B1 Verb Forms 6 min read 어려움

러시아어 피동 형동사: 완료된 동작 설명하기 (-нный, -тый)

Use passive participles to focus on the result of an action rather than the person who did it.
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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Passive participles describe an object that has undergone an action, acting like an adjective that shows something was 'done'.

  • Formed from transitive verbs: 'читать' (to read) -> 'прочитанный' (read/having been read).
  • They agree with the noun in gender, number, and case like adjectives.
  • Short forms are used for predicates: 'Книга прочитана' (The book is read).
Verb (past) + suffix (-нн/-енн/-т) + Adjective Ending = Passive Participle

Overview

Uber 앱에서 왜 Заказ доставлен이라고 표시되는지 궁금한 적이 있나요? 이것이 바로 피동 형동사(Passive Participle)의 마법입니다...

How This Grammar Works

피동 형동사는 형용사처럼 기능하지만 동사에서 파생됩니다. 어떤 동작을 받은 명사를 설명합니다...

Formation Pattern

1
완료상 동사로 시작합니다. 2. -ть 어미를 제거합니다. 3. -нный, -енный 또는 -тый를 붙입니다...

When To Use It

'누가'보다 '무엇이' 더 중요할 때 사용하세요. 앱, 리뷰, 뉴스에 적합합니다...

Common Mistakes

이중 -нн-에 주의하세요. 장형에서는 거의 항상 -нн-이지만, 단형에서는 -н- 하나로 줄어듭니다...

Contrast With Similar Patterns

능동: 읽은 사람. 피동: 사람에 의해 읽힌 책. 모든 것은 카메라 각도에 달려 있습니다...

Quick FAQ

Q

모든 동사에 사용할 수 있나요? A: 아니요, 타동사에만 가능합니다...

Meanings

Passive participles indicate that a noun is the recipient of an action, functioning as a descriptive modifier.

1

Long form modifier

Used as an adjective before a noun.

“Купленный хлеб был свежим.”

“Сделанная работа радует.”

2

Short form predicate

Used to describe the state of an object.

“Дом построен.”

“Задача решена.”

Formation of Passive Participles

Verb Past Stem Passive Participle (M) Short Form (M)
Написать Написа- Написанный Написан
Построить Постро- Построенный Построен
Закрыть Закры- Закрытый Закрыт
Принять Приня- Принятый Принят
Увидеть Увиде- Увиденный Увиден
Сделать Сдела- Сделанный Сделан

Reference Table

Reference table for 러시아어 피동 형동사: 완료된 동작 설명하기 (-нный, -тый)
Infinitive Verb Passive Participle (Long) Short Form (Masc.) Meaning
прочитать прочитанный прочитан read
сделать сделанный сделан done/made
купить купленный куплен bought
открыть открытый открыт opened
решить решённый решён solved/decided
забыть забытый забыт forgotten
приготовить приготовленный приготовлен prepared

격식 수준 스펙트럼

격식체
Работа завершена.

Работа завершена. (Work status)

중립
Работа сделана.

Работа сделана. (Work status)

비격식체
Всё готово.

Всё готово. (Work status)

속어
Всё, готово.

Всё, готово. (Work status)

Passive Participle Suffixes

Passive Participle

-нный

  • прочитанный read

-енный

  • купленный bought

-тый

  • открытый opened

Active vs. Passive

Active (Focus on Actor)
Я купил торт I bought the cake
Passive (Focus on Object)
Торт куплен The cake is bought

Choosing the Suffix

1

Does stem end in -а or -я?

YES
Use -нный
NO
Check other endings
2

Does stem end in -и or consonant?

YES
Use -енный (check mutation)
NO ↓

Common Short Forms

📱

Apps/Tech

  • • Доставлен
  • • Оплачен
  • • Отправлен
🏠

Daily Life

  • • Сделано
  • • Куплено
  • • Закрыто
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Examples by Level

1

Книга прочитана.

The book is read.

1

Это сделанная работа.

This is the finished work.

1

Письмо, написанное вчера, лежит на столе.

The letter, written yesterday, lies on the table.

1

Все требования были выполнены в срок.

All requirements were fulfilled on time.

1

Предложенное решение было тщательно проанализировано экспертами.

The proposed solution was thoroughly analyzed by experts.

1

Осознанно принятое решение определило дальнейший ход событий.

The consciously taken decision determined the further course of events.

Easily Confused

Russian Passive Participles: Describing Finished Actions (-нный, -тый) 대 Active vs Passive Participles

Learners mix up -щий (active) and -нный (passive).

Russian Passive Participles: Describing Finished Actions (-нный, -тый) 대 Short vs Long Participles

Using short forms as adjectives.

Russian Passive Participles: Describing Finished Actions (-нный, -тый) 대 Perfective vs Imperfective

Trying to make passive participles from imperfective verbs.

자주 하는 실수

✗

Книга читанная

✓

Книга прочитанная

Must use perfective verb.
✗

Дом строен

✓

Дом построен

Need the prefix for perfective.
✗

Машина куплен

✓

Машина куплена

Gender agreement error.
✗

Я сделан работу

✓

Работа сделана

Passive voice requires object as subject.
✗

Сделанный работа

✓

Сделанная работа

Gender mismatch.
✗

Он есть прочитанный

✓

Он прочитан

No auxiliary 'to be' needed.
✗

Книги прочитан

✓

Книги прочитаны

Plural agreement.
✗

Идущий дом

✓

Построенный дом

Intransitive verbs cannot be passive.
✗

Написанный письмо

✓

Написанное письмо

Neuter agreement.
✗

Сказанный правда

✓

Сказанная правда

Feminine agreement.
✗

Бывший сделанный

✓

Сделанный

Redundant auxiliary.
✗

Прочитанный мною книга

✓

Прочитанная мною книга

Agreement with noun, not agent.
✗

Решенный задача

✓

Решенная задача

Agreement.
✗

Принятый решение

✓

Принятое решение

Neuter agreement.

Sentence Patterns

___ (noun) ___ (participle).

Я купил ___ (participle) ___ (noun).

___ (noun) была ___ (participle) вчера.

Это ___ (participle) ___ (noun) очень важно.

Real World Usage

News Report constant

Закон принят.

Texting occasional

Всё сделано!

Job Interview common

Мною выполнены задачи.

Travel common

Билет куплен.

Food Delivery common

Заказ оплачен.

Social Media common

Фото сделано.

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🎯

The 'Status' Trick

If you can imagine it as a notification on your phone, you probably need a short form passive participle.
⚠️

The Double N Trap

Always use -нн- in long forms (adjective-like) and -н- in short forms (predicate-like). Missing this is a major B1 giveaway!
💡

Consonant Mutations

Verbs ending in -ить often change their consonant (д -> ж, т -> ч, п -> пл). It's the same pattern as the 'Я' form of the verb!

Smart Tips

Use the long form as an adjective before the noun.

Книга, которую я прочитал, хорошая. → Прочитанная книга хорошая.

Use the short form as a predicate.

Я закончил работу. → Работа закончена.

Add 'был' or 'будет' to the short form.

Дом построен. → Дом был построен.

Replace a relative clause with a participle.

Письмо, которое было написано вчера, лежит там. → Написанное вчера письмо лежит там.

발음

написа́н vs написа́нный

Stress

Stress often shifts in short forms.

Statement

Дом постро́ен. ↘

Finality

Memorize It

Mnemonic

Think of the 'N' sound as 'Done'. If it ends in N, it's finished!

Visual Association

Imagine a giant stamp hitting a document that says 'DONE' (Сделан).

Rhyme

If the action is done and the verb is past, add -нный to make it last.

Story

Ivan finished his homework. The homework is 'сделанная'. He looks at the paper. The paper is 'написанная'. He feels proud.

Word Web

сделанныйнаписанныйпостроенныйоткрытыйзабытыйкупленный

챌린지

Find 3 objects in your room and describe them using a passive participle (e.g., 'Книга открыта').

문화 노트

Passive participles are the backbone of academic writing.

Used to sound objective and professional.

Used to create descriptive, dense imagery.

Derived from Old Church Slavonic, these forms were used to translate Greek passive structures.

Conversation Starters

“

Твоя работа уже сделана?

“

Какая книга была прочитана тобой последней?

“

Как ты относишься к принятым решениям?

“

Какие задачи были выполнены сегодня?

Journal Prompts

Describe your day using passive participles.
Write about a book you finished.
Discuss a professional project.
Reflect on a past decision.
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Test Yourself

Fill in the blank with the correct short form of 'прочитать'.

Эта статья уже ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: прочитана
'Статья' is feminine, so the short form must be 'прочитана'.
Which sentence correctly uses the passive participle? 객관식

Choose the correct sentence:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Обед уже приготовлен.
'Приготовлен' is the correct short form for a masculine noun in a predicate position.
Find and fix the mistake in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Письмо было написан вчера.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Письмо было написано вчера.
'Письмо' is neuter, so the participle must end in -о (написано).

Score: /3

연습 문제

8 exercises
Fill in the correct participle.

Книга ___ (написать).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: написана
Short form for predicate.
Choose the correct form. 객관식

Это ___ (сделать) работа.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: сделанная
Adjectival modifier.
Fix the error. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Дом построенный.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Дом построен
Short form needed.
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

прочитанная / книга / интересная / была

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Прочитанная книга была интересная
Correct word order.
Translate to Russian. 번역

The letter is sent.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Письмо отправлено
Short form.
Match verb to participle. Match Pairs

Написать -> ?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: написанный
Correct suffix.
Select the correct gender. 객관식

Задача ___ (решить).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: решена
Feminine agreement.
Fill in the correct form.

Это ___ (принять) решение.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: принятое
Neuter agreement.

Score: /8

Practice Bank

10 exercises
Complete the sentence with 'забытый' in the correct form. 빈칸 채우기

В автобусе лежал ___ зонт.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: забытый
Translate 'The door is closed' to Russian. 번역

Translate the sentence.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Дверь закрыта
Reorder the words to make a correct sentence. Sentence Reorder

опубликован / Пост / уже / был

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Пост уже был опубликован
Match the verb with its passive participle. Match Pairs

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
Fix the suffix error. Error Correction

Это хорошо сделанная работа.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Это хорошо сделанная работа.
Choose the correct plural form. 객관식

Магазины уже ___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: закрыты
Use the participle of 'прикрепить' (to attach). 빈칸 채우기

Посмотри на ___ файл.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: прикреплённый
Translate 'The movie is finished'. 번역

Translate the sentence.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Фильм окончен
Reorder the words. Sentence Reorder

были / Билеты / куплены / заранее

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Билеты были куплены заранее
Select the correct form for 'broken heart'. 객관식

___ сердце.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: разбитое

Score: /10

자주 묻는 질문 (8)

They are mostly for formal contexts, but common phrases like 'Всё сделано' are fine.

Short verbs like 'закрыть' use -тый instead of -нный.

Yes, passive participles are exclusively perfective.

If it can take a direct object (accusative case), it's transitive.

'Сделан' is a predicate (The work is done), 'сделанный' is an adjective (The done work).

Long forms do, short forms do not.

Yes, for past/future tense (e.g., 'Дом был построен').

Extremely common for descriptive passages.

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In Other Languages

Spanish high

Participio pasado

Russian has more complex declension.

French high

Participe passé

Russian uses them more as adjectives.

German high

Partizip II

German is more rigid with word order.

Japanese low

Passive form (-reru)

Russian uses adjectives.

Arabic moderate

Ism al-maf'ul

Arabic has a unique root-pattern system.

Chinese low

Bei construction

Chinese has no conjugation.

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