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B2 adverb 10 min read

بطور انتقادی

be tore enteghadi
Examples Notes & Tips بطور انتقادی in 30 Seconds
Explanation بطور انتقادی in your Level:
At the A1 level, the phrase 'بطور انتقادی' is too complex. An A1 student should focus on the root word 'خوب' (good) or 'بد' (bad). They might say 'این کتاب بد است' (This book is bad). They are not yet expected to 'analyze' things critically, but rather to express simple likes and dislikes. However, they might encounter the word 'انتقاد' in very basic contexts related to 'complaining,' though even that is rare at this stage. Focus on 'فکر کردن' (thinking) first.
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At A2, a student might start to learn how to form adverbs using 'بطور' (in the manner of). They might learn 'بطور کلی' (generally) or 'بطور خاص' (specifically). 'بطور انتقادی' might be introduced as a 'challenge word' in a lesson about school or reading. At this level, the teacher might explain it as 'thinking carefully about if something is right.' The student wouldn't be expected to use it in speech, but they might recognize the 'enteqād' part if they know the word for 'criticism.'
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By B1, students are discussing opinions, books, and social issues. They should begin to understand that 'enteqād' isn't just saying something is bad. They might use the phrase 'به نظر من' (in my opinion) and can be taught that 'بطور انتقادی' is a way to make their opinion more academic. A B1 student might write a simple sentence like: 'ما باید بطور انتقادی به اخبار گوش دهیم' (We should listen to the news critically). They understand the word but might struggle with its formal register.
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This is the 'home' level for this word. A B2 student is expected to produce and understand complex arguments. They should use 'بطور انتقادی' to describe their methodology in essays or debates. They understand the nuance between 'criticizing' and 'critical thinking.' At this level, the student can use the word to evaluate a film, a piece of news, or a scientific claim. They are also aware of synonyms like 'نقادانه' and can choose the right one based on the context of their writing.
C1 learners use 'بطور انتقادی' with ease and precision. They can use it to deconstruct complex philosophical texts or political theories. They are aware of the historical root 'Naqd' and might even use that knowledge to make puns or deeper linguistic connections. A C1 student doesn't just use the word; they understand its weight in Iranian intellectual history and can use it to engage in high-level discourse with native speakers in academic or professional environments.
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At C2, the word is part of the speaker's natural intellectual toolkit. They might use it to critique the very concept of 'critical thinking' itself! They can navigate the subtle differences between 'بطور انتقادی,' 'موشکافانه,' and 'تحلیلی' to convey exact shades of meaning. They are comfortable using it in formal speeches, legal documents, or literary masterpieces. For a C2 speaker, 'بطور انتقادی' is not just a vocabulary item, but a reflection of their cognitive approach to the Persian language and world.
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Examples Notes & Tips

بطور انتقادی in 30 Seconds

  • An adverb meaning 'critically' used for analytical thinking.
  • Common in academic, journalistic, and formal Persian contexts.
  • Implies looking for both strengths and weaknesses objectively.
  • Derived from 'enteqād' (criticism) and 'be towr-e' (in the manner of).

The Persian adverb بطور انتقادی (betowr-e enteqādi) is a sophisticated term used to describe an analytical approach to information. It is composed of the prepositional phrase 'به طور' (in the manner of) and the adjective 'انتقادی' (critical). Unlike the common English misunderstanding where 'critical' only means 'finding fault,' the Persian 'انتقادی' carries a heavy weight of intellectual rigor. It implies a process of 'Naqd' (نقد), which historically referred to the process of separating genuine gold from counterfeit coins. Therefore, when you look at something betowr-e enteqādi, you are essentially acting as a jeweler of the mind, testing the purity of an idea.

Core Concept
The term describes the act of looking beyond the surface. It is the hallmark of the B2 level learner who is moving from simple comprehension to active analysis.

In modern Iranian discourse, this word is ubiquitous in university lecture halls, literary reviews, and political debates. It signifies that the speaker is not merely absorbing facts but is actively questioning the underlying assumptions. For instance, a professor might ask students to read a historical text بطور انتقادی to uncover potential biases or missing perspectives. It is a bridge between passive reading and active scholarship.

دانشجویان باید یاد بگیرند که منابع خبری را بطور انتقادی تحلیل کنند.
(Students must learn to analyze news sources critically.)

Furthermore, the word is used in artistic circles. When a film critic reviews a movie, they aren't just saying they liked it; they are looking at it betowr-e enteqādi. This involves examining the cinematography, the script, and the performances through a framework of established standards. It is a word that commands respect, as it suggests the speaker has put in the cognitive effort to form an independent opinion rather than following the crowd.

To use this word correctly, one must distinguish between 'criticizing' (finding flaws to be mean) and 'thinking critically' (analyzing for truth). In Persian, while 'enteqād' can mean both, the adverbial form بطور انتقادی almost always leans toward the intellectual, constructive side of the spectrum. It is about the methodology of thought rather than the emotional state of the thinker.

Contextual Usage
Commonly used with verbs like 'negāh kardan' (to look), 'andishidan' (to think), and 'barrasi kardan' (to examine).

In summary, بطور انتقادی is a tool for the discerning mind. It requires the speaker to be brave enough to question authority and disciplined enough to base their questions on logic. Whether you are discussing a new law, a classical poem by Hafez, or a scientific discovery, using this word signals that you are engaging in a high-level, serious intellectual exercise.

Using بطور انتقادی requires an understanding of Persian adverb placement. Typically, it appears before the verb it modifies, or at the beginning of the clause for emphasis. Because it is a formal and academic term, it is most at home in written Persian or formal speech. However, in the 'Tehrani' colloquial dialect, you might hear the slightly shortened version 'enteqādi' used as an adverb, though 'be towr-e enteqādi' remains the standard for clarity and impact.

Grammar Tip
The prefix 'be towr-e' (بطورِ) acts as a universal adverb creator. You can attach almost any descriptive adjective to it to describe 'how' an action is performed.

Let's look at the structure of a typical sentence. If you want to say 'He looked at the painting critically,' you would say: 'U betowr-e enteqādi be tāblo negāh kard.' Notice how the adverb sets the stage for the action. It tells the listener that the look wasn't just a glance; it was a deep, evaluative stare. This precision is what makes the word so valuable in academic writing.

او همیشه مسائل سیاسی را بطور انتقادی بررسی می‌کند.
(He always examines political issues critically.)

In a professional setting, you might use this word during a performance review or a project post-mortem. For example, 'We need to look at our failures betowr-e enteqādi.' This uses the word to strip away emotion and focus on data and logic. It encourages a culture of improvement. In Persian: 'Mā bāyad be shekast-hāyemān betowr-e enteqādi negāh konim.'

Another common usage is in the context of 'critical thinking' (تفکر انتقادی). While 'tafakkor-e enteqādi' is the noun phrase, you can use the adverb to describe the process: 'Thinking critically about the world around us is a vital skill.' In Persian: 'Betowr-e enteqādi andishidan dar mored-e jahān-e pirāmun، yek mahārat-e hayāti ast.'

نویسنده در این کتاب، سنت‌های قدیمی را بطور انتقادی به چالش می‌کشد.
(The author critically challenges old traditions in this book.)

Finally, consider the nuances of tone. If you say someone is speaking betowr-e enteqādi, it might imply they are being a bit harsh. However, if you say they are *reading* betowr-e enteqādi, it is almost always a compliment to their intelligence. Context is key to ensuring your use of this adverb is perceived as an intellectual strength rather than a social friction.

The word بطور انتقادی is not something you would typically hear at a casual dinner party or while buying bread at the 'nānvāyi.' It belongs to the 'Ketābi' (bookish) or formal register of Persian. If you are watching a serious news program like BBC Persian or Iran International, or listening to a podcast about philosophy or sociology (like 'Radio Marz' or 'Bplus'), you will encounter this term frequently.

Domain: Academia
In Iranian universities, professors use this to push students beyond memorization. 'Don't just read the pamphlet, read it critically!'

You will also find this word in the introductions of academic papers and the 'Conclusion' sections of theses. It serves as a signal that the researcher has not just compiled data but has interrogated it. In the Iranian press, particularly in reformist or intellectual newspapers like 'Shargh' or 'Etemad,' journalists use betowr-e enteqādi to discuss government policies or social trends without necessarily being overtly aggressive; it provides a 'scholarly' shield for their critiques.

در میزگرد امروز، کارشناسان بطور انتقادی به بررسی لایحه جدید پرداختند.
(In today's roundtable, experts critically examined the new bill.)

Social media, particularly Persian Twitter (X), is another place where this word has seen a resurgence. Intellectuals and activists use it to encourage their followers to verify news before sharing it. 'Please look at this viral video betowr-e enteqādi,' they might say, warning against propaganda. Here, it functions as a call for digital literacy.

In the world of Persian literature—a cornerstone of Iranian identity—modern critics use this adverb to re-evaluate classical works. Instead of just praising Rumi or Saadi, modern scholars might look at their gender perspectives betowr-e enteqādi. This shows that the word is part of a modernizing trend in Persian thought, where nothing is too sacred to be analyzed.

منقدان فیلم، اثر جدید کارگردان را بطور انتقادی تحسین کردند.
(Film critics praised the director's new work critically—meaning they acknowledged both its brilliance and its flaws.)

Lastly, if you attend a business meeting in a high-tech firm in Tehran or an NGO, you'll hear this word during strategic planning. It is the language of the 'modern Iranian professional' who values efficiency and objective truth over traditional hierarchies.

The most frequent mistake English speakers make when using بطور انتقادی is confusing 'critical' with 'urgent' or 'dangerous.' In English, 'the patient is in critical condition' uses the word 'critical' to mean 'at a turning point' or 'very serious.' In Persian, you would not use 'betowr-e enteqādi' for this. Instead, you would use 'vakhim' (وخیم) or 'bohrāni' (بحرانی). Using 'betowr-e enteqādi' in a hospital setting would sound like the patient is lying in bed analyzing their own illness!

Mistake #1: Meaning Confusion
Don't use it for medical or emergency situations. Use 'bohrāni' (crisis-like) instead.

Another common error is the 'Ezāfe' (the short 'e' sound connecting words). Because 'betowr-e' ends in a silent 'h' (which is actually part of the spelling of 'towr' in some contexts, but here it's 'بطور'), many learners forget to pronounce the linking 'e' between 'towr' and 'enteqādi.' It must be betowr-e enteqādi, not betowr enteqādi. Without the Ezāfe, the phrase loses its grammatical glue and sounds disjointed.

اشتباه: وضعیت بیمار بطور انتقادی است.
درست: وضعیت بیمار بحرانی است.
(Incorrect: The patient's state is 'critically'. Correct: The patient's state is 'critical/crisis'.)

Learners also sometimes confuse بطور انتقادی with 'ba'aneghād' (with contraction/agreement), which sounds vaguely similar to a beginner's ear but means something completely different. Accuracy in the 'en-te-qā-di' syllables is crucial. Also, be careful not to use it when you simply mean 'angrily' (bā khashm). Criticism in Persian, while it can be harsh, is fundamentally an intellectual act, not an emotional outburst.

Finally, avoid overusing it in informal settings. If you tell your friend they are eating their pizza betowr-e enteqādi, they will think you are making a joke or being incredibly pretentious. It is a 'heavy' word. Save it for books, movies, news, and serious discussions. In casual settings, words like 'deghat' (precision) or 'mush-shekāfi' (splitting hairs/detailed analysis) might be more appropriate.

If you find بطور انتقادی too formal or if you want to vary your vocabulary, there are several alternatives. Each has a slightly different flavor. The most direct synonym is نقادانه (naqqādāne). This is an adjective used adverbially. While 'betowr-e enteqādi' feels like a structured phrase, 'naqqādāne' feels more literary and elegant. You might say 'U naqqādāne be mozu' negāh kard' (He looked at the subject critically/critically-wise).

Comparison: Naqqādāne vs. Betowr-e Enteqādi
'Naqqādāne' is more poetic/literary. 'Betowr-e enteqādi' is more academic/modern.

Another alternative is با دید انتقادی (bā did-e enteqādi), which literally means 'with a critical view.' This is very common in spoken intellectual Persian. It emphasizes the 'perspective' rather than the 'manner' of the action. It's like saying 'from a critical standpoint.' This is often used when discussing how one should approach a problem.

او با دید انتقادی به تاریخ می‌نگرد.
(He looks at history with a critical view.)

If the focus is more on 'deep analysis' rather than 'judging,' you might use تحلیلی (tahlili) or بطور تحلیلی (betowr-e tahlili). 'Tahlil' means analysis. This is a 'safer' word if you want to avoid the negative connotations of 'criticism.' It suggests breaking a subject down into its component parts to understand it better, without necessarily looking for faults.

For a more idiomatic or 'intense' version, you can use موشکافانه (mush-shekāfāne). Literally 'hair-splittingly,' this word describes an extremely detailed and precise analysis. It is often used as a compliment for someone who notices the smallest details that others miss. While 'enteqādi' is about the *quality* of thought, 'mush-shekāfāne' is about the *depth* and *precision* of the observation.

Summary of Alternatives
1. نقادانه (Literary)
2. با دید انتقادی (Perspective-focused)
3. بطور تحلیلی (Purely analytical)
4. موشکافانه (Extremely detailed)

Fun Fact

In Persian, 'naqd' means 'cash.' This is because 'naqd' was the act of verifying that a coin was real gold. So, when you 'critique' an idea, you are checking if it is 'pure gold' or just cheap metal!

Pronunciation Guide

UK /be tʰoʊɾ e en tʰe ɢɒː diː/
US /be tʰoʊɾ e en tʰe ɢɒː diː/
The primary stress in 'enteqādi' is on the final syllable 'di'. In the whole phrase, the stress is on the last syllable of the final word.
Rhymes With
اقتصادی (eqtesādi - economic) اعتقادی (e'teqādi - belief-related) انفرادی (enferādi - individual) اجدادی (ajdādi - ancestral) آزادی (āzādi - freedom) شادی (shādi - happiness) بنیادی (bonyādi - fundamental) ستادی (setādi - staff-related)
Common Errors
  • Pronouncing 'enteqādi' as 'entekādi' (using 'k' instead of 'q').
  • Omitting the Ezāfe 'e' between 'towr' and 'enteqādi'.
  • Pronouncing 'towr' like the English 'tower'.
  • Putting the stress on the first syllable.
  • Forgetting the 'n' in 'enteqādi'.
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Examples by Level

1

او فکر می‌کند.

He thinks.

Simple present tense.

2

این کتاب خوب است؟

Is this book good?

Simple question with 'good'.

3

من سوال دارم.

I have a question.

Subject + Object + Verb.

4

او زیاد می‌خواند.

He reads a lot.

Adverb 'ziād' (a lot) before the verb.

5

او به من نگاه کرد.

He looked at me.

Preposition 'be' used with 'negāh kardan'.

6

معلم می‌گوید: فکر کن!

The teacher says: Think!

Imperative form of 'fekr kardan'.

7

این درست نیست.

This is not right.

Negative form of 'ast' (is).

8

او آرام حرف می‌زند.

He speaks slowly.

Adverb 'ārām' before the verb.

1

او بطور جدی درس می‌خواند.

He studies seriously.

Introduction of the 'be towr-e' adverbial structure.

2

ما باید بطور دقیق نگاه کنیم.

We must look accurately.

Modal 'bāyad' (must) + adverb.

3

او همیشه انتقاد می‌کند.

He always criticizes.

Usage of the noun 'enteqād' as part of a compound verb.

4

این یک سوال انتقادی است.

This is a critical question.

Adjective 'enteqādi' modifying 'so'āl'.

5

او بطور خلاصه توضیح داد.

He explained briefly.

Adverbial phrase 'be towr-e kholāse'.

6

شما چطور فکر می‌کنید؟

How do you think?

Interrogative 'che-towr' (how).

7

او با دقت گوش داد.

He listened with care.

Adverbial phrase using 'bā' (with).

8

این نظر او است.

This is his opinion.

Possessive Ezāfe construction.

1

او سعی کرد بطور انتقادی به موضوع نگاه کند.

He tried to look at the subject critically.

Compound sentence with 'sa'y kardan' (to try).

2

خواندن کتاب‌ها بطور انتقادی مفید است.

Reading books critically is useful.

Gerund phrase as the subject.

3

ما در مورد این ایده بطور انتقادی بحث کردیم.

We discussed this idea critically.

Prepositional phrase 'dar mored-e'.

4

او بطور انتقادی از دولت حرف زد.

He spoke critically of the government.

Adverb modifying the verb 'harf zad'.

5

باید یاد بگیرید بطور انتقادی بنویسید.

You must learn to write critically.

Subjunctive verb following 'yād begirid'.

6

او بطور انتقادی به تبلیغات نگاه می‌کند.

He looks at advertisements critically.

Present continuous sense.

7

این مقاله بطور انتقادی نوشته شده است.

This article is written critically.

Passive voice construction.

8

او همیشه بطور انتقادی فکر می‌کند.

He always thinks critically.

Frequency adverb 'hamishe' + adverbial phrase.

1

تحلیل بطور انتقادی برای هر پژوهشگری ضروری است.

Analyzing critically is essential for every researcher.

Formal academic sentence structure.

2

او بطور انتقادی به بررسی نظریات قدیمی پرداخت.

He proceeded to examine old theories critically.

Usage of 'be ... pardākht' (to engage in/proceed to).

3

نویسنده بطور انتقادی به نابرابری‌های اجتماعی اشاره کرد.

The author critically pointed out social inequalities.

Verb 'eshāre kardan' (to point out/refer).

4

ما باید بطور انتقادی با چالش‌های جدید روبرو شویم.

We must face new challenges critically.

Compound verb 'rubero shodan' (to face).

5

او بطور انتقادی به عملکرد شرکت نگاه کرد.

He looked at the company's performance critically.

Noun 'amalkard' (performance) with Ezāfe.

6

این فیلم بطور انتقادی به جنگ می‌پردازد.

This film deals with war critically.

Verb 'pardākhtan' meaning 'to deal with/address'.

7

او بطور انتقادی به سخنان رئیس گوش می‌داد.

He was listening to the boss's words critically.

Past continuous tense.

8

تفکر بطور انتقادی باعث پیشرفت می‌شود.

Thinking critically causes progress.

Subject clause using the adverbial phrase.

1

او بطور انتقادی مبانی فلسفی این مکتب را زیر سوال برد.

He critically questioned the philosophical foundations of this school of thought.

Idiomatic expression 'zir-e so'āl bordan' (to question/challenge).

2

منتقد بطور انتقادی به ساختارشکنی متن پرداخت.

The critic critically engaged in the deconstruction of the text.

Academic term 'sākhtār-shekani' (deconstruction).

3

او بطور انتقادی به بازخوانی تاریخ معاصر ایران نشست.

He sat down to critically re-read contemporary Iranian history.

Literary verb 'neshastan' used for starting an intellectual task.

4

باید بطور انتقادی به مفروضات ذهنی خودمان بنگریم.

We must look at our own mental assumptions critically.

Formal verb 'negaristan' (to look/gaze).

5

او بطور انتقادی به تبیین روابط قدرت در جامعه پرداخت.

He critically explained the power relations in society.

Academic noun 'tabyin' (explanation/elucidation).

6

این گزارش بطور انتقادی به سیاست‌های پولی بانک مرکزی می‌نگرد.

This report looks critically at the central bank's monetary policies.

Complex subject with multiple modifiers.

7

او بطور انتقادی به نقد مدرنیته در آثارش می‌پردازد.

He critically critiques modernity in his works.

Usage of 'naqd' and 'enteqādi' in the same sentence.

8

بررسی بطور انتقادی، راه را برای نوآوری هموار می‌کند.

Critical examination paves the way for innovation.

Idiom 'rāh rā hamvār kardan' (to pave the way).

1

او بطور انتقادی به واکاوی پارادایم‌های حاکم بر علوم انسانی همت گماشت.

He devoted himself to critically analyzing the dominant paradigms in the humanities.

Highly formal verb 'hemmat gomāshtan' (to resolve/devote oneself).

2

نویسنده بطور انتقادی به تبارشناسی مفاهیم اخلاقی در غرب پرداخت.

The author critically engaged in the genealogy of moral concepts in the West.

Technical term 'tabār-shenāsi' (genealogy in a Foucauldian sense).

3

او بطور انتقادی به بازنگری در اصول بنیادین معرفت‌شناسی پرداخت.

He critically reconsidered the fundamental principles of epistemology.

Academic term 'ma'refat-shenāsi' (epistemology).

4

این جستار بطور انتقادی به نقد هرمنوتیکی متون مقدس می‌پردازد.

This essay critically addresses the hermeneutic critique of sacred texts.

Noun 'jostār' (essay/treatise).

5

او بطور انتقادی به کالبدشکافی ساختارهای استبدادی در تاریخ پرداخت.

He critically performed an autopsy on despotic structures in history.

Metaphorical use of 'kālbad-shekāfi' (autopsy/dissection).

6

باید بطور انتقادی به دیالکتیک میان سنت و مدرنیته اندیشید.

One must think critically about the dialectic between tradition and modernity.

Philosophical term 'diyālektik'.

7

او بطور انتقادی به شالوده‌شکنی روایت‌های کلان تاریخی پرداخت.

He critically deconstructed grand historical narratives.

Term 'shālude-shekani' (deconstruction).

8

بررسی بطور انتقادی، جوهره اصلی هر فعالیت روشنفکرانه است.

Critical examination is the core essence of any intellectual activity.

Noun 'jowhare' (essence/core).

Common Collocations

بررسی کردن بطور انتقادی
نگاه کردن بطور انتقادی
اندیشیدن بطور انتقادی
تحلیل کردن بطور انتقادی
خواندن بطور انتقادی
ارزیابی کردن بطور انتقادی
گوش دادن بطور انتقادی
نوشتن بطور انتقادی
چالش کشیدن بطور انتقادی
قضاوت کردن بطور انتقادی

Common Phrases

تفکر انتقادی

— Critical thinking. The mental process of analyzing or evaluating information.

تفکر انتقادی در مدرسه تدریس می‌شود.

نقد ادبی

— Literary criticism. The study and interpretation of literature.

او در زمینه نقد ادبی تخصص دارد.

منتقد هنری

— Art critic. Someone who evaluates art professionally.

منتقد هنری بطور انتقادی به آثار نگاه می‌کند.

نگاه انتقادی

— A critical look/perspective.

او نگاه انتقادی به سیاست دارد.

نقد و بررسی

— Review and critique (common title for articles).

بخش نقد و بررسی کتاب در روزنامه.

انتقاد سازنده

— Constructive criticism. Helpful feedback.

ما به انتقاد سازنده نیاز داریم.

روحیه انتقادی

— Critical spirit/mindset.

او روحیه انتقادی بالایی دارد.

انتقاد از خود

— Self-criticism.

انتقاد از خود برای رشد لازم است.

بی‌طرفانه و انتقادی

— Impartially and critically.

او موضوع را بی‌طرفانه و انتقادی دید.

انتقاد تند

— Sharp/harsh criticism.

او با انتقاد تند روبرو شد.

Idioms & Expressions

"موشکافی کردن"

— To split hairs; to analyze something extremely minutely and critically.

او تمام جزئیات قرارداد را موشکافی کرد.

Formal/Idiomatic
"زیر ذره‌بین گذاشتن"

— To put under a magnifying glass; to examine something very critically and closely.

پلیس تمام حرکات او را زیر ذره‌بین گذاشت.

General
"سره را از ناسره تشخیص دادن"

— To distinguish the pure gold from the alloy; to separate the good from the bad critically.

در این بازار شلوغ، باید سره را از ناسره تشخیص داد.

Literary
"موی را از ماست کشیدن"

— To pull a hair out of yogurt; to be extremely meticulous and critical in finding faults.

حسابدار ما موی را از ماست می‌کشد.

Informal/Idiomatic
"به چالش کشیدن"

— To challenge; to critically question the validity of something.

او نظریه استاد را به چالش کشید.

Formal
"پنبه کسی را زدن"

— To criticize someone severely behind their back (literally to beat their cotton).

او در غیاب من، پنبه‌ام را زد.

Slang/Informal
"ایراد گرفتن"

— To find fault; to criticize in a picky way.

او همیشه از دستپخت من ایراد می‌گیرد.

General
"نقد حال کردن"

— To discuss or critique the current situation.

بیا بنشینیم و نقد حال کنیم.

Literary
"سنگ روی سنگ نماندن"

— Used when criticism is so destructive that nothing remains (literally no stone stays on stone).

با این انتقادهای تو، سنگ روی سنگ نمی‌ماند.

Informal
"حساب پس گرفتن"

— To demand an account; to critically examine someone's actions/expenditures.

باید از او حساب پس بگیریم.

General

Word Family

Nouns

انتقاد (enteqād - criticism)
منتقد (montaqed - critic)
نقد (naqd - critique/cash)
نقادی (naqqādi - the act of critiquing)

Verbs

انتقاد کردن (enteqād kardan - to criticize)
نقد کردن (naqd kardan - to critique/to cash in)

Adjectives

انتقادی (enteqādi - critical)
نقادانه (naqqādāne - critical/critic-like)
انتقادپذیر (enteqād-pazir - open to criticism)

Related

تحلیل (tahlil - analysis)
بررسی (barrasi - examination)
سنجش (sanjesh - measurement/assessment)
قضاوت (ghazāvat - judgment)
منطقی (manteqi - logical)
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Memorize It

Mnemonic

Think of 'Enteqād' as 'Enter the Quad'. To enter the Quad (university square), you must think critically (enteqādi).

Visual Association

Imagine a jeweler looking through a loupe at a diamond. He is looking at it 'betowr-e enteqādi' to find any flaws.

Word Web

Logic Analysis Judgment Truth Skepticism Academic Review Evaluation

Word Origin

The root is the Arabic N-Q-D (نقد). In classical Arabic, it meant to pick out the bad parts from the good, specifically when evaluating coins. It entered Persian with both the sense of 'cash' (the pure value) and 'critique' (the evaluation of value).

Original meaning: Separating genuine coins from counterfeit ones.

Afro-Asiatic (Arabic root) integrated into Indo-European (Persian) grammar.
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