice Exercises

8 exercises
Fill in the blank with the correct particle.

___ طلبك، قمنا بالتعديل.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: بناءً على
It refers to a request, so 'based on' is correct.
Choose the correct sentence. Multiple Choice

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: بناءً على قراري
Must be followed by a noun.
Correct the error. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

نظراً الطقس، تأخرنا.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: نظراً للطقس
Needs the 'lam' preposition.
Reorder the sentence. Sentence Reorder

القرار / بناءً على / تم / التقرير

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: تم القرار بناءً على التقرير
Standard word order.
Translate to Arabic. Translation

Given the circumstances.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: نظراً للظروف
Standard translation.
Match the particle to its meaning. Match Pairs

1. بناءً على, 2. نظراً لـ

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: A. Based on, B. Given that
Correct definitions.
Transform the sentence. Sentence Transformation

Change 'بسبب' to 'نظراً لـ'. Sentence: بسبب مرضه لم يأتِ.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: نظراً لمرضه لم يأتِ
Correct prepositional usage.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

A: لماذا تأخرت؟ B: ___ الزحام.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: نظراً لـ
Explaining a situation.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Complete the sentence regarding technology. Fill in the Blank

هذا الحاسوب ضعيف ____ سرعة المعالج.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: من حيثُ
Reorder to make a formal sentence. Sentence Reorder

القرار / بناءً / تم / التوصيات / اتخاذ / على

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: تم اتخاذ القرار بناءً على التوصيات
Translate this social media caption to Arabic. Translation

Despite the rain, the party was fun.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: بالرغم من المطر، كانت الحفلة ممتعة.
Match the particle to its English equivalent. Match Pairs

Match the pairs:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Match successfully
Select the sentence with the correct case after 'bima anna'. Multiple Choice

Which is correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: بما أنَّ الامتحانَ سهلٌ، سأنجح.
Fix the particle choice. Error Correction

أنا أحب الفواكه، إذاً الموز.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: لا سيما
Formal reasoning. Fill in the Blank

لم يحضر المدير ____ انشغاله باجتماع طارئ.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: نظراً لـ
Translate the legal phrase. Translation

In accordance with the law.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: بمقتضى القانون
Contrastive usage. Multiple Choice

أنا أفضل القهوة، ____ أخي يفضل الشاي.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: في حينِ أنَّ
Advanced causal link. Fill in the Blank

قررتُ الاستقالة، ____ لم أعد أجد شغفي في العمل.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: إذْ

Score: /10

FAQ (8)

Yes, but only in formal speeches or presentations. Avoid them in casual conversation.

They are very similar. 'بناءً على' emphasizes the foundation, while 'وفقاً لـ' emphasizes conformity.

Because they are prepositions, not conjunctions. They require a noun phrase.

Usually, yes, which makes it 'للـ'. If the noun is indefinite, it remains 'لـ'.

They are standard Arabic (MSA) and are understood everywhere in formal contexts.

No, it means 'based on'. Use 'بسبب' for 'because'.

Use 'عدم' + Masdar: 'بناءً على عدم توفر المعلومات'.

Yes, 'استناداً إلى' is another formal alternative for 'based on'.

Scaffolded Practice

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4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

Spanish high

debido a / basado en

Spanish allows 'debido a que' (conjunction), Arabic does not allow 'nazaran li-anna'.

French high

en raison de / basé sur

French prepositions are simpler in their case requirements.

German moderate

aufgrund / basierend auf

German grammar requires strict case agreement.

Japanese partial

ni motozuite / ni yori

Japanese is SOV, so the particle comes after the noun.

Chinese moderate

genju / youyu

Chinese has no case system.

Arabic high

بسبب / وفقاً لـ

Register is the main differentiator.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Previous
The Arabic Clarifier: How to Use 'Ay' (أَيْ) for 'i.e.'
Next
Arabic Similes: The Art of 'Like' (Ka- vs. Mithl)

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