C2 Prepositions & Connectors 6 min read Hard

Advanced Spanish Connectors: Sounding Professional (por ende, asimismo)

Master por ende and asimismo to elevate your professional Spanish from basic to authoritative and sophisticated.
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'por ende' to show logical results and 'asimismo' to add information in formal, high-level academic or professional writing.

  • Use 'por ende' to introduce a logical consequence: 'Estudió mucho; por ende, aprobó.'
  • Use 'asimismo' to add a related point: 'El informe es claro; asimismo, es conciso.'
  • These are formal connectors; avoid them in casual text messages or spoken slang.
Cause + [; por ende, ] + Effect | Point A + [; asimismo, ] + Point B

Overview

At the C2 level, mastering Spanish extends beyond fluency to encompass precision, stylistic elegance, and register control. Formal discourse markers, or conectores discursivos, are fundamental tools in this pursuit. While you're comfortable with common connectors like por eso, también, and pero, elevating your formal writing and speech requires a more sophisticated toolkit.

This is the domain of connectors like por ende (therefore, consequently), asimismo (likewise, furthermore), and emphatic phrases like cabe destacar (it is worth noting).

These are not simply formal synonyms for simpler words; they signal specific and nuanced logical relationships between ideas. Using them correctly demonstrates an advanced command of Spanish syntax and rhetoric. Por ende establishes a strong, necessary consequence, suggesting an almost mathematical conclusion.

Asimismo adds information with a sense of deliberate, parallel structure, implying the new point holds equal weight. Cabe destacar acts as a linguistic spotlight, directing the audience's attention to the most crucial piece of information. Mastering these markers is about building arguments with architectural precision, transforming your communication from merely functional to authoritative and persuasive.

Their use is intrinsically linked to punctuation. In formal Spanish prose, the rhythm created by semicolons and commas is not decorative but syntactically significant. These punctuation marks create pauses that give weight to your statements and clearly delineate the logical structure of your sentences.

Understanding this interplay between vocabulary and punctuation is essential for producing high-caliber, professional-level Spanish.

How This Grammar Works

The power of these connectors lies in their specific linguistic functions. They operate on a syntactic and semantic level to organize text, guide the reader's interpretation, and establish a formal tone.
Por ende as a Consecutive Connector
Por ende is a consecutive connector (conector consecutivo) that indicates a logical and unavoidable result. The phrase originates from the Latin inde (from there), which underscores its meaning of a conclusion that follows directly from a stated premise. It implies a stronger, more formal logical link than por eso or entonces.
When you use por ende, you're asserting that 'B' is a necessary consequence of 'A'.
Think of it as a logical deduction. It is most at home in academic, legal, or technical arguments where causality is key. For example: Los datos recopilados no son estadísticamente significativos; por ende, las conclusiones del estudio no se pueden generalizar. Here, the lack of statistical significance directly and logically leads to the inability to generalize the findings.
The link is one of necessity, not just sequence.
Asimismo as an Additive Connector
Asimismo is a formal additive connector (conector aditivo). Its function is to introduce new information that is parallel or equivalent in importance to the previous statement. The word is a fusion of así and mismo, literally meaning "in that same way." This etymology highlights its core purpose: to create symmetry and structured enumeration in an argument.
Unlike también, which is a neutral addition, or además, which can suggest an escalation of importance, asimismo carefully balances the old and new information. It signals to the reader that you are methodically building a case or listing attributes of a similar nature. For instance: `La nueva política fiscal busca reducir la inflación.
Asimismo, pretende incentivar la inversión extranjera.` The two goals are presented as parallel objectives of the new policy, both equally significant.
Cabe destacar as a Focusing Device
Cabe destacar que... is not a simple connector but an impersonal periphrastic construction. It functions as a focusing and emphatic device. The structure combines the verb caber (in this context, "to be fitting" or "to be appropriate") with the infinitive destacar ("to highlight" or "to emphasize").
The literal meaning is "it is fitting to highlight that...", which perfectly encapsulates its rhetorical purpose.
You use cabe destacar que to guide your audience, explicitly signaling that the subsequent clause contains the most noteworthy, surprising, or critical point of your discourse. It's a way of managing your audience's attention. Consider this example in a business presentation: `Hemos optimizado la logística y reducido los costes de producción.
Pero cabe destacar que nuestro mayor logro ha sido la entrada en el mercado asiático.` The phrase elevates the final point, marking it as the pinnacle of the achievements mentioned.

Formation Pattern

1
The correct use of these formal connectors depends heavily on precise punctuation, which serves as a crucial part of their grammatical structure. Follow these patterns to integrate them flawlessly into your writing.
2
Connecting Independent Clauses
3
When por ende or asimismo connect two complete and related ideas (independent clauses) within a single sentence, the standard structure involves a semicolon before the connector and a comma after it. This pattern clearly separates the main ideas while logically linking them.
4
Formula: [Independent Clause 1]; [connector], [Independent Clause 2].
5
This punctuation creates a formal rhythm and prevents a comma splice, a common error in less polished writing.
6
| Connector | Example Sentence |
7
| :--- | :--- |
8
| por ende | La inversión en tecnología ha aumentado la productividad; por ende, la empresa ha expandido sus operaciones. |
9
| asimismo | El sistema operativo es muy seguro; asimismo, su interfaz es intuitiva y fácil de usar. |
10
Beginning a New Sentence
11
These connectors can also begin a new sentence to link back to the idea in the preceding sentence. This is often preferable when the ideas are complex or when you want to create a more emphatic separation. In this case, the connector is followed by a comma.
12
Formula: [Sentence 1.] [Connector], [Sentence 2].
13
This structure is common in formal paragraphs where each sentence builds deliberately on the last.
14
| Connector | Example Sentence |
15
| :--- | :--- |
16
| Por ende | El acusado no tenía una coartada creíble. Por ende, el jurado lo consideró el principal sospechoso. |
17
| Asimismo | Nuestra Constitución garantiza la libertad de expresión. Asimismo, protege el derecho a la información veraz. |
18
The cabe destacar que Pattern
19
As an impersonal construction, cabe destacar follows a distinct pattern, almost always introducing a subordinate clause with que.
20
Formula: Cabe destacar que [subordinate clause].
21
This construction can stand as its own sentence or be integrated into a larger one. The que is essential; it functions as a subordinator that introduces the idea being highlighted.
22
Example: Entre las medidas adoptadas, cabe destacar que se ha priorizado el uso de energías renovables.
23
Invariability
24
An important and simplifying feature of these markers is that they are invariable. They do not change to agree with the gender or number of any noun in the sentence. Por ende and asimismo always appear in this exact form.

When To Use It

Mastering these connectors is less about knowing what they mean and more about knowing when to use them. The key is register: the level of formality required by a specific social or professional context. Using them correctly signals your ability to navigate these contexts with sophistication.
Appropriate Contexts:
  • Academic & Scientific Writing: In theses, research papers, and essays, these connectors are essential for building logical arguments and structuring evidence. El estudio de caso revela una clara correlación; por ende, la hipótesis inicial se ve reforzada.
  • Professional & Business Communication: Use them in reports, formal emails, business proposals, and presentations to project authority and clarity. Los resultados del último trimestre superaron las expectativas. Asimismo, se ha asegurado un nuevo contrato estratégico.
  • Legal & Administrative Documents: In these fields, precision is paramount. Por ende and por consiguiente are standard for expressing consequences. El contrato no fue firmado por ambas partes; por ende, carece de validez legal.
  • Formal Public Discourse: In speeches, lectures, and formal debates, these markers help structure your oration and guide the audience's understanding. Es crucial reformar el sistema educativo. Y cabe destacar que esta reforma debe ser consensuada.
  • High-Level Journalism: Editorials, opinion columns, and analytical articles use these connectors to craft persuasive and well-structured arguments.
Essentially, if the context requires you to be analytical, objective, and authoritative, these are the right tools. Think of it as the linguistic equivalent of formal attire.
Inappropriate Contexts:
  • Casual Conversation: Using por ende when talking to friends about what to have for dinner would sound pretentious or ironic. Stick with así que or entonces.
  • Informal Social Media: On platforms like X (Twitter), Instagram, or in WhatsApp chats, these connectors are out of place unless used for humorous effect. The tone is typically too formal.
  • Simple Narration: When telling a story or recounting simple events, using these markers would disrupt the narrative flow and feel unnatural.

Common Mistakes

Advanced learners often make subtle errors with these connectors that can undermine their formal register. Avoiding these common pitfalls is a mark of true C2 proficiency.
1. Punctuation and Comma Splices
The most frequent error is incorrect punctuation. Using only a comma to connect two independent clauses with one of these markers creates a comma splice (coma flotante), which is considered a significant error in formal Spanish writing.
  • Incorrect: La tecnología es obsoleta, por ende, necesitamos actualizarla.
  • Correct: La tecnología es obsoleta; por ende, necesitamos actualizarla.
  • Correct: La tecnología es obsoleta. Por ende, necesitamos actualizarla.
2. The asimismo / a sí mismo / así mismo Confusion
This three-way distinction is a classic challenge. Confusing them is a clear indicator that a speaker has not yet mastered formal nuances.
| Expression | Meaning & Function | Example |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| asimismo | (Formal Connector) likewise; also | El plan reduce gastos. Asimismo, optimiza recursos. |
| a sí mismo/a/os/as | (Reflexive Prepositional Phrase) to himself/herself/themselves | El director se exige mucho a sí mismo. |
| así mismo | (Adverbial Phrase) in that very way; just like that | Déjalo así mismo, no lo toques. |
While the RAE (Real Academia Española) notes that así mismo (two words) is a valid variant for asimismo, the one-word form is strongly preferred in formal and academic writing today. Using asimismo is the unambiguous, polished choice.
3. Overuse and Lack of Variation
While powerful, these connectors lose their impact if overused. Sprinkling por ende or asimismo into every other sentence makes your writing sound repetitive and even robotic. A key skill at the C2 level is varying your language.
  • Instead of another por ende: try por consiguiente, en consecuencia, de ahí que (+ subjunctive).
  • Instead of another asimismo: try de igual modo, igualmente, del mismo modo.
  • Instead of another cabe destacar: try cabe señalar que, es menester resaltar que (very formal), conviene subrayar que.
4. Register Clash
A jarring mistake is to mix a highly formal connector with informal or colloquial language. This creates a stylistic inconsistency that can make your communication sound strange.
  • Incorrect: Recibimos la financiación para el proyecto; por ende, ¡qué chévere!
  • Correct: Recibimos la financiación para el proyecto; por ende, podemos proceder con la siguiente fase.

Real Conversations

Seeing these connectors in authentic contexts helps clarify their modern usage. Here are a few scenarios.

S

Scenario 1

A Corporate Email

```

A

Asunto

Actualización de Resultados Q3

Estimado equipo,

Les escribo para informarles de que hemos alcanzado y superado los objetivos de ventas para el tercer trimestre. Este éxito es el resultado directo del esfuerzo de todos.

Asimismo, quiero anunciar que, debido a estos resultados, el bono de fin de año será un 15% superior a lo proyectado inicialmente. Cabe destacar que el departamento de Desarrollo de Producto ha sido clave en este logro con su último lanzamiento.

Gracias por su dedicación.

Un saludo,

La Dirección

```

S

Scenario 2

A University Student's Forum Post

```

Analizando el poema de Lorca, vemos una clara obsesión con la luna como símbolo de la muerte. Las metáforas se repiten a lo largo de sus versos, siempre asociando lo lunar con un destino trágico. Por ende, no se puede interpretar el poema como una simple oda a la noche, sino como una profunda meditación sobre la finitud humana.

```

S

Scenario 3

Ironic Use in a WhatsApp Chat

```

A

Amigo 1

Te comiste la última porción de pizza que guardé. 😠
A

Amigo 2

Tenía hambre y estaba ahí. Era una consecuencia inevitable.
A

Amigo 1

No me diste una justificación válida; por ende, me debes una pizza entera. Y no es broma.

```

Here, por ende is used humorously to mimic a legalistic or overly formal argument between friends, exaggerating the seriousness of the "crime."

Quick FAQ

Q: Are por ende and por consiguiente perfectly interchangeable?

They are very close synonyms and can often be swapped. Both are formal consecutive connectors. However, there's a slight nuance: por consiguiente is extremely common in legal, administrative, and bureaucratic texts. Por ende can feel slightly more philosophical or academic. In most professional writing, you can use either to provide variation.

Q: Is cabe señalar the same as cabe destacar?

They are largely interchangeable and both serve to emphasize a point. Cabe destacar (to highlight) feels slightly stronger and more focused on marking something as exceptional. Cabe señalar (to point out, to signal) is a bit softer, more like drawing attention to an important detail that shouldn't be missed. You can use both to vary your vocabulary.

Q: Why does the RAE prefer asimismo as one word?

The RAE recommends the single-word form asimismo for the meaning "likewise/also" primarily to avoid ambiguity. The two-word phrase así mismo can mean "in that way," and the three-word phrase a sí mismo has a completely different reflexive meaning. Using the fused form asimismo makes the writer's intention perfectly clear and aligns with modern orthographic trends of fusing common phrases.

Q: Can I use these connectors in a job interview?

Absolutely. A job interview is a formal context where articulate and structured communication is valued. Using a connector like asimismo or cabe destacar at an appropriate moment can make you sound more prepared and professional. For example: Tengo cinco años de experiencia en gestión de proyectos. Asimismo, poseo certificación en metodologías Agile. ... Durante mi último proyecto, cabe destacar que logré reducir los costes operativos en un 20%.

Connector Usage Structure

Connector Function Punctuation Register
Por ende
Consecuencia
Semicolon/Period
Formal
Asimismo
Adición
Semicolon/Period
Formal

Meanings

These are high-register discourse markers used to structure complex arguments by signaling logical consequence or additive information.

1

Consecuencia (Por ende)

Indicates that the following clause is a logical result of the previous one.

“El clima empeoró; por ende, cancelamos el evento.”

“No hubo presupuesto; por ende, el proyecto se detuvo.”

2

Adición (Asimismo)

Indicates that the following information is an additional, related point.

“El director habló; asimismo, presentó los resultados.”

“Se requiere experiencia; asimismo, se valora el dominio de idiomas.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Advanced Spanish Connectors: Sounding Professional (por ende, asimismo)
Connector Function Synonym (Less Formal) Context
por ende
Consequence
por eso
Legal, Academic, Formal
asimismo
Addition
también
Business, News, Reports
por consiguiente
Consequence
así que
Logical proofs, Formal
igualmente
Addition
además
Semi-formal, Social
por lo tanto
Consequence
entonces
Standard Formal
en consecuencia
Consequence
por eso mismo
Technical, Formal

Formality Spectrum

Formal
El proyecto ha concluido; por ende, se entrega hoy.

El proyecto ha concluido; por ende, se entrega hoy. (Work)

Neutral
El proyecto terminó, así que lo entregamos hoy.

El proyecto terminó, así que lo entregamos hoy. (Work)

Informal
Ya acabamos el proyecto, así que lo mandamos.

Ya acabamos el proyecto, así que lo mandamos. (Work)

Slang
Ya quedó, ahí va.

Ya quedó, ahí va. (Work)

Formal Connectors in Spanish

Conectores Formales

Consequence

  • por ende therefore
  • por consiguiente consequently

Addition

  • asimismo likewise
  • además furthermore

Likewise vs. Therefore

Por Ende (Consequence)
Causa -> Efecto Cause -> Effect
Asimismo (Addition)
Idea A + Idea B Idea A + Idea B

Choosing the Right Connector

1

Is the second idea a result of the first?

YES
Use 'por ende'
NO
Go to next step
2

Are you just adding similar information?

YES
Use 'asimismo'
NO ↓

Contextual Usage

🎓

Academic Writing

  • • Theses
  • • Essays
  • • Journals
💼

Legal/Business

  • • Contracts
  • • Formal Emails
  • • Reports
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Examples by Level

1

Estudié; por ende, aprendí.

I studied; therefore, I learned.

2

Comí; asimismo, bebí.

I ate; likewise, I drank.

3

Llovió; por ende, no salí.

It rained; therefore, I didn't go out.

4

Leí; asimismo, escribí.

I read; likewise, I wrote.

1

El coche falló; por ende, llegué tarde.

The car failed; therefore, I arrived late.

2

El libro es bueno; asimismo, es barato.

The book is good; likewise, it is cheap.

3

No hay luz; por ende, no veo.

There is no light; therefore, I cannot see.

4

Es alto; asimismo, es fuerte.

He is tall; likewise, he is strong.

1

La crisis aumentó; por ende, los precios subieron.

The crisis increased; therefore, prices rose.

2

El plan es viable; asimismo, es económico.

The plan is viable; likewise, it is economical.

3

Estaba cansado; por ende, dormí.

I was tired; therefore, I slept.

4

Ella canta; asimismo, baila.

She sings; likewise, she dances.

1

El estudio fue riguroso; por ende, los datos son fiables.

The study was rigorous; therefore, the data is reliable.

2

La ley protege al menor; asimismo, garantiza su educación.

The law protects the minor; likewise, it guarantees their education.

3

Hubo un error; por ende, reiniciamos.

There was an error; therefore, we restarted.

4

El hotel es céntrico; asimismo, es silencioso.

The hotel is central; likewise, it is quiet.

1

La inflación es alta; por ende, el poder adquisitivo disminuye.

Inflation is high; therefore, purchasing power decreases.

2

El informe detalla los riesgos; asimismo, propone soluciones.

The report details the risks; likewise, it proposes solutions.

3

La evidencia es clara; por ende, el veredicto es justo.

The evidence is clear; therefore, the verdict is fair.

4

El autor critica la sociedad; asimismo, cuestiona la moral.

The author criticizes society; likewise, he questions morality.

1

La premisa es falsa; por ende, la conclusión carece de validez lógica.

The premise is false; therefore, the conclusion lacks logical validity.

2

El tratado fomenta la paz; asimismo, promueve la cooperación comercial.

The treaty fosters peace; likewise, it promotes commercial cooperation.

3

La estructura es compleja; por ende, requiere un análisis profundo.

The structure is complex; therefore, it requires deep analysis.

4

El sistema es eficiente; asimismo, es altamente escalable.

The system is efficient; likewise, it is highly scalable.

Easily Confused

Advanced Spanish Connectors: Sounding Professional (por ende, asimismo) vs Por eso vs Por ende

Both mean 'therefore'.

Common Mistakes

✗

Por ende es bueno

✓

Es bueno; por ende, funciona.

Needs two clauses.
✗

Asi mismo

✓

Asimismo

Spelling error.
✗

Es caro, por ende es bueno.

✓

Es caro; por ende, es bueno.

Comma splice error.
✗

Asimismo, el sol brilla.

✓

El sol brilla; asimismo, hace calor.

Needs a preceding clause.

Sentence Patterns

___; por ende, ___.

Real World Usage

Academic Essay constant

La tesis es sólida; por ende, se aprueba.

Business Email very common

El presupuesto es bajo; asimismo, el tiempo es limitado.

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⚠️

The Spelling Trap

Never write 'asimismo' as 'a sí mismo' unless you literally mean 'to himself'. This is the most common error even for native speakers!
🎯

Punctuation Power

Using a semicolon (;) before these connectors instantly boosts your writing score. It creates a sophisticated rhythmic pause.
💬

Level Up Your LinkedIn

In the Spanish-speaking corporate world, using 'asimismo' in your profile description makes you look significantly more professional and educated.

Smart Tips

Use these to link paragraphs.

I like this. Also I like that. → Me gusta esto; asimismo, me gusta aquello.

Pronunciation

IPA: /poɾˈende/, /aˈsimismo/

Stress

Por EN-de, a-SIS-mi-mo.

Formal pause

Clause 1 [pause] ; connector [pause] , Clause 2

Signals logical structure.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

P.E. (Por Ende) = Proves Effect. A.A. (Asimismo) = Adds Another.

Visual Association

Imagine a scale. 'Por ende' is the weight that tips the scale to the result. 'Asimismo' is an extra brick added to the pile.

Rhyme

Por ende es el resultado, asimismo es lo sumado.

Story

The professor stood at the podium. He explained the theory; por ende, the students took notes. He then opened his book; asimismo, he showed a diagram.

Word Web

por consiguientepor lo tantoademástambiénigualmenteconsecuentemente

Challenge

Write three sentences about your job using 'por ende' and three using 'asimismo'.

Cultural Notes

Used frequently in legal and academic texts.

Common in formal business correspondence.

Used in formal journalism.

Derived from Latin 'inde' (from there) and 'ad' + 'sic' + 'mismo'.

Conversation Starters

“

Why did you choose this career?

Journal Prompts

Describe a recent professional challenge.

Common Mistakes

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

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Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with the appropriate formal connector of consequence.

El sistema falló críticamente; ________, perdimos todos los datos no guardados.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: por ende
'Por ende' is the formal choice for a logical consequence in a professional setting.
Which sentence correctly uses the connector for adding information? Multiple Choice

Choose the best formal option:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: El autor analiza la pobreza. Asimismo, propone soluciones innovadoras.
'Asimismo' is the correct spelling for 'likewise'. 'A sí mismo' means 'to himself'.
Find the mistake in the punctuation of this formal sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

La empresa redujo costes por ende los beneficios subieron.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: La empresa redujo costes; por ende, los beneficios subieron.
Formal connectors like 'por ende' usually need a semicolon before and a comma after.

Score: /3

Practice Exercises

1 exercises
Fill in the blank.

El plan falló; ___ , perdimos dinero.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: por ende
Logical consequence.

Score: /1

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Complete the formal email. Fill in the Blank

Le enviamos el catálogo. ________, le informamos que hay descuentos vigentes.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Asimismo
Reorder the words to form a logical formal sentence. Sentence Reorder

terminó / por / la / ende / beca / trabajar / debe / él

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: La beca terminó; por ende, él debe trabajar.
Translate to formal Spanish: 'The climate changed; therefore, the species migrated.' Translation

The climate changed; therefore, the species migrated.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: El clima cambió; por ende, las especies emigraron.
Which one is a synonym of 'likewise' in a legal text? Multiple Choice

Select the formal connector:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Asimismo
Match the connector with its function. Match Pairs

Connect the pairs:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: por ende - Consequence
Fix the spelling error. Error Correction

El gerente se felicitó asimismo por el éxito.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: El gerente se felicitó a sí mismo por el éxito.
Choose the most professional option. Fill in the Blank

No se alcanzó la meta; ________, no habrá bonos este mes.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: por ende
Which sentence follows C2 punctuation rules? Multiple Choice

Identify the correct punctuation:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Estudió mucho; asimismo, practicó a diario.
Translate: 'The app is free. Likewise, it is open source.' Translation

The app is free. Likewise, it is open source.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: La aplicación es gratuita. Asimismo, es de código abierto.
Complete the academic observation. Fill in the Blank

La muestra se contaminó; ________, los resultados no son válidos.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: por ende

Score: /10

FAQ (1)

Only in very formal speeches.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

English high

Therefore / Likewise

English punctuation is more flexible.

French high

Par conséquent / De même

French uses different connectors.

German moderate

Daher / Ebenso

Verb placement.

Japanese moderate

したがって / 同様に

Particle usage.

Arabic high

لذلك / كذلك

Script direction.

Chinese moderate

因此 / 同样

No semicolon usage.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Previous
Spanish Whose: Possessive Relative Pronouns (cuyo/a)
Next
Sophisticated Contrast: Despite... with (Con + Infinitivo)

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