Structuring Arguments: However & Therefore (sin embargo, por lo tanto)
Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds
Use 'sin embargo' to show contrast and 'por lo tanto' to show a logical result in your arguments.
- Use 'sin embargo' (however) to introduce a contradiction: 'Estudió mucho; sin embargo, reprobó.'
- Use 'por lo tanto' (therefore) to introduce a consequence: 'Llovió; por lo tanto, no salimos.'
- Always place a comma after these connectors when they start a clause.
Overview
Discourse markers are the linguistic scaffolding that gives structure and coherence to speech and writing. They signal the relationship between different parts of a message, guiding the listener or reader through the logical flow of ideas. For intermediate and advanced Spanish learners at the B2 CEFR level, mastering these connectors is crucial for expressing complex thoughts, building sophisticated arguments, and achieving a more native-like fluency.
This article focuses on two essential discourse markers: sin embargo (however, nevertheless) and por lo tanto (therefore, consequently). While basic conjunctions like pero (but) and así que (so) serve similar functions, sin embargo and por lo tanto offer a more formal, emphatic, and precise way to articulate contrast and consequence, respectively. Integrating these into your Spanish will significantly enhance the clarity and impact of your communication, allowing you to articulate nuanced positions and develop cohesive narratives.
Sin embargo signals a strong opposition or a concession that runs contrary to an expectation established by a preceding statement. It introduces information that restricts, modifies, or contradicts what has just been said. For example, El examen fue difícil; sin embargo, saqué una buena nota. (The exam was difficult; however, I got a good grade.) Here, sin embargo highlights an unexpected positive outcome despite the difficulty.
Por lo tanto introduces a logical conclusion, result, or deduction derived from a previous statement or set of circumstances. It establishes a cause-and-effect relationship, indicating that what follows is a direct consequence of what came before. Consider No estudié para el examen; por lo tanto, reprobé. (I didn't study for the exam; therefore, I failed.) This marker clearly links the lack of study to the failure.
Understanding when and how to deploy sin embargo and por lo tanto elevates your discourse beyond simple statement concatenation. It demonstrates a capacity for intricate reasoning, a hallmark of advanced language proficiency.
How This Grammar Works
Sin embargo and por lo tanto function as adverbial phrases or discourse connectors. They do not change form for gender or number, remaining invariable regardless of the nouns or pronouns they relate to. Their primary role is to connect two clauses or sentences, establishing a semantic link between them: contrast for sin embargo, and consequence for por lo tanto.pero and así que.Sin embargo (However, Nevertheless)pero provides a straightforward "but," sin embargo offers a stronger, often more formal, sense of "however" or "nevertheless." It can introduce an unexpected outcome or a contradiction that the speaker wishes to emphasize.pero.Quería salir, pero estaba lloviendo.(I wanted to go out, but it was raining.) – Simple contrast.Quería salir; sin embargo, la tormenta era demasiado fuerte.(I wanted to go out; however, the storm was too strong.) – Stronger emphasis on the impossibility due to the storm.
Por lo tanto (Therefore, Consequently)así que (so), providing a logical deduction or summary. Por lo tanto implies a more formal and explicit link between cause and effect, often used in argumentation, explanations, or academic writing.Tengo sed, así que voy a beber agua.(I'm thirsty, so I'm going to drink water.) – Casual consequence.El informe mostró deficiencias significativas; por lo tanto, se requiere una reestructuración.(The report showed significant deficiencies; therefore, restructuring is required.) – Formal and logical conclusion.
sin embargo and por lo tanto are almost always followed by a comma. They are often preceded by a semicolon or a period, especially when connecting independent clauses.Formation Pattern
sin embargo and por lo tanto is at the beginning of a clause, connecting it to the previous statement. However, slight variations in placement and punctuation can alter emphasis or register. Understanding these patterns is key to deploying them effectively.
. (Period) | Sin embargo | , (Comma) | Estudié mucho. Sin embargo, no aprobé el examen. | I studied a lot. However, I didn't pass the exam. |
; (Semicolon) | Por lo tanto | , (Comma) | Faltó a varias clases; por lo tanto, perdió el derecho a examen. | He missed several classes; therefore, he lost the right to the exam. |
Los datos eran inconsistentes, sin embargo, el equipo decidió continuar con el proyecto. (The data was inconsistent; however, the team decided to continue with the project.)
La evidencia era abrumadora, por lo tanto, el jurado dictó sentencia rápidamente. (The evidence was overwhelming; therefore, the jury delivered a verdict quickly.)
sin embargo and por lo tanto can be inserted mid-sentence, flanked by commas. This placement is more characteristic of formal literary style or very deliberate speech, often to add a reflective or parenthetical quality to the statement. It tends to draw more attention to the connector itself.
La decisión, sin embargo, fue unánime entre los miembros. (The decision, however, was unanimous among the members.)
El presupuesto, por lo tanto, se ajustará a las nuevas prioridades. (The budget, therefore, will be adjusted to the new priorities.)
When To Use It
sin embargo or por lo tanto signals a sophisticated command of Spanish, allowing you to articulate precise relationships between ideas. Their usage is particularly salient in contexts demanding clarity, formality, and persuasive argumentation.Sin embargo:sin embargo when you need to introduce a strong contrast, a significant objection, or an unexpected outcome that directly challenges or modifies a previous statement. It is ideal for situations where you want to highlight a concession or a divergence from expectation.- Formal Disagreement/Contradiction: When you present a fact that contradicts a widely held belief or a preceding assertion.
Muchos creen que el proyecto es inviable; sin embargo, los estudios demuestran lo contrario.(Many believe the project is unfeasible; however, studies show the opposite.) - Concession with emphasis: Acknowledging a point while still maintaining your main argument.
El plan es ambicioso; sin embargo, con el equipo adecuado, podemos lograrlo.(The plan is ambitious; nevertheless, with the right team, we can achieve it.) - Unexpected Result: Highlighting a situation where the outcome defies the logical expectation.
El tráfico era terrible; sin embargo, llegué a tiempo a la reunión.(The traffic was terrible; however, I arrived at the meeting on time.) - Academic and Professional Writing: Essential for constructing balanced arguments, presenting counter-evidence, or discussing limitations. Emails, reports, and academic papers frequently use
sin embargoto articulate nuanced positions.
Por lo tanto:por lo tanto for instances where you are drawing a clear, logical conclusion or presenting a direct consequence stemming from previously stated facts or premises. It is particularly effective in situations requiring deductive reasoning or formal explanations.- Logical Deduction: When one statement directly and logically leads to another.
Todos los datos confirman la hipótesis; por lo tanto, podemos proceder con la siguiente fase.(All data confirms the hypothesis; therefore, we can proceed with the next phase.) - Formal Conclusion: Summarizing the outcome of a process or argument.
No se encontró ninguna irregularidad en la auditoría; por lo tanto, el caso se considera cerrado.(No irregularities were found in the audit; therefore, the case is considered closed.) - Consequence of Policy/Action: Explaining the direct effect of a decision or event.
Las nuevas regulaciones son estrictas; por lo tanto, las empresas deberán adaptar sus procesos.(The new regulations are strict; consequently, companies will have to adapt their processes.) - Explanations and Instructions: When providing reasons or steps that inevitably lead to a particular result.
El interruptor está defectuoso; por lo tanto, la luz no enciende.(The switch is faulty; therefore, the light does not turn on.)
Common Mistakes
sin embargo and por lo tanto are prone to several common errors among Spanish learners. Avoiding these pitfalls will polish your communication and prevent misunderstandings.- Incorrect Punctuation: The most frequent error is omitting the comma after the connector. Always place a comma directly after
sin embargoorpor lo tantowhen they introduce a clause. Missing this comma disrupts the flow and sounds unnatural. - Incorrect:
Estudié mucho sin embargo no aprobé. - Correct:
Estudié mucho; sin embargo, no aprobé. - Correct:
Estudié mucho. Sin embargo, no aprobé.
- Overuse and Register Mismatch: Using these formal connectors too frequently or in overly casual contexts can make your speech or writing sound stilted, pretentious, or even robotic. Reserve them for situations where their stronger emphasis and formality are appropriate. For everyday contrasts,
perois often sufficient. For simple consequences,así queworks well. - Awkward:
Tengo hambre; por lo tanto, voy a la cocina.(Too formal for a simple action.) - Better:
Tengo hambre, así que voy a la cocina.
- "Double But" (
Pero sin embargo): This is a direct transfer from English where phrases like "But however..." might appear colloquially. In Spanish,peroandsin embargoboth convey contrast, and using them together is redundant and grammatically incorrect. - Incorrect:
Quiero ir, pero sin embargo no puedo. - Correct:
Quiero ir, pero no puedo. - Correct:
Quiero ir; sin embargo, no puedo.
- Confusing Cause and Consequence: Learners sometimes confuse
por lo tanto(consequence) with phrases that express cause, such asporque(because) orpor esto/esa razón(for this/that reason).Por lo tantointroduces the result of a cause, not the cause itself. - Incorrect:
Reprobé el examen por lo tanto no estudié.(Implies failing caused not studying.) - Correct:
No estudié; por lo tanto, reprobé el examen.(Lack of study caused failing.)
- Inappropriate Mid-sentence Placement: While possible, placing
sin embargoorpor lo tantomid-sentence is highly formal and literary. Overusing this in general discourse can sound unnatural. When in doubt, place them at the beginning of the clause they introduce.
sin embargo and por lo tanto is always precise, impactful, and idiomatic.Real Conversations
Understanding the grammatical rules is one thing; observing how native speakers genuinely integrate sin embargo and por lo tanto into their daily and professional lives offers deeper insight. These phrases are not confined to textbooks but are dynamic tools in diverse communicative contexts.
In Formal and Professional Settings:
In emails, business proposals, academic discussions, or formal presentations, sin embargo and por lo tanto are indispensable. They lend authority and precision to arguments.
- Work Email (Spain): Hemos revisado los resultados del trimestre. Las ventas aumentaron en un 5%; sin embargo, los márgenes de beneficio disminuyeron ligeramente debido al aumento de costes. (We have reviewed the quarterly results. Sales increased by 5%; however, profit margins decreased slightly due to increased costs.)
- Project Update (Latin America): El equipo completó la fase inicial a tiempo. Por lo tanto, podemos adelantar la siguiente etapa del desarrollo. (The team completed the initial phase on time. Therefore, we can advance the next stage of development.)
In Nuanced Casual Discussions:
While generally formal, these markers appear in more considered casual conversations, especially when discussing complex topics, expressing opinions, or justifying decisions.
- Debate with Friends: Sé que te gusta la película, y entiendo por qué. Sin embargo, a mí no me pareció tan original. (I know you like the movie, and I understand why. However, I didn't find it that original.) – A polite but firm counter-argument.
- Explaining a Decision: Me ofrecieron un puesto muy bueno en el extranjero. Por lo tanto, decidí aceptar la oferta y mudarme. (They offered me a very good position abroad. Therefore, I decided to accept the offer and move.) – Justifying a significant life choice.
In Digital Communication (Social Media/Texting):
Though less frequent than in formal writing, you will encounter sin embargo and por lo tanto in social media captions or longer messages where a user wants to convey a more thoughtful or impactful statement.
- Tweet/Post: Muchos critican el nuevo sistema. Sin embargo, creo que sus beneficios a largo plazo son innegables. (Many criticize the new system. However, I believe its long-term benefits are undeniable.)
- Detailed Text Message: No pude ir a tu fiesta, lo siento. Tenía un compromiso familiar ineludible; por lo tanto, me fue imposible cancelar. (I couldn't go to your party, I'm sorry. I had an unavoidable family commitment; therefore, it was impossible for me to cancel.)
Notice that in spoken language, the comma preceding these markers is often replaced by a brief but distinct pause, similar to how one might pause for emphasis in English. This vocal cue helps to delineate the clauses and signal the relationship between them.
Quick FAQ
sin embargo and por lo tanto.- Can
sin embargoorpor lo tantoappear at the very end of a sentence?
No vino, sin embargo. (He didn't come, though.) is grammatically possible, it's very literary, often implies ellipsis, and is far less common than placing it at the beginning of the contrasting clause.- What is the difference between
sin embargoandno obstante?
No obstante is a direct synonym for sin embargo, conveying "nevertheless" or "however." The primary distinction lies in their register: no obstante is generally considered slightly more formal and literary than sin embargo. While sin embargo is common in professional contexts, no obstante might be preferred in academic papers or highly formal speeches. For example, La teoría es compleja; no obstante, su aplicación es sencilla. (The theory is complex; nevertheless, its application is simple.) They are interchangeable in most formal contexts, but no obstante adds an extra layer of formality.- How does
por lo tantocompare topor consiguiente?
Por consiguiente is another synonym for por lo tanto, meaning "consequently" or "as a result." Like no obstante compared to sin embargo, por consiguiente carries a slightly higher degree of formality and is considered somewhat more archaic or literary than por lo tanto. Both are used to introduce a logical consequence, but por lo tanto is the more common and accessible choice in modern standard Spanish. For instance, Los datos eran insuficientes; por consiguiente, la investigación se detuvo. (The data was insufficient; consequently, the investigation stopped.)- Do these markers trigger the subjunctive mood?
sin embargo and por lo tanto do not typically trigger the subjunctive mood. They introduce statements that are presented as facts, observations, or logical conclusions, which generally remain in the indicative mood. The independent clause that follows these markers will use the indicative because it expresses certainty or reality.Ella dijo que vendría; sin embargo, no vino. (She said she would come; however, she didn't come.) The statement no vino is a fact, thus indicative.- Can
por lo tantobe used to introduce a question?
Por lo tanto introduces a conclusion or consequence. While you might follow a conclusion with a question, por lo tanto itself doesn't directly introduce the interrogative structure.Entonces, ¿qué hacemos? (So, what do we do?)- Are there regional preferences for
sin embargoorpor lo tanto?
sin embargo and por lo tanto are standard across all Spanish-speaking regions (Spain, Latin America). Their usage and formality are consistent. However, the frequency of their more formal synonyms like no obstante or por consiguiente might vary slightly in certain literary traditions or academic circles, but these are minor nuances rather than fundamental regional differences.- Should I use
túorustedexamples?
usted/ustedes) and informal (tú/vosotros in Spain, ustedes in Latin America for plural) contexts is appropriate to reflect varied real-world usage. The examples provided aim to cover a range of situations without explicitly focusing on the tú/usted distinction, as these connectors themselves are invariable.Connector Usage Structure
| Connector | Function | Punctuation | Register |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Sin embargo
|
Contrast
|
; ... ,
|
Formal
|
|
No obstante
|
Contrast
|
; ... ,
|
Very Formal
|
|
Por lo tanto
|
Result
|
; ... ,
|
Formal
|
|
Por consiguiente
|
Result
|
; ... ,
|
Very Formal
|
|
Así que
|
Result
|
, ...
|
Informal
|
|
Pero
|
Contrast
|
, ...
|
Neutral
|
Meanings
These connectors serve to link ideas logically, either by contrasting them or by presenting a result.
Contrast
Introducing an opposing or unexpected idea.
“Es caro; sin embargo, es de buena calidad.”
“Quería ir; sin embargo, no pude.”
Consequence
Introducing a logical conclusion or result.
“Tengo hambre; por lo tanto, voy a comer.”
“No estudió; por lo tanto, reprobó el examen.”
Reference Table
| Form | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
|
Sin embargo
|
Clause A; sin embargo, Clause B
|
Es caro; sin embargo, lo quiero.
|
|
Por lo tanto
|
Clause A; por lo tanto, Clause B
|
Llovió; por lo tanto, no salí.
|
|
No obstante
|
Clause A; no obstante, Clause B
|
Es tarde; no obstante, sigo aquí.
|
|
Por consiguiente
|
Clause A; por consiguiente, Clause B
|
Hubo un error; por consiguiente, paramos.
|
|
Pero
|
Clause A, pero Clause B
|
Es caro, pero lo quiero.
|
|
Así que
|
Clause A, así que Clause B
|
Llovió, así que no salí.
|
Formality Spectrum
El precio es elevado; sin embargo, lo adquiriré. (Shopping)
Es caro; sin embargo, lo compraré. (Shopping)
Es caro, pero lo compro. (Shopping)
Está carísimo, pero me lo llevo. (Shopping)
Connector Logic Map
Contrast
- Sin embargo However
- No obstante Nevertheless
Result
- Por lo tanto Therefore
- Por consiguiente Consequently
Formal vs Informal
Connector Decision Tree
Is the idea opposite?
Is it a result?
Connector Categories
Adversative
- • Sin embargo
- • No obstante
- • Pero
Consecutive
- • Por lo tanto
- • Por consiguiente
- • Así que
Examples by Level
Quiero ir, pero no puedo.
I want to go, but I can't.
Tengo hambre, así que como.
I am hungry, so I eat.
Es tarde, pero estudio.
It is late, but I study.
Hace frío, así que uso abrigo.
It is cold, so I wear a coat.
El libro es largo; sin embargo, es interesante.
The book is long; however, it is interesting.
No tengo dinero; por lo tanto, no compro nada.
I have no money; therefore, I buy nothing.
Es difícil; sin embargo, lo intento.
It is difficult; however, I try.
Es tarde; por lo tanto, me voy.
It is late; therefore, I am leaving.
El equipo jugó bien; sin embargo, perdió el partido.
The team played well; however, they lost the match.
El presupuesto es limitado; por lo tanto, debemos ahorrar.
The budget is limited; therefore, we must save.
La película fue larga; sin embargo, me gustó mucho.
The movie was long; however, I liked it a lot.
No hubo tráfico; por lo tanto, llegamos temprano.
There was no traffic; therefore, we arrived early.
La investigación es exhaustiva; sin embargo, los resultados son inconclusos.
The research is exhaustive; however, the results are inconclusive.
La empresa ha crecido; por lo tanto, necesitamos más personal.
The company has grown; therefore, we need more staff.
El clima es extremo; sin embargo, la fauna sobrevive.
The climate is extreme; however, the fauna survives.
La demanda aumentó; por lo tanto, subimos los precios.
Demand increased; therefore, we raised prices.
La teoría parece sólida; no obstante, presenta fallas estructurales.
The theory seems solid; however, it presents structural flaws.
Las medidas fueron drásticas; por consiguiente, la situación mejoró.
The measures were drastic; consequently, the situation improved.
El argumento es válido; sin embargo, carece de evidencia.
The argument is valid; however, it lacks evidence.
Hubo errores; por lo tanto, se requiere una auditoría.
There were errors; therefore, an audit is required.
La obra es compleja; sin embargo, su mensaje es universal.
The work is complex; however, its message is universal.
La crisis se agudizó; por lo tanto, el gobierno intervino.
The crisis worsened; therefore, the government intervened.
El autor es brillante; sin embargo, su estilo es oscuro.
The author is brilliant; however, his style is obscure.
La evidencia es clara; por lo tanto, el veredicto es justo.
The evidence is clear; therefore, the verdict is fair.
Easily Confused
Learners often use them interchangeably without considering punctuation.
Learners use them in the same register.
They mean the same thing but have different frequencies.
Common Mistakes
Es caro sin embargo lo compro.
Es caro; sin embargo, lo compro.
Tengo hambre, sin embargo como.
Tengo hambre; por lo tanto, como.
Es bueno pero sin embargo caro.
Es bueno, pero caro.
Sin embargo, es bueno.
Es bueno; sin embargo, es caro.
Por lo tanto, voy a casa.
Estoy cansado; por lo tanto, voy a casa.
Es difícil, por lo tanto lo hago.
Es difícil; sin embargo, lo hago.
Sin embargo, no tengo tiempo.
Quería ir; sin embargo, no tengo tiempo.
Es muy caro; sin embargo, lo compro.
Es muy caro; sin embargo, lo compraré.
No estudió; por lo tanto, reprobó.
No estudió; por lo tanto, reprobó.
Es un problema; por lo tanto, hay que resolverlo.
Es un problema; por lo tanto, hay que resolverlo.
Sin embargo, la situación es compleja.
La situación es compleja; sin embargo, es manejable.
Por lo tanto, la decisión es final.
La decisión es final; por lo tanto, no hay vuelta atrás.
Es, sin embargo, muy difícil.
Es, sin embargo, muy difícil.
No obstante, lo haremos.
Es difícil; no obstante, lo haremos.
Sentence Patterns
Es ___ ; sin embargo, es ___ .
Tengo ___ ; por lo tanto, ___ .
La situación es ___ ; sin embargo, ___ .
Hubo ___ ; por lo tanto, ___ .
Real World Usage
La teoría es válida; sin embargo, requiere pruebas.
El presupuesto es bajo; por lo tanto, reduciremos gastos.
Su argumento es fuerte; sin embargo, no es suficiente.
Hubo daños; por lo tanto, se cerró la calle.
Es tarde, pero voy.
Tengo poca experiencia; sin embargo, aprendo rápido.
Punctuation is Key
Don't Overuse
Vary Your Vocabulary
Know Your Audience
Smart Tips
Use 'sin embargo' to show depth of thought.
Use 'por lo tanto' to summarize your points.
Use 'no obstante' to counter an opponent.
Use 'por consiguiente' for clear conclusions.
Pronunciation
Intonation
Pause slightly at the semicolon and the comma.
Contrastive
Es caro ↗; sin embargo ↘, lo quiero.
Rising pitch on the first clause, falling on the second.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Think of 'Sin embargo' as a 'Sin' (without) 'embargo' (burden/obstacle) — you are overcoming an obstacle.
Visual Association
Imagine a road splitting. 'Sin embargo' is a sharp left turn (contrast), while 'Por lo tanto' is a straight arrow forward (result).
Rhyme
Para contrastar, sin embargo usarás; para el resultado, por lo tanto dirás.
Story
Juan wanted to sleep. He was tired. He drank coffee; sin embargo, he stayed awake. He was productive; por lo tanto, he finished his work.
Word Web
Challenge
Write three sentences about your day using 'sin embargo' and three using 'por lo tanto'.
Cultural Notes
Formal connectors are used frequently in academic and professional settings.
People often use 'pero' even in formal settings, but 'sin embargo' is recognized as more professional.
The use of 'así que' is very common, even in semi-formal contexts.
These connectors evolved from Latin phrases. 'Sin embargo' comes from 'sin' (without) and 'embargo' (hindrance/arrest).
Conversation Starters
¿Crees que el trabajo es difícil? ¿Por qué?
¿Qué planes tienes para el fin de semana?
¿Es importante estudiar idiomas?
¿Qué opinas de la tecnología?
Journal Prompts
Common Mistakes
Test Yourself
Es caro ___ , lo quiero.
Find and fix the mistake:
Es tarde por lo tanto me voy.
No estudió; ___ , reprobó.
Arrange the words in the correct order:
All words placed
Click words above to build the sentence
It is difficult; however, I will do it.
Answer starts with: Es ...
Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:
Es caro, pero lo compro.
Do you need a comma after 'sin embargo'?
Score: /8
Practice Exercises
8 exercisesEs caro ___ , lo quiero.
Find and fix the mistake:
Es tarde por lo tanto me voy.
No estudió; ___ , reprobó.
sin embargo / es / caro / lo / quiero / ; / ,
It is difficult; however, I will do it.
Sin embargo
Es caro, pero lo compro.
Do you need a comma after 'sin embargo'?
Score: /8
Practice Bank
10 exercisesLa comida estaba fría. __________, el postre fue excelente.
The company is growing...
concierto / Sin / el / embargo, / me / gustó. / caro / era
I am tired; therefore, I am going to bed.
Match these:
Tengo mucho trabajo por lo tanto no puedo salir.
Es una oferta increíble. __________, debo pensarlo un poco más.
Identify the result sentence:
Translate to formal Spanish.
He perdido el bus; __________, llegaré tarde.
Score: /10
FAQ (8)
Yes, but it must be followed by a comma and refer to the previous sentence.
Yes, it is much more formal than 'así que'.
They are synonyms, but 'no obstante' is more literary.
Yes, but 'sin embargo' is preferred for variety.
It separates two independent clauses.
Yes, 'por consiguiente' or 'por ende'.
You can, but it might sound too formal.
In formal writing, yes.
Scaffolded Practice
1
2
3
4
Mastery Progress
Needs Practice
Improving
Strong
Mastered
In Other Languages
However / Therefore
English punctuation is less rigid than Spanish.
Cependant / Par conséquent
French has more formal alternatives.
Jedoch / Deshalb
Verb placement is affected in German.
Shikashi / Dakara
Japanese particles are different.
Ma'a dhalik / Lidhalik
Arabic script and flow are unique.
Danshi / Suoyi
Chinese lacks the semicolon/comma structure.
Learning Path
Prerequisites
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