C1 Tense & Aspect 14 min read Medium

Hearsay and Evidence: How You Know (hoga, suna hai)

Mastering evidentials allows you to signal whether you're speaking from personal experience, hearsay, or logical deduction.
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'suna hai' for hearsay and 'hoga' for logical deduction to express how you know information.

  • Use 'suna hai' (I've heard) to attribute information to an external source.
  • Use 'hoga' (must be/likely is) to express a logical deduction or high-probability assumption.
  • Use 'lagta hai' (it seems) for personal observation or subjective impression.
Source/Logic + Verb/Particle = Evidential Meaning

Overview

In Hindi, expressing how you know something is as critical as stating what you know. This linguistic feature is known as evidentiality: the grammatical marking of the source of information or the speaker's commitment to its truth. At a C1 CEFR level, mastering Hindi evidentiality allows you to convey nuanced meaning, reflect social politeness, and navigate conversations with greater precision.

It differentiates between direct observation, logical inference, reported speech, and other epistemological stances, fundamentally shaping how your statements are received by a native speaker. Incorrect use can lead to misunderstandings, sounding overly assertive, or even impolite.

Evidentiality in Hindi is not merely an academic concept; it permeates daily communication. Whether discussing daily events, sharing news, or speculating, speakers subtly mark their assertions. Two prominent markers, hoga (होगा) and suna hai (सुना है), exemplify this system, signifying inference/presumption and hearsay/reported information, respectively.

Understanding their application, along with other evidential strategies, is vital for achieving fluency and cultural competence in Hindi.

How This Grammar Works

Hindi employs a flexible, multi-faceted system for evidentiality, rather than relying on a single, dedicated grammatical marker. Unlike some languages with explicit evidential suffixes, Hindi uses a combination of modal auxiliaries, reporting verbs, particles, and specific verb conjugations to indicate the source or certainty of information. This distributed system means that evidentiality is often embedded within the tense-aspect system, making it a subtle yet pervasive feature of the language.
At its core, evidentiality reflects the speaker's epistemic modality – their attitude toward the truth or factual status of a proposition. You are essentially providing a meta-commentary on the information itself. For instance, stating बारिश हो रही है। (baarish ho rahee hai. – 'It is raining.') implies direct observation or absolute certainty.
Conversely, बारिश हो रही होगी। (baarish ho rahee hogee. – 'It must be raining.') suggests an inference based on indirect evidence, such as seeing dark clouds or hearing thunder. This distinction is crucial; failing to mark your source can imply a level of certainty you do not possess, which can be perceived as presumptuous or misleading.
Common evidential strategies in Hindi include:
  • Direct Evidentiality: Unmarked statements, implying direct experience or undeniable fact.
  • Inferential/Presumptive Evidentiality: Expressing deductions or logical guesses, often using the auxiliary hoga (होगा).
  • Reported/Hearsay Evidentiality: Conveying information learned from others, typically via reporting verbs like suna hai (सुना है).
  • Apparent Evidentiality: Indicating information based on sensory perception or appearance, using verbs like lagna (लगना – to seem).
  • Mirative Evidentiality: Marking information that is new, surprising, or unexpected to the speaker, often with particles like to (तो).
These mechanisms allow Hindi speakers to be precise about their relationship to the knowledge they impart. This system adds richness to expression, enabling sophisticated communication about subjective certainty and intersubjective knowledge.

Formation Pattern

1
Mastering the formation of evidential constructions requires understanding how various grammatical elements combine to mark information source. Here, we delve into the core patterns.
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1. Direct Evidentiality (The 'I Know This Directly' Mode)
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This is the unmarked default. When you have direct sensory evidence or consider something an established fact, you use standard tense-aspect forms without additional evidential markers. The lack of a marker is the marker of directness.
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Example:
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वह मेरा दोस्त है। (vah meraa dost hai. – 'He is my friend.') - Direct knowledge.
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मैंने कल फिल्म देखी। (maine kal film dekhee. – 'I watched a film yesterday.') - Direct experience.
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रवि आ रहा है। (ravi aa rahaa hai. – 'Ravi is coming.') - You see/hear Ravi approaching.
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2. Inferential/Presumptive Evidentiality (The 'It Must Be' Mode using hoga - होगा)
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This is used for drawing logical conclusions or making educated guesses about present or past states/actions, when you lack direct observation but have strong indirect evidence. The auxiliary hoga (होगा), a future form of hona (होना – to be), is attached to various verb forms. Its agreement depends on the subject (and object in some transitive perfective constructions).
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a) Present Habitual/General Presumption:
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Indicates a habitual action or general state that must be true.
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Pattern: [Verb Stem] + ता/ते/ती + होगा/होगी/होंगे/होंगी (present participle + future of hona)
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| Subject | Verb (जाना - to go) | Singular | Plural | Gender (F) | Transliteration | Meaning | Example | Transliteration | Meaning |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| वह (He) | जाता होगा | - | - | - | jaataa hogaa | He must go/be going (habitually) | वह रोज़ ऑफिस जाता होगा। | vah roz office jaataa hogaa. | He must go to the office daily. |
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| वे (They) | जाते होंगे | - | - | - | jaate honge | They must go/be going | वे अब तक घर जाते होंगे। | ve ab tak ghar jaate honge. | They must be going home by now. |
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| वह (She) | जाती होगी | - | - | - | jaatee hogee | She must go/be going | वह अक्सर जल्दी सो जाती होगी। | vah aksar jaldee so jaatee hogee. | She must often go to sleep early. |
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b) Present Continuous Presumption:
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Indicates an action currently in progress that must be happening.
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Pattern: [Verb Stem] + रहा/रहे/रही + होगा/होगी/होंगे/होंगी (continuous participle + future of hona)
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| Subject | Verb (खाना - to eat) | Singular | Plural | Gender (F) | Transliteration | Meaning | Example | Transliteration | Meaning |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| वह (He) | खा रहा होगा | - | - | - | khaa rahaa hogaa | He must be eating | वह अभी खाना खा रहा होगा। | vah abhee khaanaa khaa rahaa hogaa. | He must be eating food right now. |
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| वे (They) | खा रहे होंगे | - | - | - | khaa rahe honge | They must be eating | वे अभी भी खेल रहे होंगे। | ve abhee bhee khel rahe honge. | They must still be playing. |
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| वह (She) | खा रही होगी | - | - | - | khaa rahee hogee | She must be eating | वह फ़ोन पर बात कर रही होगी। | vah fon par baat kar rahee hogee. | She must be talking on the phone. |
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c) Past Presumptive (Perfective):
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Indicates a completed action in the past that must have occurred.
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Pattern: [Verb Stem] + आ/ए/ई + होगा/होगी/होंगे/होंगी (perfective participle + future of hona). Transitive verbs will often agree with the object.
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| Subject | Verb (पढ़ना - to read) | Singular | Plural | Gender (F) | Transliteration | Meaning | Example | Transliteration | Meaning |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| उसने (He/She, Ergative) | पढ़ा होगा | - | - | - | parhaa hogaa | He/she must have read | उसने किताब पढ़ी होगी। | usne kitaab parhee hogee. | He/she must have read the book. |
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| उन्होंने (They, Ergative) | पढ़े होंगे | - | - | - | parhe honge | They must have read | उन्होंने यह समाचार पढ़ा होगा। | unhonne yah samaachaar parhaa hogaa. | They must have read this news. |
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| उसने (He/She, Ergative) | पढ़ी होगी | - | - | - | parhee hogee | He/she must have read | उसने अपनी रिपोर्ट पूरी कर ली होगी। | usne apnee riport pooree kar lee hogee. | He/she must have completed their report. |
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d) Past Presumptive (Imperfective):
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Indicates an action that must have been continuous or habitual in the past.
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Pattern: [Verb Stem] + ता/ते/ती + रहा/रही/रहे + होगा/होगी/होंगे/होंगी (present participle + continuous auxiliary + future of hona)
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Example:
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वह तब तक खेलता रहा होगा। (vah tab tak kheltaa rahaa hogaa. – 'He must have been playing until then.')
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e) Simple State Presumption:
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For general states of being, often with adjectives or nouns.
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Pattern: [Noun/Adjective] + होगा/होगी/होंगे/होंगी
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Example:
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वह अभी घर पर होगा। (vah abhee ghar par hogaa. – 'He must be at home right now.')
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यह महंगा होगा। (yah mahangaa hogaa. – 'This must be expensive.')
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3. Hearsay/Reported Evidentiality (The 'I've Heard That' Mode)
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This category explicitly states that the information comes from another source. It absolves you of direct responsibility for the truth of the statement. This is crucial for social dynamics and intellectual honesty.
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a) Common Phrases:
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सुना है कि... (sunaa hai ki...) – 'I've heard that...' / 'It is heard that...'
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खबर है कि... (khabar hai ki...) – 'The news is that...' / 'There is news that...'
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कहते हैं कि... (kahte hain ki...) – 'They say that...' / 'People say that...'
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बताया जाता है कि... (bataayaa jaataa hai ki...) – 'It is said that...' (More formal, often for official reports)
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Pattern: [Reporting Phrase] + कि + [Statement]
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Example:
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सुना है कि नया रेस्टोरेंट बहुत अच्छा है। (sunaa hai ki nayaa restoraNT bahut achchhaa hai. – 'I've heard that the new restaurant is very good.')
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खबर है कि परीक्षा रद्द हो गई है। (khabar hai ki pareekshaa radd ho gaee hai. – 'The news is that the exam has been cancelled.')
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कहते हैं कि दिल्ली में सर्दी बहुत पड़ती है। (kahte hain ki dillee mein sardee bahut parhtee hai. – 'They say it gets very cold in Delhi.')
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4. Apparent Evidentiality (The 'It Seems' Mode)
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This indicates that information is based on sensory input or appearance, but without direct confirmation. You're reporting an impression.
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a) Common Phrases:
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लगता है कि... (lagtaa hai ki...) – 'It seems that...' / 'It feels that...'
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दिखता है कि... (dikhtaa hai ki...) – 'It looks like...' / 'It appears that...'
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मालूम होता है कि... (maaloom hotaa hai ki...) – 'It appears that...' / 'It becomes known that...' (Slightly more formal)
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Pattern: [Apparent Phrase] + कि + [Statement]
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Example:
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लगता है कि आज बारिश होगी। (lagtaa hai ki aaj baarish hogee. – 'It seems that it will rain today.')
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दिखता है कि तुमने कड़ी मेहनत की है। (dikhtaa hai ki tumne karee mehnat kee hai. – 'It looks like you have worked hard.')
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5. Mirative Evidentiality (The 'Surprise!' Mode)
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Mirativity marks information that is new, unexpected, or surprising to the speaker. It often involves the particle to (तो) or specific intonation.
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Example:
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अरे, तुम तो यहाँ हो! (are, tum to yahaan ho! – 'Oh, you're here!') - Expressing sudden discovery.
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यह किताब तो बहुत दिलचस्प निकली! (yah kitaab to bahut dilchasp niklee! – 'This book turned out to be very interesting!') - Surprise at a newly discovered quality.

When To Use It

The appropriate use of evidential markers is dictated by the context, your relationship with the information, and social considerations. Using them effectively demonstrates a sophisticated understanding of Hindi pragmatics.
Use hoga (होगा) for:
  • Logical Deduction: When you infer something based on observable facts or general knowledge but haven't directly witnessed it. If you see wet roads and hear distant thunder, you might say बारिश हुई होगी। (baarish huee hogee. – 'It must have rained.').
  • Presumption about the Present: To assume a current state or ongoing action. If a colleague's light is off but their bag is there, वह मीटिंग में होगा। (vah meeTing mein hogaa. – 'He must be in a meeting.').
  • Softening Assertions: hoga can add a degree of politeness by indicating you are offering an opinion rather than stating an undeniable fact, especially in formal or uncertain situations. Instead of यह सच है। (yah sach hai. – 'This is true.'), यह सच होगा। (yah sach hogaa. – 'This must be true.') sounds less confrontational.
  • Estimates/Approximations: When giving an estimated quantity or timeframe. लगभग पचास लोग होंगे। (lagbhag pachaas log honge. – 'There must be around fifty people.').
Use suna hai ki (सुना है कि) and similar reporting phrases for:
  • Hearsay/Gossip: When sharing information that you've heard from others but haven't verified personally. सुना है कि उनका तलाक हो गया। (sunaa hai ki unkaa talaak ho gayaa. – 'I've heard that they got divorced.').
  • News/Reports: To cite information from media, official announcements, or public knowledge without personally endorsing its absolute truth. बताया जाता है कि नई पॉलिसी लागू की गई है। (bataayaa jaataa hai ki naee polisee laagoo kee gaee hai. – 'It is reported that a new policy has been implemented.'). This is common in news reporting or professional contexts to maintain objectivity.
  • Avoiding Responsibility: By attributing information to an external source, you implicitly distance yourself from its potential inaccuracy. If the information turns out to be false, you merely reported what you heard, rather than asserting it as fact.
Use lagta hai ki (लगता है कि) for:
  • Sensory Impressions: When something appears or feels a certain way, forming an impression. लगता है कि खाना जल गया। (lagtaa hai ki khaanaa jal gayaa. – 'It seems that the food got burnt.') - Based on smell.
  • Subjective Opinions/Beliefs: To express a personal feeling or intuition about a situation. मुझे लगता है कि वह सहमत नहीं होगा। (mujhe lagtaa hai ki vah sehmat naheen hogaa. – 'I feel that he will not agree.').
Use Mirative to (तो) for:
  • Unexpected Discoveries: When you encounter something new or surprising. अरे, तुम तो इंजीनियर हो! (are, tum to injineeyar ho! – 'Oh, you're an engineer!'). This implies you just learned it.
  • Correction/Contrast: To highlight information that contradicts an expectation. मैंने सोचा वह आएगा, पर वह तो नहीं आया। (maine sochaa vah aaegaa, par vah to naheen aayaa. – 'I thought he would come, but he didn't, surprisingly.').

Common Mistakes

C1 learners often make specific errors in evidentiality, typically stemming from a direct translation approach or an incomplete understanding of Hindi's epistemic system. Avoiding these pitfalls will significantly improve your fluency and communicative precision.
  1. 1Overuse of hai (है) when hoga (होगा) is needed: This is perhaps the most frequent and impactful error. Using the direct present tense hai when you are merely inferring or guessing can make you sound overly confident, presumptuous, or even mistaken. If you say वह घर पर है। (vah ghar par hai. – 'He is at home.') without knowing for sure (e.g., you just called and got no answer, but it's 8 PM), a native speaker might assume you have direct knowledge, leading to awkwardness if proven wrong. Always assess your evidence before using hai. If it's a deduction, use hoga.
  • Incorrect: उसने मेरा संदेश पढ़ लिया है। (usne meraa sandesh parh liyaa hai.) - Implies you saw the 'read' receipt or were told.
  • Correct: उसने मेरा संदेश पढ़ लिया होगा। (usne meraa sandesh parh liyaa hogaa.) - Implies a logical inference (e.g., based on timing or past behavior).
  1. 1Confusing hoga (होगा) with future tense: While hoga is grammatically the future form of hona, its evidential use is distinct. It primarily conveys probability or presumption about the present or past, not futurity. Beginners often translate hoga as 'will be', leading to misinterpretations in evidential contexts. Remember, if hoga is attached to a present or past participle, it's about epistemic stance, not time.
  • Incorrect: वह अभी पढ़ रहा होगा (translated as 'He will be reading right now').
  • Correct understanding: 'He must be reading right now.' (presumption about the present).
  1. 1Misusing shayad (शायद) instead of hoga: Both shayad (perhaps/maybe) and hoga express uncertainty, but they convey different types of uncertainty. shayad indicates general possibility or a lack of strong evidence, often implying a 50/50 chance. hoga, on the other hand, implies a stronger, logical inference based on indirect evidence, suggesting a higher degree of probability (e.g., 70-90% certainty). A C1 learner should differentiate these nuances.
  • शायद वह आएगा। (shayad vah aaegaa.) - 'Perhaps he will come.' (General uncertainty).
  • वह आता होगा। (vah aataa hogaa.) - 'He must be coming.' (Strong inference, e.g., you know his routine).
  1. 1Incorrect usage of ki (कि) with reporting verbs: ki means 'that' and introduces the reported statement. Confusing it with kyonki (क्योंकि – because) or omitting it can create grammatical errors or change the meaning entirely.
  • Incorrect: सुना है क्योंकि पार्टी कैंसिल हो गई। (sunaa hai kyonki parTee kaiNsil ho gaee.) - Means 'I heard because the party was cancelled.'
  • Correct: सुना है कि पार्टी कैंसिल हो गई। (sunaa hai ki parTee kaiNsil ho gaee.) - Means 'I heard that the party was cancelled.'
  1. 1Neglecting agreement with hoga: Like all Hindi verbs, hoga must agree with the subject (or object in ergative constructions) in gender and number. Failing to do so is a basic grammatical error.
  • Incorrect: लड़कियाँ खेल रहा होगा। (larkiyaan khel rahaa hogaa.) (Subject larkiyaan is feminine plural, hoga is masculine singular).
  • Correct: लड़कियाँ खेल रही होंगी। (larkiyaan khel rahee hongee.) - 'The girls must be playing.'

Real Conversations

Evidential markers are ubiquitous in natural Hindi discourse. Observing their use in various contexts will solidify your understanding.

1. Casual Chat (Friends):

A: आज रमन क्यों नहीं आया ऑफिस? (aaj raman kyon naheen aayaa office?) - 'Why didn't Raman come to the office today?'

B: पता नहीं, शायद बीमार होगा। कल भी ठीक नहीं लग रहा था। (pataa naheen, shayad beemaar hogaa. kal bhee theek naheen lag rahaa thaa.) - 'I don't know, he must be sick. He wasn't looking well yesterday either.'

Here, hoga implies an inference based on B's observation from yesterday.*

2. Social Media/Online Forums:

पोस्ट: नया फ़ोन कैसा है? (posT: nayaa fon kaisaa hai?) - 'How is the new phone?'

कमेंट: सुना है कि कैमरा बहुत अच्छा है, लेकिन बैटरी इतनी खास नहीं होगी। (kameNT: sunaa hai ki kaimaraa bahut achchhaa hai, lekin baiTaree itnee khaas naheen hogee.)

- 'I've heard that the camera is very good, but the battery probably won't be that great.'

suna hai ki marks hearsay; hogee marks an inference about the battery performance based on common knowledge or reviews.*

3. Work/Professional Discussion:

A: हमें प्रोजेक्ट के लिए और फंडिंग मिल पाएगी क्या? (hamein projeckT ke liye aur faNding mil paaegee kyaa?) - 'Will we be able to get more funding for the project?'

B: बताया जाता है कि सरकार इस सेक्टर में निवेश बढ़ा रही है, तो उम्मीद है कि हमें भी मदद मिलेगी। (bataayaa jaataa hai ki sarkaar is sekTar mein nivesh barhaa rahee hai, to ummeed hai ki hamein bhee madad milegee.)

- 'It is reported that the government is increasing investment in this sector, so we hope we will also get help.'

बताया जाता है कि is a formal way to cite reported information, lending credibility without personal guarantee.*

4. Everyday Observation (Family):

माँ: लगता है दूध खत्म हो गया। (maaN: lagtaa hai doodh khatm ho gayaa.) - 'Mom: It seems the milk is finished.'

बेटा: हाँ, मुझे लगा ही था कि कल रात ही खत्म हो गया होगा। (beTaa: haan, mujhe lagaa hee thaa ki kal raat hee khatm ho gayaa hogaa.)

- 'Son: Yes, I had a feeling that it must have finished last night.'

lagtaa hai (यहाँ lagaa hee thaa) conveys a feeling or impression, followed by hoga for a past inference.*

These examples illustrate how evidential markers are naturally interwoven into Hindi conversation, reflecting varying degrees of certainty and information sources. Pay attention to how native speakers use them in different registers.

Quick FAQ

  • Q: Is hoga always about present or past presumption? What about its future meaning?

In its evidential role, hoga indeed primarily indicates presumption about the present or past (वह पढ़ रहा होगा – 'He must be reading'). However, it also retains its function as the simple future form of hona (वह कल आएगा – 'He will come', वह कल घर पर होगा – 'He will be home tomorrow'). The context and the verb form it attaches to determine its meaning. If hoga is used independently or directly with a future action, it's future tense. If it modifies another verb's present or perfective participle, it's evidential.

  • Q: How does the tone change with different reporting verbs like suna hai vs. kahte hain?

सुना है (sunaa hai) is generally more personal, implying

Evidential Marker Formation

Marker Function Example
Suna hai
Hearsay
Suna hai ki...
Hoga
Deduction
Vah [verb] hoga

Meanings

These markers indicate the source of knowledge (hearsay vs. deduction) rather than just stating a fact.

1

Hearsay (Reported)

Information obtained from others.

“सुना है कि आज बारिश होगी।”

“सुना है कि फिल्म अच्छी है।”

2

Logical Deduction

Inference based on evidence.

“वह घर पर होगा।”

“उसने खाना खा लिया होगा।”

Reference Table

Reference table for Hearsay and Evidence: How You Know (hoga, suna hai)
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Suna hai ki + Clause
Suna hai ki vah aa raha hai
Negative
Suna nahi hai ki + Clause
Suna nahi hai ki vah aa raha hai
Deduction
Subject + Verb(future) + hoga
Vah aa raha hoga

Formality Spectrum

Formal
Suna hai ki ve aa rahe hain.

Suna hai ki ve aa rahe hain. (Casual news)

Neutral
Suna hai ki vah aa raha hai.

Suna hai ki vah aa raha hai. (Casual news)

Informal
Suna hai wo aa raha hai.

Suna hai wo aa raha hai. (Casual news)

Slang
Suna hai wo aa raha hai.

Suna hai wo aa raha hai. (Casual news)

Knowledge Sources

Knowledge

Reported

  • Suna hai I heard

Inferred

  • Hoga Must be
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Examples by Level

1

सुना है कि आज छुट्टी है।

I heard today is a holiday.

1

वह घर पर होगा।

He must be at home.

1

सुना है कि वह कल नहीं आएगा।

I heard he won't come tomorrow.

1

वह काम कर रहा होगा।

He must be working.

1

सुना है कि कंपनी बंद होने वाली है।

I heard the company is about to close.

1

शायद वह भूल गया होगा।

Perhaps he must have forgotten.

Easily Confused

Hearsay and Evidence: How You Know (hoga, suna hai) vs Lagta hai vs Hoga

Both express uncertainty.

Common Mistakes

✗

Suna ki...

✓

Suna hai ki...

Missing the auxiliary.
✗

Vah hoga ghar.

✓

Vah ghar par hoga.

Incorrect word order.
✗

Suna hai vah gaya.

✓

Suna hai ki vah gaya hai.

Missing 'ki'.
✗

Vah jata hoga.

✓

Vah gaya hoga.

Wrong aspect for deduction.

Sentence Patterns

Suna hai ki ___.

Real World Usage

Social Media constant

Suna hai ki naya update aa raha hai.

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💡

Use 'ki'

Always use 'ki' after 'suna hai'.

Smart Tips

Use 'hoga'.

Vah ghar hai. → Vah ghar hoga.

Pronunciation

ho-GA?

Intonation

Raise pitch at the end of 'hoga' to show uncertainty.

Questioning

Vah ghar par hoga?

Is he at home?

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Suna (Ear) = Heard. Hoga (Hope/Guess) = Deduction.

Visual Association

Imagine a telephone for 'Suna hai' and a magnifying glass for 'Hoga'.

Rhyme

Suna hai for what you hear, Hoga for what you guess is near.

Story

I heard (suna hai) my friend is moving. I guess he must be (hoga) packing his bags right now.

Word Web

SunaHogaLagtaKhabarAnumanShayad

Challenge

Write 3 sentences about your day using 'suna hai' and 3 using 'hoga'.

Cultural Notes

Hearsay is a common way to start conversations.

Derived from Sanskrit roots for hearing and being.

Conversation Starters

“

Suna hai ki...

Journal Prompts

Write about a rumor you heard.

Common Mistakes

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

Incorrect

Correct

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Test Yourself

Fill in the blank.

Suna hai ___ vah aa raha hai.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ki
Standard connector.

Score: /1

Practice Exercises

1 exercises
Fill in the blank.

Suna hai ___ vah aa raha hai.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: ki
Standard connector.

Score: /1

Practice Bank

5 exercises
Put the words in order for: 'It seems like he's happy.' Sentence Reorder

hai / lagta / khush / woh / ki

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Lagta hai ki woh khush hai.
Translate to Hindi using presumptive mood. Translation

She must be cooking dinner.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Woh khana bana rahi hogi.
Match the marker to the source. Match Pairs

Match the following:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Suna hai - Hearsay, Hoga - Inference, Hai - Direct Visual, Lagta hai - Apparent
Fill in the blank for surprise. Fill in the Blank

Arre! Tum ____ yahan ho?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: to
Choose the formal reporting style. Multiple Choice

To say 'It is reported that the market is rising':

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Bataya jata hai ki market mein badhat hai.

Score: /5

FAQ (1)

Yes, with perfective aspect.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

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In Other Languages

Spanish high

Se dice que...

Hindi uses a specific verb 'suna'.

French high

On dit que...

Hindi is more direct.

German moderate

Man sagt...

Hindi uses 'I heard'.

Japanese high

~sou desu

Hindi uses a full verb phrase.

Arabic moderate

yugal...

Hindi is active.

Chinese high

Tingshuo...

Hindi requires 'ki'.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Previous
Historic Present: Storytelling in Hindi (ऐतिहासिक वर्तमान)
Next
Hindi Wishes: How to Use 'Kash' (काश)

Learn These First

A2 Requires

The Hindi Simple Past: Crisp & Completed (verb + aa/e/ee)

Overview The Hindi Simple Past, often termed the Aorist or the perfective aspect, describes actions that were **complete...

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A2

Hindi Past Perfect: Actions (Pūrṇ Bhūtkāl)

Overview In Hindi, the **Past Perfect tense**, known as **Pūrṇ Bhūtkāl** (पूर्ण भूतकाल), describes actions that were com...
A2

The Hindi Simple Past: Crisp & Completed (verb + aa/e/ee)

Overview The Hindi Simple Past, often termed the Aorist or the perfective aspect, describes actions that were **complete...
C1

Stative vs. Dynamic Verbs in Hindi (hua vs. raha)

Overview Mastery of Hindi at the C1 level necessitates a granular understanding of how the language conceptualizes actio...
B2

Past Actions in Progress: The Hindi Continuous Past (raha tha)

Past Actions in Progress: The Hindi Continuous Past (raha tha) Overview The Hindi Continuous Past, expressed using the...
B2

Getting 'X-er': Gradual Change (hota ja raha hai)

Overview Languages provide tools to describe the world. While simple statements like `पानी ठंडा है` (The water is cold)...
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