～を問わず in 30 Seconds
- ～を問わず (o to-wa-zu) means 'regardless of' or 'irrespective of'.
- It's a formal expression used to show something applies universally.
- Place it after a noun to indicate the disregarded factor.
- Common in job ads, official notices, and legal texts.
The Japanese phrase '～を問わず' (o to-wa-zu) is a grammatical structure used to indicate that something is true or applies regardless of a particular condition, factor, or characteristic. It's equivalent to English phrases like 'regardless of,' 'irrespective of,' 'without regard to,' or 'no matter what.' This expression adds a sense of inclusivity or universality to a statement, emphasizing that a certain action, rule, or situation is not affected by the specified element.
You'll commonly encounter '～を問わず' in more formal contexts, such as official announcements, regulations, public notices, and written materials. It's used to ensure that a rule or statement applies to everyone or everything, without exception based on the mentioned criteria. For instance, a company might state that applications are accepted 'regardless of age' (年齢を問わず - nenrei o to-wa-zu), meaning that age is not a limiting factor for applicants. Similarly, an event might be open 'regardless of nationality' (国籍を問わず - kokuseki o to-wa-zu), signifying that people from any country are welcome.
The structure typically follows a noun or a noun phrase, indicating the element that is being disregarded. For example, '性別を問わず' (seibetsu o to-wa-zu) means 'regardless of gender,' and '経験を問わず' (keiken o to-wa-zu) means 'regardless of experience.' The particle 'を' (o) marks the noun as the object of the verb '問う' (tou), which means 'to ask' or 'to question.' Therefore, '～を問わず' literally implies 'without questioning (the noun),' leading to the meaning of 'regardless of (the noun).' This grammatical construction is crucial for conveying comprehensive and unbiased statements in Japanese.
Consider its use in advertisements for volunteer work: '経験や年齢を問わず、どなたでもご参加いただけます' (Keiken ya nenrei o to-wa-zu, do-na-ta demo go-sanka itadakemasu), which translates to 'Regardless of experience or age, anyone can participate.' This clearly communicates that the opportunity is open to a wide range of individuals. In legal or policy documents, you might see '国籍を問わず、すべての住民に適用されます' (Kokuseki o to-wa-zu, subete no jūmin ni tekiyō saremasu), meaning 'This applies to all residents, irrespective of nationality.' The phrase's formality and broad applicability make it a valuable tool for precise communication in formal settings.
It's important to note that while '～を問わず' is common, its usage is generally reserved for more formal or official communications. In casual conversations, simpler expressions might be preferred. However, understanding '～を問わず' is essential for comprehending written Japanese and for communicating in a more formal or professional manner.
The structure '～を問わず' is straightforward: a noun or noun phrase is followed by 'を問わず'. This construction then typically acts as a modifier or a clause that provides context for the main part of the sentence. Understanding the relationship between the noun and the rest of the sentence is key to using it correctly.
Here are some common patterns and examples:
- Pattern 1: Noun + を問わず + Verb/Adjective Phrase
- This is the most common pattern. The phrase modifies the action or state described in the latter part of the sentence.
年齢を問わず、誰でも参加できます。(Nenrei o to-wa-zu, dare demo sanka dekimasu.)
Translation: Anyone can participate, regardless of age.
- Pattern 2: Noun + を問わず + Noun Phrase (often indicating scope)
- This pattern is often seen in official announcements or descriptions where the scope of application is defined.
国籍を問わず、すべての学生が対象です。(Kokuseki o to-wa-zu, subete no gakusei ga taishō desu.)
Translation: All students are eligible, irrespective of nationality.
- Pattern 3: Noun + を問わず + Topic Marker (like は or も)
- This variation emphasizes the universality of the statement concerning the marked topic.
性別を問わず、この制度は利用できます。(Seibetsu o to-wa-zu, kono seido wa riyō dekimasu.)
Translation: This system is available, regardless of gender.
When constructing sentences, consider what factor you want to disregard. Then, place that noun or noun phrase before 'を問わず'. The phrase will then clarify the scope or applicability of the main clause.
For example, if you want to say that a store is open on holidays without exception:
祝日を問わず、毎日営業しています。(Shukujitsu o to-wa-zu, mainichi eigyō shite imasu.)
Translation: We are open every day, regardless of holidays.
Another example, emphasizing that effort is valued regardless of the outcome:
結果を問わず、努力は評価されます。(Kekka o to-wa-zu, doryoku wa hyōka saremasu.)
Translation: Effort will be evaluated, regardless of the result.
You'll most frequently encounter '～を問わず' in formal written contexts. This is where its precise and inclusive meaning is most valued. Think of official documents, public announcements, and official websites. Even though it's primarily written, understanding it is crucial for comprehending the nuances of Japanese communication in these settings.
One of the most common places is in job advertisements. Companies use it to signal that they are open to a wide range of candidates, emphasizing equality and opportunity. For example, you might see '経験不問' (keiken fumon - no experience necessary), but '経験を問わず' is a more formal way to express a similar idea, often used in larger corporations.
Event invitations and announcements frequently use this phrase. Whether it's a public lecture, a community gathering, or a seminar, organizers often want to convey that everyone is welcome. Phrases like '参加者を年齢を問わず募集します' (Sankasha o nenrei o to-wa-zu boshū shimasu - We are recruiting participants regardless of age) are common.
Legal and policy documents, such as regulations, terms of service, and official guidelines, are replete with '～を問わず'. This is because these documents need to be unambiguous and apply universally. For instance, '国籍を問わず、すべての国民に適用される法律' (Kokuseki o to-wa-zu, subete no kokumin ni tekiyō sareru hōritsu - Laws that apply to all citizens, irrespective of nationality) is a typical construction.
In educational institutions, you might see announcements regarding admissions or scholarships that state '学歴を問わず' (Gakureki o to-wa-zu - regardless of academic background), indicating that previous educational achievements are not the sole criteria for consideration.
Public service announcements from government bodies often employ this phrase to ensure clarity and inclusivity. For example, a notice about disaster preparedness might state, '災害時には、性別や年齢を問わず、全員が協力することが重要です' (Saigaiji ni wa, seibetsu ya nenrei o to-wa-zu, zen'in ga kyōryoku suru koto ga jūyō desu - During disasters, it is important for everyone to cooperate, regardless of gender or age).
Even in commercial contexts, like advertisements for services or products, '～を問わず' can be used to broaden appeal. A store might advertise '営業時間外を問わず、いつでもお問い合わせください' (Eigyō jikan-gai o to-wa-zu, itsu demo o-toiawase kudasai - Please inquire anytime, regardless of business hours), though this is less common than in official settings.
While you are less likely to hear this in casual, everyday conversations among friends, it is a staple in formal Japanese. Listening to news broadcasts, public announcements, or reading official Japanese websites will expose you to its usage. Understanding '～を問わず' is a sign of progressing towards a more advanced comprehension of the language.
While '～を問わず' is a useful phrase, learners can sometimes make mistakes in its application or usage. Understanding these common pitfalls can help you use it more accurately and confidently.
- Mistake 1: Using it in casual conversation
- '～を問わず' is a formal expression. Using it in casual settings with friends or family can sound overly stiff or unnatural. For instance, saying '私を問わず、誰でも食べていいよ' (Watashi o to-wa-zu, dare demo tabete ii yo - Anyone can eat, regardless of me) would be very strange.
Incorrect: 友達を問わず、みんなで遊ぼう。(Tomodachi o to-wa-zu, minna de asobou.)
Correct: みんなで遊ぼう。(Minna de asobou.) or 誰でも歓迎だよ。(Dare demo kangei da yo.)
- Mistake 2: Incorrectly placing the noun
- The noun that is being disregarded must directly precede '～を問わず'. Placing it elsewhere can change the meaning or make the sentence ungrammatical. For example, '参加は無料です、年齢を問わず' (Sanka wa muryō desu, nenrei o to-wa-zu) is awkward; it should be integrated more smoothly.
Incorrect: 参加は無料です、年齢を問わず。(Sanka wa muryō desu, nenrei o to-wa-zu.)
Correct: 年齢を問わず、参加は無料です。(Nenrei o to-wa-zu, sanka wa muryō desu.)
- Mistake 3: Confusing it with similar phrases
- Other phrases like '～に関わらず' (ni kakawarazu) or '～にかかわらず' (ni kakawarazu) also mean 'regardless of'. While similar, '～を問わず' often carries a slightly more formal and definitive tone, especially when used in official contexts. '～に関わらず' can sometimes be used more broadly.
Incorrect: 彼はを問わず、いつも笑顔だ。(Kare wa o to-wa-zu, itsumo egao da.) (Missing noun)
Correct: 彼は天候を問わず、いつも笑顔だ。(Kare wa tenkō o to-wa-zu, itsumo egao da.)
- Mistake 4: Omitting the particle 'を'
- The particle 'を' is essential. Omitting it makes the phrase grammatically incorrect and nonsensical. For example, '年齢問わず' (Nenrei to-wa-zu) is incorrect; it must be '年齢を問わず'.
Incorrect: 経験問わず、応募できます。(Keiken to-wa-zu, ōbo dekimasu.)
Correct: 経験を問わず、応募できます。(Keiken o to-wa-zu, ōbo dekimasu.)
While '～を問わず' is a specific and formal way to express 'regardless of,' there are other phrases in Japanese that convey similar meanings, each with its own nuances in formality and usage. Understanding these alternatives helps you choose the most appropriate expression for different contexts.
- 1. ～に関わらず (ni kakawarazu) / ～にかかわらず (ni kakawarazu)
- These are very common and versatile phrases meaning 'regardless of' or 'irrespective of.' They are generally less formal than '～を問わず' and can be used in a wider range of situations, from formal to semi-formal. They can often be used interchangeably with '～を問わず' when the context allows for a slightly less rigid tone.
Formal: 年齢を問わず、誰でも参加できます。(Nenrei o to-wa-zu, dare demo sanka dekimasu.)
Less Formal: 年齢に関わらず、誰でも参加できます。(Nenrei ni kakawarazu, dare demo sanka dekimasu.)
Usage Comparison: '～を問わず' is more common in official notices and legal texts, while '～に関わらず' is more broadly used in everyday formal and semi-formal communication.
- 2. ～は関係なく (wa kankei naku) / ～も関係なく (mo kankei naku)
- This phrase means 'without relation to' or 'regardless of' and is generally considered more informal than '～を問わず' and '～に関わらず.' It's often used when the factor being disregarded is less critical or when a more relaxed tone is desired.
Formal: 経験を問わず、採用します。(Keiken o to-wa-zu, saiyō shimasu.)
Informal: 経験は関係なく、採用します。(Keiken wa kankei naku, saiyō shimasu.)
Usage Comparison: '～は関係なく' is suitable for situations where you want to downplay the importance of a particular factor. It's less common in highly official documents.
- 3. ～はさておき (wa sate oki)
- This phrase means 'setting aside,' 'leaving aside,' or 'never mind.' It's used to temporarily disregard something in order to focus on another matter. It's more about shifting focus than stating universal applicability like '～を問わず'. It's generally informal.
Informal: まずは本題はさておき、休憩しましょう。(Mazu wa hondai wa sate oki, kyūkei shimashō.)
Usage Comparison: This is distinct from '～を問わず' as it implies a temporary setting aside of a topic, not a statement of universal rule.
- 4. ～は無視して (wa mushi shite)
- This literally means 'ignoring' and can be used to mean 'regardless of.' However, it often carries a slightly more negative or deliberate connotation of actively choosing to overlook something, whereas '～を問わず' is more about objective irrelevance. It can be informal.
Informal: 周りの意見は無視して、自分のやり方で進めます。(Mawari no iken wa mushi shite, jibun no yarikata de susumemasu.)
Usage Comparison: '～は無視して' implies an active decision to ignore, whereas '～を問わず' states that something is inherently irrelevant to the matter at hand.
How Formal Is It?
Fun Fact
The 'ず' (zu) in '問わず' is an older, classical form of the negative suffix, similar to 'ない' (nai) in modern Japanese. Its use in this fixed expression lends a certain formality and historical depth to the phrase.
Pronunciation Guide
- Pronouncing 'zu' as 'tsu'.
- Not clearly enunciating the 'wa' sound.
- Treating it as a single, rushed word instead of distinct syllables.
Difficulty Rating
This phrase is commonly found in written materials, especially formal ones. Learners will encounter it frequently when reading news, official documents, and advertisements, making it essential for reading comprehension at the B1 level and above.
What to Learn Next
Prerequisites
Learn Next
Advanced
Grammar to Know
Noun + を + Verb
本を読む。(Hon o yomu. - To read a book.) The particle 'を' marks the direct object of a transitive verb.
Classical Negative Suffix 'ず' (zu)
知らずに済む。(Shirazu ni sumu. - To get away with not knowing.) This is an older form of negation, often seen in set phrases.
Postpositional Phrases
Many grammatical functions are performed by adding particles or phrases after nouns, like '～について' (about) or '～のために' (for the sake of).
Formality Levels in Japanese
Using plain form verbs with friends versus using polite forms (masu-form) or honorifics with superiors highlights different levels of formality.
Compound Nouns
Combining two or more nouns to create a new concept, like '電車賃' (densha-chin - train fare).
Examples by Level
この公園は、子供を問わず、誰でも入れます。
This park, regardless of children, anyone can enter.
The noun '子供' (children) is followed by 'を問わず' to indicate that the park is open to everyone, not just children.
このイベントは、大人を問わず、楽しめます。
This event, regardless of adults, can be enjoyed.
Here, '大人' (adults) is used with 'を問わず' to show that the event is for everyone, not just adults.
この店は、時間を問わず、開いています。
This store, regardless of time, is open.
'時間' (time) followed by 'を問わず' indicates that the store is open at any time.
この仕事は、経験を問わず、募集しています。
This job, regardless of experience, is recruiting.
'経験' (experience) with 'を問わず' means that prior experience is not a requirement for this job.
この図書館は、学生を問わず、利用できます。
This library, regardless of students, can be used.
'学生' (students) followed by 'を問わず' means that the library is accessible to everyone, not just students.
このサービスは、性別を問わず、利用できます。
This service, regardless of gender, can be used.
'性別' (gender) with 'を問わず' emphasizes that the service is available to all genders.
この募集は、年齢を問わず、応募できます。
This recruitment, regardless of age, can apply.
'年齢' (age) followed by 'を問わず' means that applications are open to people of all ages.
このイベントは、国籍を問わず、参加できます。
This event, regardless of nationality, can participate.
'国籍' (nationality) with 'を問わず' indicates that people from any country are welcome to join the event.
このセミナーは、参加者の経験を問わず、どなたでもご参加いただけます。
This seminar, regardless of participants' experience, anyone can participate.
Here, '参加者の経験' (participants' experience) is used with 'を問わず' to emphasize broad accessibility for the seminar.
弊社の採用活動は、学歴を問わず、人物本位で行われます。
Our company's recruitment activities, regardless of academic background, are conducted based on character.
'学歴' (academic background) followed by 'を問わず' signifies that the company values a candidate's character over their educational qualifications.
このボランティア活動は、年齢や性別を問わず、広く参加者を募集しています。
This volunteer activity, regardless of age or gender, is widely recruiting participants.
The phrase '年齢や性別' (age or gender) is used with 'を問わず' to show that the volunteer opportunity is open to everyone.
この制度は、居住者を問わず、すべての人に適用されます。
This system, regardless of residents, applies to all people.
'居住者' (residents) followed by 'を問わず' means that the system applies universally to all individuals.
その会議では、役職を問わず、自由な意見交換が行われました。
In that meeting, regardless of position, free exchange of opinions took place.
'役職' (position) with 'を問わず' indicates that everyone in the meeting was encouraged to share their opinions, regardless of their rank.
この地域では、天候を問わず、祭りが行われます。
In this region, regardless of weather, festivals are held.
'天候' (weather) followed by 'を問わず' means the festival takes place no matter the weather conditions.
この奨学金は、出身地を問わず、優秀な学生に与えられます。
This scholarship, regardless of place of origin, is given to excellent students.
'出身地' (place of origin) with 'を問わず' emphasizes that the scholarship is awarded based on merit, not background.
このジムは、月会費を問わず、一日利用も可能です。
This gym, regardless of monthly fee, one-day use is also possible.
'月会費' (monthly fee) followed by 'を問わず' indicates flexibility in payment options, including day passes.
当社のサービスは、お客様の利用頻度を問わず、常に最高の品質を提供することをお約束します。
Our company's service, regardless of customer's usage frequency, we promise to always provide the highest quality.
'利用頻度' (usage frequency) is used with 'を問わず' to assure customers of consistent high quality regardless of how often they use the service.
このプログラムは、参加者の専門知識を問わず、基礎から応用までを網羅しています。
This program, regardless of participants' specialized knowledge, covers from basics to application.
'専門知識' (specialized knowledge) followed by 'を問わず' indicates that the program is comprehensive and suitable for individuals with varying levels of expertise.
国連は、加盟国の政治体制を問わず、国際平和と安全の維持に努めています。
The UN, regardless of member states' political systems, strives to maintain international peace and security.
'政治体制' (political systems) with 'を問わず' highlights the UN's universal mission that transcends political differences among member nations.
この研究は、研究者の個人的な信条を問わず、客観的なデータに基づいて行われました。
This research, regardless of researchers' personal beliefs, was conducted based on objective data.
'個人的な信条' (personal beliefs) followed by 'を問わず' emphasizes the objectivity and data-driven nature of the research.
この施設は、利用者の身体能力を問わず、誰もが快適に過ごせるように設計されています。
This facility, regardless of users' physical abilities, is designed so that anyone can spend time comfortably.
'身体能力' (physical abilities) with 'を問わず' signifies that the facility is universally designed for accessibility and comfort for everyone.
この賞は、受賞者の国籍や人種を問わず、その功績によって選ばれます。
This award, regardless of the awardee's nationality or race, is selected based on their achievements.
'国籍や人種' (nationality or race) followed by 'を問わず' highlights that the award is merit-based and inclusive.
このオンラインコースは、学習者の学習ペースを問わず、自分の都合に合わせて進めることができます。
This online course, regardless of learners' learning pace, can be progressed according to one's convenience.
'学習ペース' (learning pace) with 'を問わず' indicates that the online course offers flexibility for individual learning speeds.
そのプロジェクトは、担当者の部署を問わず、チーム全体で協力して達成されました。
That project, regardless of the person in charge's department, was achieved by the entire team cooperating.
'担当者の部署' (person in charge's department) followed by 'を問わず' emphasizes cross-departmental collaboration for project completion.
文化交流イベントにおいては、参加者の文化的背景を問わず、互いの理解を深めることが最も重要視されます。
In cultural exchange events, regardless of participants' cultural backgrounds, deepening mutual understanding is most emphasized.
'文化的背景' (cultural backgrounds) with 'を問わず' underscores the paramount importance of mutual understanding in cultural exchange, irrespective of individual origins.
この公共政策は、受益者の所得水準を問わず、すべての人々に公平な機会を提供することを目的としています。
This public policy, regardless of beneficiaries' income levels, aims to provide fair opportunities to all people.
'所得水準' (income levels) followed by 'を問わず' highlights the policy's commitment to equity, ensuring everyone benefits regardless of their economic status.
現代社会においては、個人の信条や思想を問わず、多様な価値観が尊重されるべきです。
In modern society, regardless of individuals' beliefs or ideologies, diverse values should be respected.
'信条や思想' (beliefs or ideologies) with 'を問わず' promotes the idea of respecting a wide array of personal convictions in contemporary society.
その芸術作品は、鑑賞者の美術史的知識の有無を問わず、観る者に強い印象を与えます。
That artwork, regardless of the presence or absence of the viewer's art historical knowledge, leaves a strong impression on the observer.
'美術史的知識の有無' (presence or absence of art historical knowledge) followed by 'を問わず' suggests the artwork's universal appeal and impact.
いかなる状況下においても、報道の自由は、その報道内容の是非を問わず、保障されなければなりません。
Under any circumstances, freedom of the press must be guaranteed, regardless of the rightness or wrongness of its content.
'報道内容の是非' (rightness or wrongness of content) with 'を問わず' asserts the fundamental principle of press freedom, irrespective of the specific news being reported.
この大学の図書館は、在学生を問わず、卒業生にも利用を許可しています。
This university's library, regardless of current students, also permits usage for alumni.
'在学生' (current students) followed by 'を問わず' indicates that the library's resources are accessible to a broader community beyond just enrolled students.
我々の目標は、年齢や経験の長短を問わず、すべてのチームメンバーが貢献できる環境を構築することです。
Our goal is, regardless of the length of age or experience, to build an environment where all team members can contribute.
'年齢や経験の長短' (length of age or experience) with 'を問わず' emphasizes the creation of an inclusive environment where everyone's input is valued.
このウェブサイトは、使用するデバイスの種類を問わず、最適化された表示を提供します。
This website, regardless of the type of device used, provides an optimized display.
'使用するデバイスの種類' (type of device used) followed by 'を問わず' highlights the website's responsive design and universal accessibility across various platforms.
本法案は、国民の政治的信条や利害関係を問わず、社会全体の福祉増進に資することを目的としております。
This bill, regardless of citizens' political beliefs or vested interests, aims to contribute to the promotion of the welfare of society as a whole.
'政治的信条や利害関係' (political beliefs or vested interests) with 'を問わず' signifies the bill's broad scope and intent to benefit all citizens, transcending partisan divides.
その芸術家は、批評家の評価や大衆の嗜好を問わず、自身の創造的探求を貫徹しました。
That artist, regardless of critics' evaluations or public tastes, carried out their own creative exploration.
'批評家の評価や大衆の嗜好' (critics' evaluations or public tastes) followed by 'を問わず' illustrates the artist's unwavering dedication to their personal vision, independent of external validation.
グローバル企業は、事業を展開する各国の法規制や文化慣習を問わず、倫理的な基準を遵守することが求められます。
Global corporations are required to adhere to ethical standards, regardless of the legal regulations and cultural customs of the countries where they operate.
'各国の法規制や文化慣習' (legal regulations and cultural customs of each country) with 'を問わず' emphasizes the universal applicability of ethical principles for multinational businesses.
この学術会議は、発表者の所属機関や研究分野の専門性を問わず、学際的な議論を奨励しています。
This academic conference encourages interdisciplinary discussion, regardless of the presenters' affiliated institutions or the specialization of their research fields.
'所属機関や研究分野の専門性' (affiliated institutions or the specialization of research fields) followed by 'を問わず' highlights the conference's aim to foster broad intellectual exchange.
いかなる困難な状況下においても、人道的支援は、受益者の民族や宗教を問わず、等しく提供されるべきです。
Under any difficult circumstances, humanitarian aid should be provided equally, regardless of the beneficiaries' ethnicity or religion.
'民族や宗教' (ethnicity or religion) with 'を問わず' underscores the principle of impartial and universal humanitarian assistance.
この歴史的文書は、編纂された時代の思想的背景や作者の意図を問わず、現代においてもその価値を失っていません。
This historical document, regardless of the ideological background of the era in which it was compiled or the author's intentions, has not lost its value even in the present day.
'思想的背景や作者の意図' (ideological background or author's intentions) followed by 'を問わず' suggests the enduring significance and timeless relevance of the historical document.
本技術は、使用者の熟練度や経験の有無を問わず、直感的な操作性を実現しています。
This technology realizes intuitive operability, regardless of the user's proficiency or the presence or absence of experience.
'熟練度や経験の有無' (proficiency or the presence or absence of experience) with 'を問わず' emphasizes the technology's user-friendly design, making it accessible to all.
その企業の持続可能性への取り組みは、短期的な経済的利益を問わず、長期的な視点に立って評価されるべきである。
That company's commitment to sustainability should be evaluated from a long-term perspective, regardless of short-term economic benefits.
'短期的な経済的利益' (short-term economic benefits) followed by 'を問わず' advocates for evaluating corporate sustainability based on long-term impact rather than immediate financial gains.
Synonyms
Antonyms
Common Collocations
Common Phrases
— Regardless of age.
このボランティア活動は、年齢を問わず、どなたでも参加できます。 (Kono borantia katsudō wa, nenrei o to-wa-zu, do-na-ta demo sanka dekimasu.) Anyone can participate in this volunteer activity, regardless of age.
— Regardless of gender.
弊社の採用方針は、性別を問わず、能力を重視しています。 (Heisha no saiyō hōshin wa, seibetsu o to-wa-zu, nōryoku o jūshi shite imasu.) Our company's hiring policy emphasizes ability, regardless of gender.
— Regardless of nationality.
この国際会議は、国籍を問わず、世界中から研究者が集まります。 (Kono kokusai kaigi wa, kokuseki o to-wa-zu, sekaijū kara kenkyūsha ga atsumarimasu.) Researchers from all over the world gather at this international conference, regardless of nationality.
— Regardless of experience.
この職種は、経験を問わず、意欲のある方を歓迎します。 (Kono shokushu wa, keiken o to-wa-zu, iyoku no aru kata o kangei shimasu.) We welcome motivated individuals for this position, regardless of experience.
— Regardless of the reason.
理由を問わず、無断欠席は固く禁じます。 (Riyū o to-wa-zu, mudan kesseki wa kataku kinjimasu.) Unauthorized absence is strictly forbidden, regardless of the reason.
— Regardless of the weather.
明日の運動会は、天候を問わず、体育館で行われます。 (Ashita no undōkai wa, tenkō o to-wa-zu, taiikukan de okonawaremasu.) Tomorrow's sports day will be held in the gymnasium, regardless of the weather.
— Regardless of time constraints.
当社のサポートチームは、時間的制約を問わず、いつでも対応いたします。 (Tōsha no sapōto chīmu wa, jikan-teki seiyaku o to-wa-zu, itsu demo taiō itashimasu.) Our support team will respond anytime, regardless of time constraints.
— Regardless of profit or loss.
彼は損得を問わず、常に自分の信念に従って行動する。 (Kare wa sontoku o to-wa-zu, tsune ni jibun no shinnen ni shitagatte kōdō suru.) He always acts according to his beliefs, regardless of profit or loss.
— Regardless of academic background.
このプログラムは、学歴を問わず、意欲のある学生なら誰でも参加できます。 (Kono puroguramu wa, gakureki o to-wa-zu, iyoku no aru gakusei nara dare demo sanka dekimasu.) Any student with motivation can participate in this program, regardless of academic background.
— Regardless of place of origin.
この地域は、出身地を問わず、多様な文化を持つ人々が共存しています。 (Kono chiiki wa, shusshinchi o to-wa-zu, tayō na bunka o motsu hitobito ga kyōzon shite imasu.) People with diverse cultures coexist in this region, regardless of their place of origin.
Often Confused With
This phrase also means 'regardless of' and is very similar. '～を問わず' is generally considered slightly more formal and often used in official pronouncements or legal contexts, while '～に関わらず' is more versatile and can be used in a wider range of formal and semi-formal situations.
This means 'without relation to' and is generally more informal than '～を問わず.' It's used when the factor being disregarded is less critical or when a more casual tone is desired. It implies 'it doesn't matter.'
This phrase means 'setting aside' or 'leaving aside.' It's used to temporarily disregard something to focus on another matter, rather than stating universal applicability like '～を問わず.' It implies a shift in focus.
Idioms & Expressions
— This phrase, though less common than '～を問わず' itself, can refer to words or expressions that are used irrespective of context or situation. It implies a kind of indiscriminate or universal application of language, which is quite abstract.
彼の発言は、状況を問わず語のように響き、意図せず人を傷つけることがあった。 (Kare no hatsugen wa, jōkyō o to-wa-zu-go no yō ni hibiki, ito sezu hito o kizutsukeru koto ga atta.) His remarks, like words used irrespective of the situation, sometimes unintentionally hurt people.
Literary/Abstract— This idiom means 'without asking or telling,' implying a natural understanding or unspoken agreement between people. It suggests a bond or connection that doesn't require explicit communication, functioning regardless of verbal exchanges.
長年の友人として、私たちは問わず語らずとも互いの気持ちを理解し合っていた。 (Naganen no yūjin to shite, watashitachi wa to-wa-zu-katara-zu tomo tagai no kimochi o rikai shi atte ita.) As long-time friends, we understood each other's feelings without asking or telling.
Literary/Figurative— Similar to '問わず語,' this can refer to speaking or writing in a way that doesn't consider the specific audience or context. It suggests a monologue or a statement made universally, without tailoring it to a particular listener.
彼のスピーチは、聴衆の反応を問わず語りであった。 (Kare no supīchi wa, chōshū no hannō o to-wa-zu-gata-ri de atta.) His speech was a monologue, regardless of the audience's reaction.
Literary/Figurative— This refers to words spoken or written without regard for the listener's understanding or the specific situation. It implies a universal or indiscriminate expression, akin to '～を問わず' in its broad applicability.
彼女の忠告は、状況を問わず語りの言葉として、多くの人に影響を与えた。 (Kanojo no chūgoku wa, jōkyō o to-wa-zu-gata-ri no kotoba to shite, ōku no hito ni eikyō o ataeta.) Her advice, as words spoken without regard for the situation, influenced many people.
Literary— This describes an attitude or behavior that is consistent and unchanging, regardless of external circumstances or the people involved. It suggests a steadfastness that is not swayed by conditions.
彼は、成功しても失敗しても、問わず語りの態度を崩さなかった。 (Kare wa, seikō shite mo shippai shite mo, to-wa-zu-gata-ri no taido o kuzusa nakatta.) He maintained an unwavering attitude, regardless of whether he succeeded or failed.
Figurative— This metaphor refers to a path or course of action taken consistently, without being affected by external factors or changes. It implies a determined and unwavering pursuit.
科学者たちは、問わず語りの道を歩み、真実の探求を続けた。 (Kagakusha-tachi wa, to-wa-zu-gata-ri no michi o ayumi, shinjitsu no tankyū o tsuzuketa.) The scientists continued their pursuit of truth, walking a path unchanged by external factors.
Metaphorical— This refers to a firm resolve that remains constant, irrespective of the challenges or circumstances encountered. It signifies an unshakeable determination.
彼女の目標達成への決意は、問わず語りのものであった。 (Kanojo no mokuhyō tassei e no ketsui wa, to-wa-zu-gata-ri no mono de atta.) Her determination to achieve her goal was unwavering.
Figurative— This describes a consistent and steady approach or stance that is not altered by external conditions or opinions.
彼は、批判を問わず語りの姿勢で受け止めた。 (Kare wa, hihan o to-wa-zu-gata-ri no shisei de uketometa.) He received criticism with a consistent stance.
Figurative— This refers to a belief or principle that is held steadfastly and is not compromised by external pressures or situations.
彼の行動は、問わず語りの信念に基づいていた。 (Kare no kōdō wa, to-wa-zu-gata-ri no shinnen ni motozuite ita.) His actions were based on unwavering beliefs.
Figurative— In a consistent and unwavering manner, without being swayed by circumstances.
彼は、成功も失敗も問わず語りの姿勢で受け止めた。 (Kare wa, seikō mo shippai mo to-wa-zu-gata-ri no shisei de uketometa.) He accepted both success and failure with an unwavering attitude.
FigurativeEasily Confused
Both phrases mean 'regardless of' and are often used interchangeably.
'～を問わず' is typically more formal and often found in official notices, legal documents, or job advertisements where a definitive and universal application is being stated. '～に関わらず' is also formal but slightly more versatile and can be used in a broader range of semi-formal to formal contexts. Think of '～を問わず' as having a stronger, more official tone.
Formal: 年齢<strong>を問わず</strong>、応募可能です。(Nenrei <strong>o to-wa-zu</strong>, ōbo kanō desu.) - It is possible to apply, regardless of age. Semi-formal: 年齢<strong>に関わらず</strong>、誰でも参加できます。(Nenrei <strong>ni kakawarazu</strong>, dare demo sanka dekimasu.) - Anyone can participate, regardless of age.
Both phrases indicate that a factor is not important or relevant.
'～を問わず' is formal and emphasizes that something applies universally without exception to the mentioned factor. It's often used in official statements. '～は関係なく' is more informal and implies that the factor simply 'doesn't matter' or 'is irrelevant.' It's more conversational and less official.
Formal: 経験<strong>を問わず</strong>、採用します。(Keiken <strong>o to-wa-zu</strong>, saiyō shimasu.) - We will hire, regardless of experience. Informal: 経験<strong>は関係なく</strong>、やる気があればOKです。(Keiken <strong>wa kankei naku</strong>, yaruki ga areba OK desu.) - It doesn't matter about experience; if you have motivation, it's okay.
Both phrases involve disregarding something.
'～を問わず' means 'regardless of' in the sense that something applies universally without exception to the stated factor. '～はさておき' means 'setting aside' or 'leaving aside,' implying a temporary disregard of a topic to focus on something else. It's about shifting focus, not universal applicability.
Universal application: 理由<strong>を問わず</strong>、遅刻は認められません。(Riyū <strong>o to-wa-zu</strong>, chikoku wa mitomeraremasen.) - Lateness is not permitted, regardless of the reason. Setting aside: まずは本題<strong>はさておき</strong>、休憩しましょう。(Mazu wa hondai <strong>wa sate oki</strong>, kyūkei shimashō.) - First, let's take a break, setting aside the main topic.
Both can imply that a factor is not considered.
'～を問わず' implies that a factor is inherently irrelevant or not a condition for something to apply. It's a statement of objective universality. '～は無視して' implies an active decision to 'ignore' or 'disregard' something, often suggesting a deliberate choice to overlook it, which can sometimes carry a slightly more negative or willful connotation.
Objective irrelevance: 天候<strong>を問わず</strong>、イベントは開催されます。(Tenkō <strong>o to-wa-zu</strong>, ibento wa kaisai saremasu.) - The event will be held, regardless of the weather. Active disregard: 周囲の反対<strong>は無視して</strong>、計画を進めた。(Shūi no hantai <strong>wa mushi shite</strong>, keikaku o susumeta.) - They proceeded with the plan, ignoring the opposition from those around them.
Both relate to conditions or limitations.
'～を問わず' means 'regardless of,' signifying broad applicability and inclusivity. '～に限る' means 'limited to' or 'exclusive to,' signifying a narrow scope and restriction. They are essentially antonyms in terms of scope.
Inclusive: 年齢<strong>を問わず</strong>、誰でも参加できます。(Nenrei <strong>o to-wa-zu</strong>, dare demo sanka dekimasu.) - Anyone can participate, regardless of age. Exclusive: 会員<strong>に限る</strong>。(Kaiin <strong>ni kagiru</strong>.) - Limited to members only.
Sentence Patterns
Noun + を問わず + Verb
子供<strong>を問わず</strong>、遊べます。 (Kodomo <strong>o to-wa-zu</strong>, asobemasu.) Anyone can play, regardless of being a child.
Noun + を問わず + Adjective
年齢<strong>を問わず</strong>、安全です。 (Nenrei <strong>o to-wa-zu</strong>, anzen desu.) It is safe, regardless of age.
Noun Phrase + を問わず + Verb
経験の有無<strong>を問わず</strong>、応募できます。 (Keiken no u-mu <strong>o to-wa-zu</strong>, ōbo dekimasu.) You can apply, regardless of whether you have experience or not.
Noun + を問わず + Noun Phrase (indicating scope)
国籍<strong>を問わず</strong>、すべての学生が対象です。 (Kokuseki <strong>o to-wa-zu</strong>, subete no gakusei ga taishō desu.) All students are eligible, regardless of nationality.
Noun + を問わず + Verb (with context)
当社のサービスは、利用頻度<strong>を問わず</strong>、常に高品質を提供します。 (Tōsha no sābisu wa, riyō hindo <strong>o to-wa-zu</strong>, tsune ni kōhinshitsu o teikyō shimasu.) Our company's service provides high quality at all times, regardless of usage frequency.
Noun + を問わず + ～こと (indicating action/state)
理由<strong>を問わず</strong>、遅刻することは許されません。 (Riyū <strong>o to-wa-zu</strong>, chikoku suru koto wa yurusaremasen.) Being late is not permitted, regardless of the reason.
Noun + を問わず + ～場合 (indicating situation)
天候<strong>を問わず</strong>、イベントは決行されます。 (Tenkō <strong>o to-wa-zu</strong>, ibento wa kekkō saremasu.) The event will proceed, regardless of the weather.
Noun + を問わず + ～場合 (with complex noun phrase)
参加者の背景<strong>を問わず</strong>、誰もが尊重されるべきです。 (Sankasha no haikei <strong>o to-wa-zu</strong>, dare mo ga sonchō sareru beki desu.) Everyone should be respected, regardless of participants' backgrounds.
Word Family
Nouns
Verbs
Related
How to Use It
High in formal written Japanese, moderate in formal spoken Japanese.
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Using '～を問わず' in casual conversation.
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Use simpler phrases like '～は関係なく' or rephrase the sentence.
'～を問わず' is a formal expression. In casual settings, it sounds overly stiff and unnatural. For example, instead of saying '友達を問わず、みんなで遊ぼう,' which is incorrect, you would say 'みんなで遊ぼう' (Let's all play) or '誰でも歓迎だよ' (Everyone is welcome).
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Incorrect placement of the noun.
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The noun must directly precede '～を問わず'.
The noun being disregarded must be immediately before '～を問わず'. For instance, '参加は無料です、年齢を問わず' is awkward. The correct structure is '年齢を問わず、参加は無料です。' (Regardless of age, participation is free.)
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Omitting the particle 'を'.
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Always include the particle 'を' before '問わず'.
The phrase is grammatically '～を問わず'. Omitting 'を' makes it incorrect, like '経験問わず' instead of '経験を問わず'. The particle is essential for marking the object of the implied verb '問う'.
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Confusing it with '～はさておき'.
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Use '～を問わず' for universal application and '～はさておき' for setting aside a topic.
'～を問わず' means something applies regardless of a factor (universal). '～はさておき' means 'setting aside' or 'leaving aside' a topic temporarily. They have different meanings and uses.
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Using it when a specific limitation is intended.
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Use phrases like '～に限る' or '～限定' when a restriction is necessary.
'～を問わず' implies inclusivity. If you intend to specify a limitation (e.g., 'members only'), using '～を問わず' would be incorrect. Instead, you would use '会員に限る' (limited to members) or '学生限定' (student-exclusive).
Tips
Noun + を問わず
Remember that '～を問わず' always follows a noun or noun phrase. This noun represents the factor that is being disregarded. For example, '年齢' (age) + 'を問わず' = 'regardless of age.'
Formal Contexts
This phrase is best suited for formal writing like official announcements, job advertisements, legal documents, and academic papers. Avoid using it in casual conversations with friends.
Think of 'No Questions Asked'
Imagine a situation where someone says 'No questions asked!' about a rule or offer. This implies it's applicable regardless of any specific conditions. '問わず' is like 'no questions asked' about the preceding noun.
vs. ～に関わらず
'～を問わず' is slightly more formal than '～に関わらず'. While both mean 'regardless of', '～を問わず' often carries a more definitive and official tone, emphasizing universal application without exception.
Common Collocations
Familiarize yourself with common pairings like '年齢を問わず' (regardless of age), '性別を問わず' (regardless of gender), and '経験を問わず' (regardless of experience). This will help you recognize and use the phrase more easily.
Syllable Emphasis
Pronounce each syllable clearly: 'o', 'to', 'wa', 'zu'. While there isn't a strong, single stressed syllable, ensuring each part is distinct helps with clarity, especially in formal contexts.
Official Announcements
When you hear or read announcements in public places, on official websites, or in formal documents, pay attention to '～を問わず'. It's a key indicator of inclusive and universally applicable statements.
Don't Forget 'を'
The particle 'を' is essential. Always ensure it is present between the noun and '問わず'. Omitting it ('年齢問わず') is grammatically incorrect.
Writing Practice
Try writing sentences using '～を問わず' in different contexts. For example, describe a club that is open to all students, or a policy that applies to all employees.
Emphasis on Inclusivity
Use '～を問わず' when you want to strongly emphasize that something is open to everyone or applies to all situations without exception based on the specified noun. It conveys fairness and broad accessibility.
Memorize It
Mnemonic
Imagine a judge in a courtroom, saying 'I don't *ask* (問う) about your age, your gender, or your nationality when I make my ruling.' The ruling applies 'regardless of' those factors. The sound 'to-wa-zu' can sound like 'to ask you,' but the judge is saying 'I won't ask you about these things, so it's 'regardless of' them.
Visual Association
Picture a large, open gate with a sign that reads 'All Welcome' in Japanese. Below it, smaller text says '年齢、性別、国籍を問わず' (nenrei, seibetsu, kokuseki o to-wa-zu - regardless of age, gender, nationality). The open gate symbolizes inclusivity.
Word Web
Challenge
Write three sentences using '～を問わず' in different contexts (e.g., one about an event, one about a job, and one about a rule). Try to use different nouns before the phrase.
Word Origin
The phrase '～を問わず' originates from the verb '問う' (tou), which means 'to ask' or 'to question.' When combined with the particle 'を' (o) which marks the object, and the auxiliary 'ず' (zu), a classical negative form, it literally means 'without questioning (the noun).' This implies that the noun is not questioned or considered, hence 'regardless of.' The structure has evolved into a set phrase used to indicate inclusivity.
Original meaning: Without questioning.
JaponicCultural Context
The use of '～を問わず' is generally considered polite and inclusive when used appropriately in formal contexts. It demonstrates an awareness of and respect for diversity. However, like any expression, its effectiveness depends on the context and the specific noun it modifies. For example, stating '国籍を問わず' in a context where certain immigration laws apply might require careful phrasing to avoid misinterpretation.
In English-speaking cultures, similar sentiments are conveyed through phrases like 'open to all,' 'no matter your background,' or 'everyone is welcome.' The directness of 'regardless of' or 'irrespective of' mirrors the function of '～を問わず,' but the Japanese phrase is often embedded within more formal grammatical structures.
Practice in Real Life
Real-World Contexts
Job Advertisements
- 経験を問わず
- 年齢を問わず
- 学歴を問わず
- 性別を問わず
Event Invitations/Announcements
- どなたでも参加可能 (anyone can participate)
- 年齢を問わず
- 国籍を問わず
- 参加無料 (free to participate)
Legal and Policy Documents
- すべての人に適用 (applies to everyone)
- 国籍を問わず
- 居住者であれ外国人であれ (whether resident or foreigner)
- 例外なく (without exception)
Public Service Announcements
- 皆様へのお知らせ (announcement to everyone)
- 性別を問わず
- 年齢を問わず
- 安全第一 (safety first)
Rules and Regulations
- 規則に従ってください (please follow the rules)
- 理由を問わず
- 例外はありません (there are no exceptions)
- 禁止事項 (prohibited items/actions)
Conversation Starters
"Have you seen any job postings that say 'experience not required'?"
"Do you think it's important for events to be open to everyone, regardless of age?"
"What are some situations where 'regardless of' is a really important phrase to use?"
"How do you say 'regardless of the weather' in Japanese?"
"Can you think of a time when being inclusive, regardless of background, made a big difference?"
Journal Prompts
Write about a time you experienced or witnessed something that was open to everyone, regardless of a specific factor. How did it make you feel?
Imagine you are creating a new community initiative. What would be the most important factors to state are 'regardless of' to ensure maximum participation?
Reflect on a situation where a rule or policy was applied strictly, without regard to individual circumstances. How would using '～を問わず' have changed the perception?
Describe a personal goal you have. How can you approach it with a mindset of 'regardless of' potential obstacles?
Consider a cultural event you enjoy. What aspects of it make it welcoming to people from diverse backgrounds, regardless of their origin?
Frequently Asked Questions
10 questionsThe literal meaning comes from the verb '問う' (tou), which means 'to ask' or 'to question.' The '～を' marks the noun as the object of this verb, and 'わず' (originally 'ず') is a classical negative form. So, it literally means 'without questioning (the noun).' This implies that the noun is not considered or questioned, hence leading to the meaning of 'regardless of.'
No, '～を問わず' is a formal expression. Using it in casual conversation can sound stiff or unnatural. For informal situations, it's better to use phrases like '～は関係なく' (wa kankei naku) or simply rephrase the sentence to convey a similar meaning more casually.
'～を問わず' is generally considered more formal and is often used in official documents, legal texts, and job advertisements to emphasize universal application. '～に関わらず' is also formal but slightly more versatile and can be used in a broader range of semi-formal to formal contexts. Both convey the meaning of 'regardless of.'
You can use almost any noun or noun phrase that represents a condition, characteristic, or factor that you wish to disregard. Common examples include: 年齢 (age), 性別 (gender), 国籍 (nationality), 経験 (experience), 学歴 (academic background), 天候 (weather), 理由 (reason), 費用 (cost), etc.
Not necessarily. While it's often followed by a verb or adjective phrase describing an action or state, it can also be followed by a noun phrase that clarifies the scope of the statement. For example, '国籍を問わず、すべての学生が対象です。' (Kokuseki o to-wa-zu, subete no gakusei ga taishō desu. - All students are eligible, regardless of nationality.) Here, 'すべての学生が対象です' is a noun phrase.
Yes, it can be used with abstract concepts as well, as long as they function as a noun or noun phrase. For example, '理由を問わず' (regardless of the reason) or '損得を問わず' (regardless of profit or loss).
The particle 'を' marks the preceding noun as the direct object of the verb '問う' (to ask/question). Its presence is crucial for the grammatical correctness of the phrase '～を問わず'.
It is very important, especially in formal writing, as incorrect usage can lead to misunderstandings or sound unnatural. Using it appropriately demonstrates a good command of formal Japanese.
Yes, you can. For example, '年齢を問わず、このサービスは利用できません。' (Nenrei o to-wa-zu, kono sābisu wa riyō dekimasen. - This service cannot be used, regardless of age.)
While the phrase itself is standard Japanese, its frequency of use might vary slightly depending on the formality of the context, which can be influenced by regional communication styles. However, the core meaning and grammatical function remain consistent across Japan.
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Summary
The phrase '～を問わず' (o to-wa-zu) is a formal Japanese grammatical structure used to indicate that a statement, rule, or action applies universally, without exception to the noun or noun phrase that precedes it. It's equivalent to 'regardless of' or 'irrespective of' in English and is frequently found in official documents, job advertisements, and public announcements to emphasize inclusivity and fairness. For example, '年齢を問わず' (nenrei o to-wa-zu) means 'regardless of age,' signifying that age is not a limiting factor.
- ～を問わず (o to-wa-zu) means 'regardless of' or 'irrespective of'.
- It's a formal expression used to show something applies universally.
- Place it after a noun to indicate the disregarded factor.
- Common in job ads, official notices, and legal texts.
Noun + を問わず
Remember that '～を問わず' always follows a noun or noun phrase. This noun represents the factor that is being disregarded. For example, '年齢' (age) + 'を問わず' = 'regardless of age.'
Formal Contexts
This phrase is best suited for formal writing like official announcements, job advertisements, legal documents, and academic papers. Avoid using it in casual conversations with friends.
Think of 'No Questions Asked'
Imagine a situation where someone says 'No questions asked!' about a rule or offer. This implies it's applicable regardless of any specific conditions. '問わず' is like 'no questions asked' about the preceding noun.
vs. ～に関わらず
'～を問わず' is slightly more formal than '～に関わらず'. While both mean 'regardless of', '～を問わず' often carries a more definitive and official tone, emphasizing universal application without exception.
Related Content
Related Phrases
More work words
調整
A1The act of making small changes to something to achieve a desired fit, function, or balance. In a work context, it specifically refers to coordinating schedules or aligning different opinions to reach an agreement.
有利な
B1Advantageous or favorable.
承知する
B1To acknowledge, agree; to be aware of and consent to something.
年収
B1Annual income; yearly salary.
応募
B1To apply for a position, a competition, a prize, or a public offer. It indicates a proactive step to participate in something.
応募する
B1To apply for a job or position.
～と同時に
B1At the same time as, simultaneously with.
勤怠
B1Attendance record; presence or absence from work.
係員
A2Person in charge; attendant.
ぎんこういん
A2Bank employee.
