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B2 phrase #3,000 most common 10 min read

～を踏まえて

wo fumaete
At the A1 level, learners are primarily focused on basic survival Japanese, such as greetings, simple requests, and describing immediate surroundings. The phrase '～を踏まえて' is far too complex and abstract for this stage. However, it is beneficial for A1 learners to begin understanding the concept of cause and effect or sequencing in Japanese. While they will not use '～を踏まえて', they can practice the foundational ideas using simple conjunctions like 'だから' (therefore) or 'から' (because). For instance, instead of saying 'Based on the rain, I will take an umbrella' using complex grammar, an A1 learner should focus on '雨が降ります。だから、傘を持ちます。' (It will rain. Therefore, I will take an umbrella.) Introducing the concept that Japanese sentences often build upon previous statements prepares them for more advanced structures later. The vocabulary surrounding '～を踏まえて' (like 経験 - experience, 結果 - result) is also too advanced, so A1 exposure should be limited to recognizing that formal Japanese has specific ways to connect ideas. Teachers might briefly mention that there are formal ways to say 'because of this' that they will learn in the future, keeping the focus on mastering basic sentence structures and vocabulary.
For A2 learners, the focus expands to discussing past experiences, future plans, and giving simple reasons. While '～を踏まえて' remains above their active production level, they might start encountering the base verb '踏む' (fumu - to step on) in its literal sense. At this stage, learners can express the idea of 'based on' using the te-form of verbs to show sequence, such as 'ニュースを見て、決めます' (I will watch the news and decide). This sequential use of the te-form is the grammatical ancestor of the more complex '～を踏まえて'. A2 learners should focus on strengthening their understanding of how the te-form connects actions and reasons. They can also begin learning simpler vocabulary that eventually pairs with this grammar, such as 話 (talk/story) or テスト (test). If an A2 learner encounters '～を踏まえて' in reading or listening, they should be guided to understand it simply as a formal '～から' (because of ~) or '～のあとで' (after ~), allowing them to grasp the general meaning of the sentence without getting bogged down in the advanced metaphorical nuances.
At the B1 level, learners transition into intermediate Japanese, where they begin to express opinions, explain situations, and handle more complex daily interactions. They are ready to be introduced to '～を踏まえて' as a receptive vocabulary item. They will start hearing it in news broadcasts or reading it in intermediate texts. The focus at B1 should be on comprehension rather than active, spontaneous production. Learners should understand that 'Noun + を踏まえて' means 'taking [Noun] into consideration'. They can practice using it in structured, guided writing exercises, such as writing a simple formal email: '昨日のミーティングを踏まえて...' (Based on yesterday's meeting...). It is crucial at this stage to differentiate it from simpler forms like '～を考えて' (thinking about ~). B1 learners should also expand their vocabulary to include words that commonly collocate with this phrase, such as 意見 (opinion), 結果 (result), and 経験 (experience). By practicing these combinations, they build a foundation for using the phrase naturally when they reach the B2 level.
The B2 level is where '～を踏まえて' becomes an essential part of the learner's active vocabulary. At this stage, learners are expected to participate in discussions, express detailed opinions, and understand complex arguments. '～を踏まえて' is the perfect tool for these tasks. B2 learners must master the syntactic structure (Noun + を踏まえて) and the semantic constraint that the following clause must express volition, intention, or a decision. They should actively use it in presentations, essays, and formal discussions to justify their arguments. For example, 'アンケート結果を踏まえて、新しいサービスを提案します' (Based on the survey results, I propose a new service). At this level, it is also important to learn the formal written variant '～を踏まえ' and understand when to use it instead of the te-form. Teachers should encourage B2 learners to self-correct if they mistakenly use this phrase with physical objects or non-volitional endings. Mastery of this phrase at B2 significantly enhances the learner's ability to sound logical, persuasive, and professional in Japanese.
At the C1 level, learners possess an advanced, highly proficient understanding of Japanese. They can express themselves fluently and spontaneously without much obvious searching for expressions. For C1 learners, '～を踏まえて' is a fully integrated part of their linguistic repertoire. The focus shifts from basic usage to stylistic refinement and nuanced differentiation from synonyms. C1 learners must be able to seamlessly choose between '～を踏まえて', '～に基づいて', '～を考慮して', and '～を前提として' based on the exact subtle nuance required by the context. They should use '～を踏まえて' effortlessly in complex academic writing, high-level business negotiations, and formal debates. They are also expected to understand and produce complex sentences where the phrase is embedded within larger grammatical structures, such as relative clauses: '過去の失敗を踏まえた上で作成された計画' (A plan created upon the foundation of past failures). At this level, the phrase is used not just to convey meaning, but to manage discourse, build consensus, and demonstrate a sophisticated command of Japanese pragmatics and sociolinguistic norms.
At the C2 level, the learner's proficiency is near-native. They can understand with ease virtually everything heard or read and can summarize information from different spoken and written sources, reconstructing arguments and accounts in a coherent presentation. The use of '～を踏まえて' at this level is entirely intuitive. C2 learners manipulate the phrase for rhetorical effect, using it in highly abstract, philosophical, or specialized professional discourse. They might use it in legal drafting, advanced literary critique, or executive-level corporate strategy formulation. At this stage, they are also acutely aware of the historical and etymological weight of the phrase, understanding how the physical act of 'stepping firmly' translates into the intellectual act of 'basing an argument'. They can play with this imagery in creative or persuasive writing. Furthermore, C2 learners can effortlessly navigate the subtle register shifts required when moving between '～を踏まえて', '～を踏まえ', and other highly formal variants like '～を勘案して' (taking into consideration - highly formal), ensuring their language is always perfectly calibrated to the audience and the gravity of the situation.
Practice it Examples Notes & Tips

～を踏まえて in 30 Seconds

  • Means 'based on' or 'taking into account'.
  • Always follows a noun with the particle 'を'.
  • Used for abstract concepts like data, opinions, or results.
  • Followed by a volitional action, decision, or proposal.
The Japanese phrase '～を踏まえて' (o fumaete) is a highly versatile and essential expression used primarily in formal, academic, and business contexts to indicate that an action, decision, or thought process is being built upon a specific foundation of prior knowledge, experience, or established facts. To truly grasp the depth of this expression, one must look at its morphological roots. The verb '踏まえる' (fumaeru) literally translates to 'to step on' or 'to stand on' something firmly. When used metaphorically in the te-form as '～を踏まえて', it conveys the image of standing firmly on a solid base of information before taking the next step. This nuance is critical because it implies not just a casual consideration, but a deliberate and foundational reliance on the preceding noun. When you use this phrase, you are telling your audience that the following action is logically derived from or heavily influenced by the condition or fact you just mentioned. Understanding the semantic boundaries of this phrase is crucial for mastering intermediate to advanced Japanese. It elevates your speech from simple sequential statements to complex, logically connected discourse.
Literal Meaning
Standing firmly upon (a physical or metaphorical base).

前回の反省を踏まえて、新しい計画を立てます。

The usage of this phrase signals to the listener that the speaker is thoughtful, analytical, and respectful of past events or data. It is a marker of professional maturity in Japanese corporate culture.
Metaphorical Meaning
Taking into account, based on, or building upon previous information.

アンケート結果を踏まえて、商品を改良した。

Furthermore, the phrase implies a forward-looking action. You stand on the foundation (the past/data) in order to reach higher or move forward (the future/action). This directional nuance separates it from phrases that merely state a cause.
Pragmatic Function
To justify a subsequent action or proposal by citing a valid premise.

現状を踏まえて、今後の対策を検討する。

In language acquisition, reaching the B2 level requires learners to move beyond simple conjunctions like 'だから' (therefore) and utilize sophisticated transitional phrases. '～を踏まえて' is a prime example of such vocabulary. It demonstrates an ability to synthesize information and articulate complex relationships between concepts.

皆様のご意見を踏まえて、決定いたします。

Mastery of this expression will significantly enhance your ability to participate in debates, write persuasive essays, and conduct business negotiations in Japanese. It is not merely a grammatical tool, but a reflection of a logical and structured mindset.

過去の失敗を踏まえて、同じミスを繰り返さない。

By consistently incorporating this phrase into your active vocabulary, you will project competence and analytical rigor.
Using '～を踏まえて' correctly requires an understanding of its syntactic structure and the types of words it naturally collocates with. The grammatical rule is straightforward: it directly follows a noun, connected by the object particle 'を' (o). The structure is always [Noun] + を踏まえて + [Action/Decision]. The noun in this equation must represent something abstract that can serve as a foundation for thought or action. Common nouns include 結果 (results), 経験 (experience), 意見 (opinions), 状況 (situation), 反省 (reflection/lessons learned), and 議論 (discussion).
Basic Structure
Noun + を踏まえて + Main Clause

調査結果を踏まえて、レポートを作成した。

It is crucial to remember that the main clause following this phrase must represent an action, a judgment, a proposal, or a decision made by a human agent. It cannot be followed by a natural occurrence or an uncontrollable event. For example, you cannot say 'Based on the weather report, it rained.' using this phrase.
Volitional Constraint
The subsequent action must be controllable or intentional.

予算を踏まえて、旅行の計画を練る。

In formal writing, you might also encounter the variation '～を踏まえ' (o fumae), which drops the 'て' (te). This is a stylistic choice known as 'masu-stem connection' (連用中止 - renyou chuushi) and is used to make the text sound even more formal, concise, and academic. It is commonly found in official documents, news articles, and academic papers.
Formal Written Variant
Noun + を踏まえ (Dropping the 'て' for conciseness).

昨年のデータを踏まえ、今年の目標を設定する。

When speaking, however, '～を踏まえて' is preferred as it flows more naturally in spoken discourse. Another important aspect of usage is its role in polite requests or suggestions. In business settings, you might hear phrases like 'この点を踏まえて、ご検討ください' (Please consider this taking these points into account). This softens the request by providing a logical basis for the consideration, making it more persuasive and respectful.

これらの事情を踏まえて、ご判断をお願いします。

Understanding these nuances allows you to tailor your language to the specific social and professional context, a key skill for advanced proficiency. You must also be careful not to use it with physical objects. Saying '机を踏まえて' (based on the desk) sounds nonsensical unless you literally mean stepping on the desk, which uses the base verb '踏む' (fumu) rather than the metaphorical '踏まえる'.

顧客の要望を踏まえて、サービスを改善する。

By mastering the syntactic rules and semantic constraints of this phrase, you will significantly improve the clarity and sophistication of your Japanese expression.
The phrase '～を踏まえて' is ubiquitous in environments that require logical reasoning, formal presentation of facts, and professional decision-making. You are highly unlikely to hear this phrase in casual conversations among friends at an izakaya, but it is a staple of the corporate boardroom, the academic lecture hall, and the political press conference. In the Japanese business world, decision-making is often a consensus-driven process that relies heavily on data, past precedents, and collective feedback. Therefore, expressions that link evidence to proposed actions are essential.
Business Meetings
Used to propose strategies based on market research or financial data.

競合他社の動向を踏まえて、新戦略を提案します。

During presentations, speakers use this phrase to transition from the 'data presentation' phase to the 'actionable insights' phase. It acts as a verbal pivot, signaling to the audience that the facts have been laid out and the logical conclusions are about to be drawn.
News Broadcasts
Used by anchors and experts to analyze events based on historical context.

専門家の意見を踏まえて、今後の経済動向を解説します。

In news reporting, particularly in analytical segments or editorials, journalists and commentators frequently use '～を踏まえて' to frame their arguments. When discussing policy changes, a news anchor might explain that the government made a decision 'based on the results of the recent summit' (先日の首脳会談の結果を踏まえて). This adds a layer of objectivity and analytical depth to the reporting.
Academic Contexts
Used in research papers to build upon previous literature or experimental data.

先行研究を踏まえて、本論文の仮説を設定した。

For university students and researchers in Japan, this phrase is indispensable. Academic writing requires the author to clearly establish the foundation of their research. By stating that their new hypothesis is 'based on previous studies' (先行研究を踏まえて), they validate their methodology and demonstrate academic rigor.

実験データを踏まえて、結論を導き出す。

Furthermore, in official government documents, white papers, and legal texts, the variant '～を踏まえ' is extensively used to outline the rationale behind administrative actions. Understanding this phrase is therefore not just a matter of vocabulary acquisition, but a key to unlocking the formal discourse of Japanese society.

社会情勢の変化を踏まえて、法律が改正された。

Whether you are aiming to work in Japan, study at a Japanese university, or simply consume Japanese news media with a high level of comprehension, familiarizing yourself with the contexts in which '～を踏まえて' appears is absolutely vital for your linguistic development.
While '～を踏まえて' is a powerful tool for logical expression, it is frequently misused by intermediate learners who do not fully grasp its nuances and constraints. One of the most common mistakes is using it with physical, tangible objects instead of abstract concepts. Because the base verb '踏む' (fumu) means 'to step on', learners sometimes mistakenly assume '～を踏まえて' can mean 'standing on top of something'. However, in this grammatical structure, it is strictly metaphorical.
Mistake 1: Physical Objects
Using the phrase with tangible items instead of abstract information.

❌ 机を踏まえて、電球を替えた。
⭕ 机に乗って、電球を替えた。

Another frequent error is confusing '～を踏まえて' with '～に基づいて' (ni motozuite), which means 'based on' or 'in accordance with'. While they are similar, '～に基づいて' implies a strict adherence to a rule, law, or foundational standard, whereas '～を踏まえて' implies taking information into consideration as a starting point for a new action or thought process.
Mistake 2: Confusing with に基づいて
Using 踏まえて when strict adherence to a rule is meant.

❌ 法律を踏まえて罰金を払う。
⭕ 法律に基づいて罰金を払う。

Furthermore, learners often make the mistake of following '～を踏まえて' with a non-volitional clause or a simple statement of fact. The clause that follows must express an intention, a decision, a proposal, or an action taken by a human agent. It cannot describe a natural phenomenon or an uncontrollable outcome.
Mistake 3: Non-volitional endings
Ending the sentence with an uncontrollable event.

❌ 天気予報を踏まえて、雨が降った。
⭕ 天気予報を踏まえて、傘を持っていった。

Lastly, using this phrase in overly casual contexts is a stylistic error. Saying '昨日の喧嘩を踏まえて、今日は遊ばない' (Based on yesterday's fight, I won't play today) to a friend sounds unnaturally stiff and robotic. In casual speech, simple conjunctions like 'だから' (so) or 'から' (because) are much more appropriate.

❌ 昨日のテストを踏まえて、今日は寝る。
⭕ 昨日のテストが疲れたから、今日は寝る。

By avoiding these common pitfalls—physical objects, confusion with similar grammar, non-volitional endings, and register mismatch—you can ensure that your use of '～を踏まえて' is both grammatically accurate and pragmatically appropriate.

⭕ 顧客のクレームを踏まえて、マニュアルを改訂した。

Careful attention to these details will refine your Japanese proficiency.
To fully master '～を踏まえて', it is essential to understand its synonyms and how to differentiate between them. The Japanese language is rich in expressions that mean 'based on' or 'considering', but each carries its own specific nuance. The most closely related phrase is '～を基にして' (o moto ni shite). While both can translate to 'based on', '～を基にして' is used when something is created or adapted directly from a source material, like a movie based on a novel. '～を踏まえて', on the other hand, is about taking abstract information into account to make a decision or plan a future action.
～を基にして (o moto ni shite)
Based on (a source material to create something new).

この映画は実話を基にして作られた。

Another similar expression is '～に基づいて' (ni motozuite), which translates to 'in accordance with' or 'based on (a standard)'. This phrase implies a strict, unwavering adherence to a foundation, such as a law, a scientific theory, or official data. You act exactly as the foundation dictates. '～を踏まえて' is softer; it means you consider the foundation, but you still exercise human judgment to decide the next step.
～に基づいて (ni motozuite)
In accordance with (rules, laws, strict data).

社内規定に基づいて、処理を行います。

A third related phrase is '～を考慮して' (o kouryo shite), meaning 'taking into consideration'. This is very close in meaning to '～を踏まえて' and can often be used interchangeably in business contexts. However, '考慮して' simply means you thought about it, whereas '踏まえて' carries the stronger metaphorical image of actively standing on that information as a necessary foundation for moving forward. '踏まえて' feels slightly more robust and proactive.
～を考慮して (o kouryo shite)
Taking into consideration (mental process).

天候を考慮して、イベントを延期した。

Lastly, '～を前提として' (o zentei to shite) means 'on the premise that' or 'assuming that'. This is used when a specific condition must be accepted as true before any further discussion or action can take place. It establishes a necessary condition, whereas '～を踏まえて' establishes a contextual background.

予算の確保を前提として、計画を進める。

By understanding these subtle distinctions, you can choose the exact phrase that perfectly conveys your intended meaning, demonstrating a high level of linguistic precision.

それぞれの違いを踏まえて、適切な表現を選びましょう。

This nuanced vocabulary selection is a hallmark of advanced Japanese proficiency.

How Formal Is It?

Formal

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Difficulty Rating

Grammar to Know

Examples by Level

1

これを踏まえて、勉強します。

Based on this, I will study.

A1 vocabulary used with the B2 grammar point for simple illustration.

2

テストを踏まえて、がんばります。

Based on the test, I will do my best.

Using simple noun 'test' and simple verb 'do my best'.

3

話を踏まえて、行きます。

Based on the talk, I will go.

Very basic sentence structure.

4

ニュースを踏まえて、買います。

Based on the news, I will buy it.

Connecting a simple noun to a simple action.

5

天気を踏まえて、帰ります。

Based on the weather, I will go home.

Simple cause and effect.

6

それを踏まえて、食べます。

Based on that, I will eat.

Using a simple pronoun 'sore'.

7

ルールを踏まえて、遊びます。

Based on the rules, we will play.

Simple noun 'rule'.

8

時間を踏まえて、寝ます。

Based on the time, I will sleep.

Basic daily action.

1

昨日の話をふまえて、今日決めます。

Based on yesterday's talk, I will decide today.

Introducing time words (yesterday, today).

2

みんなの意見をふまえて、レストランを予約しました。

Based on everyone's opinions, I booked the restaurant.

Using 'opinions' and past tense.

3

この結果をふまえて、もう一度やります。

Based on this result, I will do it one more time.

Using 'result' and 'one more time'.

4

先生のアドバイスをふまえて、作文を書きました。

Based on the teacher's advice, I wrote the essay.

Common classroom context.

5

自分の経験をふまえて、説明します。

Based on my own experience, I will explain.

Using 'experience'.

6

今の状況をふまえて、計画を変えましょう。

Based on the current situation, let's change the plan.

Using volitional form 'let's change'.

7

失敗をふまえて、次は気をつけます。

Based on the failure, I will be careful next time.

Expressing future intention based on past failure.

8

予算をふまえて、買い物をします。

Based on the budget, I will do the shopping.

Practical daily life usage.

1

アンケートの結果を踏まえて、新しい商品を開発します。

Based on the results of the questionnaire, we will develop a new product.

Standard intermediate business context.

2

前回の反省を踏まえて、今回は準備を早く始めました。

Based on the reflections from last time, I started preparations early this time.

Using 'hansei' (reflection/lessons learned).

3

お客様の要望を踏まえて、サービスを改善する予定です。

Based on customer requests, we plan to improve our services.

Using 'yotei desu' for future plans.

4

現在の経済状況を踏まえて、投資を決定した。

Based on the current economic situation, I decided on the investment.

More complex vocabulary (economic situation, investment).

5

両親の意見を踏まえて、進学する大学を選びました。

Based on my parents' opinions, I chose the university I will attend.

Personal decision-making context.

6

これまでの議論を踏まえて、結論を出したいと思います。

Based on the discussions so far, I would like to draw a conclusion.

Using 'to omoimasu' for expressing intention politely.

7

気象情報を踏まえて、イベントの開催を判断します。

Based on the weather information, we will judge whether to hold the event.

Using 'handan shimasu' (to judge/decide).

8

事実を踏まえて、冷静に話し合いましょう。

Based on the facts, let's discuss this calmly.

Using adverbs like 'reisei ni' (calmly).

1

先行研究の課題を踏まえて、本研究の目的を設定した。

Based on the issues in previous research, the objective of this study was established.

Academic context, typical B2/C1 usage.

2

市場の動向を踏まえ、来期の販売戦略を策定する。

Based on market trends, we will formulate the sales strategy for the next term.

Using the formal written variant '踏まえ' without 'て'.

3

多様な価値観を踏まえた上で、新しいルールを作るべきだ。

We should create new rules upon the foundation of taking diverse values into account.

Combining with '上で' (upon) for emphasis.

4

過去の判例を踏まえて、裁判長は判決を下した。

Based on past judicial precedents, the presiding judge handed down the verdict.

Legal context vocabulary (hanrei, hanketsu).

5

現場の声をしっかりと踏まえて、経営陣に提案します。

I will make a proposal to the management team, firmly taking into account the voices from the field.

Using 'shikkari to' to emphasize thorough consideration.

6

これらのリスクを踏まえてもなお、このプロジェクトを進める価値がある。

Even taking these risks into account, this project is still worth proceeding with.

Using '踏まえてもなお' (even taking into account... still).

7

政府は専門家会議の提言を踏まえて、新たな感染症対策を発表した。

The government announced new infectious disease countermeasures based on the recommendations of the expert panel.

News/political context.

8

自社の強みと弱みを踏まえて、ターゲット層を絞り込む。

Based on our company's strengths and weaknesses, we will narrow down our target audience.

Business strategy vocabulary.

1

歴史的背景を踏まえた多角的な視点からの分析が求められている。

An analysis from a multifaceted perspective, based on the historical background, is required.

Using as a modifier '踏まえた' + Noun.

2

国際社会の情勢変化を踏まえ、我が国の外交方針を抜本的に見直す。

Based on the changing situation in the international community, we will radically review our country's diplomatic policy.

Highly formal political discourse.

3

環境への負荷を踏まえるならば、現行の生産体制は持続可能とは言いがたい。

If we take the environmental burden into account, the current production system can hardly be called sustainable.

Using conditional '踏まえるならば'.

4

両国の文化的差異を踏まえた上で、円滑なコミュニケーションを図るための施策を講じる。

Upon the foundation of taking the cultural differences between the two countries into account, we will implement measures to facilitate smooth communication.

Complex sentence structure with multiple advanced vocabulary items.

5

少子高齢化という構造的な問題を踏まえて、社会保障制度の再構築を議論すべき時期に来ている。

Based on the structural problem of a declining birthrate and aging population, the time has come to discuss the restructuring of the social security system.

Discussing macro-level societal issues.

6

これまでの経緯を踏まえますと、直ちに合意に至るのは困難であると推察されます。

Taking the circumstances up to this point into account, it is inferred that reaching an immediate agreement will be difficult.

Using polite formal '踏まえますと' in a business negotiation.

7

最新のテクノロジーの進化を踏まえ、教育のあり方そのものを根本から問い直す必要がある。

Based on the evolution of the latest technology, there is a need to fundamentally question the very nature of education.

Abstract philosophical/educational discourse.

8

地域住民の切実な要望を踏まえて策定されたこの条例は、画期的な意義を持つ。

This ordinance, formulated based on the earnest requests of local residents, holds epoch-making significance.

Passive construction '踏まえて策定された'.

1

人間の不完全性を踏まえた制度設計こそが、真に強靭な社会を構築する礎となる。

Institutional design that takes human imperfection into account is precisely what becomes the cornerstone for building a truly resilient society.

Highly abstract, philosophical use.

2

過去の幾多の失敗という苦い教訓を踏まえつつも、新たなフロンティアへの挑戦を恐れてはならない。

While taking into account the bitter lessons of numerous past failures, we must not fear challenging new frontiers.

Combining with 'つつも' (while doing...).

3

当該事案の特殊性を踏まえれば、一律の基準を適用することは著しく妥当性を欠くと言わざるを得ない。

If we take the special nature of the case in question into account, we cannot help but say that applying a uniform standard significantly lacks validity.

Legal/bureaucratic jargon.

4

マクロ経済の不確実性を踏まえた、極めて精緻なリスクヘッジ戦略が要求される局面である。

This is a phase that demands an extremely precise risk-hedging strategy, based on the uncertainty of the macroeconomy.

Advanced financial terminology.

5

言語が持つ本質的な多義性を踏まえることなくして、テクストの深層構造を解読することは不可能である。

Without taking into account the inherent polysemy of language, it is impossible to decode the deep structure of the text.

Using '踏まえることなくして' (without taking into account).

6

地政学的な力学の変化を踏まえ、国家の安全保障戦略はより多層的かつ柔軟なアプローチへと移行しつつある。

Based on changes in geopolitical dynamics, national security strategy is transitioning toward a more multi-layered and flexible approach.

Geopolitical discourse.

7

生命倫理の観点を踏まえた上で、先端医療技術の社会実装に向けたガイドラインの整備が急務となっている。

Upon the foundation of taking bioethical perspectives into account, the establishment of guidelines for the social implementation of advanced medical technologies is an urgent task.

Scientific/ethical policy discussion.

8

時代の変遷を踏まえつつ、普遍的な価値をいかに次世代へと継承していくかが、我々に課せられた命題である。

How to pass on universal values to the next generation while taking the transitions of the times into account is the proposition imposed upon us.

Literary/philosophical essay style.

Common Collocations

結果を踏まえて
経験を踏まえて
意見を踏まえて
現状を踏まえて
反省を踏まえて
議論を踏まえて
状況を踏まえて
事実を踏まえて
データを踏まえて
要望を踏まえて

Common Phrases

これらを踏まえて

以上の点を踏まえて

これまでの経緯を踏まえて

現状を踏まえると

それを踏まえた上で

過去の教訓を踏まえて

専門家の意見を踏まえて

アンケート結果を踏まえて

社会情勢を踏まえて

皆様のご意見を踏まえて

Often Confused With

～を踏まえて vs ～に基づいて (ni motozuite) - Used for strict adherence to rules, laws, or data, rather than taking circumstances into consideration.

～を踏まえて vs ～を基にして (o moto ni shite) - Used when creating something new (like a movie or story) from a source material.

～を踏まえて vs ～を考慮して (o kouryo shite) - Very similar, but '考慮して' focuses purely on the mental act of consideration, while '踏まえて' implies building a foundation for action.

Idioms & Expressions

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Easily Confused

～を踏まえて vs

～を踏まえて vs

Sentence Patterns

How to Use It

nuance

Implies a thoughtful, logical progression from a premise to a conclusion or action.

formality

Highly formal. Suitable for business, academic, and official contexts.

restrictions

Cannot be used with physical objects. Cannot be followed by non-volitional events.

Common Mistakes
  • Using '～を踏まえて' with physical objects (e.g., 机を踏まえて).
  • Following the phrase with a non-volitional verb or natural event (e.g., 天気を踏まえて、雨が降った).
  • Confusing it with '～を基にして' when talking about creative works based on a true story.
  • Confusing it with '～に基づいて' when referring to strict adherence to laws or rules.
  • Using it in highly casual conversations where 'だから' or 'から' would be more appropriate.

Tips

Volitional Endings Only

Always check the end of your sentence when using '～を踏まえて'. The final verb must express an action, decision, or intention that a human controls. If your sentence ends with a natural event or an uncontrollable state, the grammar is incorrect. Think of it as 'Because I considered X, I decided to do Y'.

Learn the Collocations

Don't just memorize the phrase; memorize the nouns it frequently pairs with. The most common are 結果 (results), 経験 (experience), 意見 (opinions), and 状況 (situation). Practicing these chunks (e.g., 結果を踏まえて) will make your Japanese sound much more natural and fluent.

Drop the 'Te' in Writing

When writing formal essays, business reports, or academic papers, use '～を踏まえ' instead of '～を踏まえて'. Dropping the 'て' makes the text more concise and elevates the level of formality. It shows that you understand the stylistic differences between spoken and written Japanese.

The Presentation Pivot

In business presentations, use '～を踏まえて' as your pivot phrase. After showing your data slides, say 'これらのデータを踏まえて...' (Based on this data...) before moving to your proposal slide. It acts as a clear verbal signpost for your audience that the conclusion is coming.

Not for Physical Stepping

Remember that '踏まえる' is metaphorical. Never use it with physical objects you stand on. If you want to say 'I stepped on the bug', use the base verb '踏む' (fumu). '～を踏まえて' is strictly for standing on abstract information to make a decision.

Vs. に基づいて

If you are following a strict rule, law, or manual where you have no choice, use 'に基づいて'. If you are looking at data or opinions and using your own judgment to decide the best course of action, use 'を踏まえて'. '踏まえて' implies human thought; 'に基づいて' implies strict compliance.

Softening Requests

You can use this phrase to make requests sound more reasonable in business. Instead of just saying 'Please consider this', say '現状を踏まえて、ご検討ください' (Please consider this based on the current situation). Providing the logical basis makes the request more polite and persuasive.

Spotting the Premise

When reading Japanese news or academic articles, whenever you see '～を踏まえて', highlight the noun before it. That noun is the core premise or justification for the entire argument that follows. Understanding this helps you quickly grasp the structure of complex texts.

Listen for the Pause

Native speakers often pause slightly after saying '～を踏まえて' to let the premise sink in before delivering the conclusion. When listening to speeches or news, use that pause to mentally prepare for the main action or decision that the speaker is about to announce.

The Stepping Stone Image

To remember the meaning, visualize the kanji 踏 (step). Imagine abstract concepts like 'Data' or 'Experience' as solid stepping stones in a river. You must step on them (踏まえて) to safely reach the other side, which represents your final decision or action.

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Imagine yourself stepping (踏む - fumu) firmly on a stack of data reports before reaching up to grab a new idea. You are making a decision BASED ON (踏まえて) that solid foundation of data.

Word Origin

Derived from the verb 踏む (fumu), meaning 'to step on'.

Cultural Context

It is virtually mandatory in academic introductions to explain how your research builds upon previous studies (先行研究を踏まえて).

Politicians use it to diffuse responsibility, implying that a controversial decision was logically necessitated by the circumstances (現状を踏まえて), rather than being a personal whim.

Using this phrase in meetings shows respect for the work that went into gathering the data or opinions you are basing your proposal on.

Practice in Real Life

Real-World Contexts

Conversation Starters

"最近のニュースを踏まえて、今後の経済はどうなると思いますか？ (Based on recent news, what do you think will happen to the economy?)"

"前回のプロジェクトの反省を踏まえて、今回はどう進めましょうか？ (Based on the reflections from the last project, how should we proceed this time?)"

"お客様の意見を踏まえて、どこを改善すべきでしょうか？ (Based on customer feedback, what should we improve?)"

"今の状況を踏まえて、計画を変更したほうがいいですか？ (Based on the current situation, should we change the plan?)"

"先輩の経験を踏まえて、アドバイスをいただけますか？ (Based on your experience, could you give me some advice?)"

Journal Prompts

今年の目標を、昨年の反省を踏まえて書いてみましょう。 (Write your goals for this year, based on your reflections from last year.)

最近読んだ本やニュースを踏まえて、自分の考えをまとめなさい。 (Summarize your thoughts based on a book or news you read recently.)

これまでの人生経験を踏まえて、将来の夢について記述してください。 (Describe your future dreams based on your life experiences so far.)

現在の社会問題を踏まえて、私たちができることは何ですか？ (Based on current social problems, what can we do?)

失敗を踏まえて成功した経験について書いてください。 (Write about an experience where you succeeded based on a past failure.)

Frequently Asked Questions

10 questions

No, you cannot use '～を踏まえて' with physical objects. It is a metaphorical expression used for abstract concepts like information, results, or experiences. If you want to say you are physically stepping on something, you must use the base verb '踏む' (fumu). For example, '机を踏んで' means stepping on the desk. Using '机を踏まえて' sounds nonsensical to a native speaker.

'～に基づいて' means 'in accordance with' or 'strictly based on', and is used with rules, laws, or hard data where you have little room for personal judgment. '～を踏まえて' means 'taking into consideration' or 'building upon', and is used with experiences, opinions, or situations where you use the information to make a human judgment. For example, you pay taxes 'に基づいて' the law, but you make a business plan 'を踏まえて' the market research. The former is strict; the latter is a logical foundation.

It is generally not recommended to use '～を踏まえて' in casual conversations with friends or family. It sounds very stiff, formal, and academic. In casual situations, it is much more natural to use simple conjunctions like 'だから' (so) or 'から' (because). For instance, instead of saying '昨日の喧嘩を踏まえて' (Based on yesterday's fight), just say '昨日喧嘩したから' (Because we fought yesterday).

The clause following '～を踏まえて' must contain a volitional verb. This means it must be an action, decision, proposal, or intention made by a human being. Common verbs include 決める (decide), 提案する (propose), 作る (make), 考える (think/consider), and 改善する (improve). You cannot follow it with verbs describing natural phenomena or uncontrollable events, like 雨が降る (it rains) or 事故が起きる (an accident happens).

There is no difference in meaning between '～を踏まえて' and '～を踏まえ'. The difference is purely stylistic. '～を踏まえ' drops the 'て' (te), which is a grammatical technique called 'masu-stem connection' (連用中止). This makes the sentence sound even more formal, concise, and academic. You will frequently see '～を踏まえ' in written reports, news articles, and official documents, while '～を踏まえて' is more common in spoken formal Japanese.

No, that sentence is grammatically incorrect. '～を踏まえて' must be followed by a volitional action. '雨が降った' (it rained) is a natural phenomenon that humans cannot control. You can, however, say '天気予報を踏まえて、傘を持っていった' (Based on the weather forecast, I took an umbrella). In this correct version, taking the umbrella is a human decision based on the information.

No, for creative works based on a source material, you should use '～を基にして' (o moto ni shite). So, 'Based on a true story' is '実話を基にして'. '～を踏まえて' is used for logical decision-making or planning based on data or circumstances, not for artistic adaptation. Using '実話を踏まえて' would sound like you are making a business decision based on the true story, rather than creating a movie or book.

The object particle 'を' (o) always precedes '踏まえて'. The structure is strictly [Noun] + を + 踏まえて. This is because the original verb '踏まえる' is a transitive verb that requires a direct object. Even though it is used metaphorically as a conjunctive phrase, the grammatical requirement for the object particle remains. Do not use 'に' (ni) or 'で' (de) before '踏まえて'.

Generally, '踏まえて' is a conjunctive phrase used in the middle of a sentence to connect a premise to a conclusion. However, in spoken Japanese, people sometimes invert sentences or trail off. You might hear someone say, '新しい計画を立てましょう。昨日の結果を踏まえて。' (Let's make a new plan. Based on yesterday's results.) This is an afterthought structure. But in standard, formal writing, it should not be at the end of the sentence.

'～を踏まえた上で' (o fumaeta ue de) has almost the exact same meaning as '～を踏まえて', but it is more emphatic. Adding '上で' (upon) strongly emphasizes the sequential and foundational nature of the action. It translates to 'Upon the foundation of taking ~ into account'. It is often used when the speaker wants to highlight that the consideration was thorough and absolutely necessary before taking the next step.

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