책임감 em 30 segundos
- 책임감 (Chae-im-gam) means a 'sense of responsibility.' It is a combination of 'responsibility' (책임) and 'sense/feeling' (감).
- It is a highly valued personality trait in Korea, often described as 'strong' (강하다) or 'lacking' (부족하다).
- Commonly used in professional, academic, and personal contexts to describe reliability and moral duty.
- Unlike '의무' (legal duty), '책임감' is an internal feeling and a measure of one's character.
The Korean word 책임감 (Chae-im-gam) is a compound noun that encapsulates one of the most revered virtues in Korean society: the internal psychological drive to fulfill one's duties. It is composed of 책임 (Responsibility/Duty) and the suffix 감 (Sense/Feeling). Unlike the abstract concept of 'responsibility' as a legal or social requirement, 책임감 refers specifically to the subjective feeling or the character trait of being responsible. It is the weight one feels on their shoulders to see a task through to the end, regardless of the obstacles.
- Etymological Breakdown
- 책임 (責任) means 'duty' or 'obligation,' where '책' implies 'reproach' or 'demand' and '임' implies 'appointment' or 'office.' The addition of '감' (感) turns this into a 'feeling' or 'sense.'
- Psychological Depth
- In a Korean context, this word often implies a moral weight. It is not just about doing a job; it is about the emotional commitment to the people affected by that job.
- Social Significance
- In workplace evaluations and personal relationships, having a 'strong sense of responsibility' (책임감이 강하다) is often the highest form of praise one can receive.
"그는 책임감이 아주 강해서 끝까지 일을 완수할 거예요." (He has a very strong sense of responsibility, so he will complete the work until the end.)
When we talk about 책임감, we are discussing the internal compass that guides a person to act reliably. It is often contrasted with '무책임' (irresponsibility), which is seen as a significant character flaw. In Korean culture, which historically values collective harmony and Confucian ethics, the individual's sense of duty to the group (family, company, nation) is paramount. Therefore, 책임감 is not just a personal trait but a social glue that ensures the stability of the community. It manifests in small ways, like a student finishing their homework, and in large ways, like a leader taking the blame for a team's failure.
"부모로서의 책임감을 느껴요." (I feel a sense of responsibility as a parent.)
The word is frequently used with verbs like 느끼다 (to feel), 가지다 (to have), and 강하다 (to be strong). It can also be 'heavy' (무겁다) or 'lacking' (없다). In modern Korean discourse, especially among the younger generation, there is an increasing emphasis on balancing this sense of duty with personal well-being, yet the core value of being a 'responsible person' (책임감 있는 사람) remains a cornerstone of Korean identity. Whether in a K-drama where a protagonist sacrifices for their family or in a corporate environment where an employee stays late to fix a mistake, 책임감 is the underlying motivation. It is the bridge between knowing what is right and actually doing it.
Using 책임감 correctly requires understanding its grammatical collocations and the nuances of the suffix '-감'. Since it is a noun representing a 'sense' or 'feeling,' it is almost always followed by descriptive adjectives or verbs of possession and emotion. The most common pattern is [Noun] + 에 대한 + 책임감 (a sense of responsibility toward [Noun]).
- Common Verb Pairings
- 책임감을 느끼다: To feel a sense of responsibility. Used when a situation triggers this feeling internally.
- 책임감이 강하다: To have a strong sense of responsibility. This describes a person's character.
- 책임감을 가지다: To have/possess a sense of responsibility. Often used in imperatives: '책임감을 가지세요!' (Have a sense of responsibility!)
"리더는 팀원들에 대해 큰 책임감을 가져야 합니다." (A leader must have a great sense of responsibility for their team members.)
When you want to say someone is 'responsible,' you don't just say '그는 책임이에요.' You must say '그는 책임감이 있어요' (He has a sense of responsibility) or '그는 책임감 있는 사람이에요' (He is a person with a sense of responsibility). This distinction is crucial. '책임' is the burden itself; '책임감' is the awareness of that burden. For example, if you are assigned a project, the '책임' is the task, but the '책임감' is your internal drive to do it well.
In formal writing, such as a resume (자기소개서), 책임감 is a 'power word.' You might write: "맡은 바 임무에 최선을 다하는 책임감 있는 인재입니다" (I am a responsible talent who does my best in my assigned duties). In casual settings, you might use it to scold a friend who forgot a promise: "너 진짜 책임감 없다!" (You really have no sense of responsibility!). Understanding the scale from '강하다' (strong) to '부족하다' (lacking) to '없다' (none) allows you to describe professional and personal reliability accurately.
"자신의 행동에 책임감을 느껴야 해." (You should feel responsible for your actions.)
Furthermore, the word can be modified by adverbs like '투철하다' (to be thorough/clear). '책임감이 투철하다' is a very formal and high-level way to say someone is exceptionally dutiful. In social contexts, it is often linked with '신뢰' (trust). Without 책임감, there is no 신뢰. Therefore, when building relationships in Korea, demonstrating this trait through consistent actions is more important than just stating you have it.
You will encounter 책임감 in various spheres of Korean life, from the high-pressure corporate world to the intimate dynamics of a family. It is a word that carries weight in news reports, workplace evaluations, and even in the lyrics of songs about adulthood and growth.
- In the Workplace (직장)
- During performance reviews or job interviews, this word is used to judge an employee's reliability. A manager might say, "김 대리는 책임감이 강해서 믿고 맡길 수 있어요" (I can trust Mr. Kim because he has a strong sense of responsibility).
- In the News (뉴스)
- When a public official fails or a disaster occurs, the media often questions their '책임감.' You might hear: "공직자로서의 책임감이 결여되었다" (They lacked a sense of responsibility as a public official).
- In Education (교육)
- Teachers and parents constantly emphasize this to children. "숙제는 스스로 하는 책임감을 길러야 해" (You need to develop the sense of responsibility to do your homework yourself).
"주인 의식과 책임감을 가지고 일합시다!" (Let's work with a sense of ownership and responsibility!)
In K-Dramas, 책임감 is a frequent theme for the 'reliable' male or female lead. The character who works three jobs to pay off family debt is portrayed as having an overwhelming 책임감. Conversely, the antagonist is often someone who lacks this, fleeing from their problems and leaving others to clean up the mess. Hearing the phrase "책임감을 통감하다" (to feel a keen sense of responsibility) is common in formal apologies by CEOs or politicians after a scandal.
In daily conversation, you might hear it when discussing pets. Koreans often say, "반려동물을 키우는 데는 큰 책임감이 따라요" (Raising a pet comes with a great sense of responsibility). This highlights that the word isn't just about 'work' but about the 'care' and 'commitment' we owe to other living beings. Whether it's a captain staying on a sinking ship or a student finishing a group project alone, the presence or absence of 책임감 is a primary lens through which Koreans judge character.
While 책임감 is a common word, learners often stumble over its usage due to confusion with the base noun '책임' or by applying English grammatical patterns that don't translate well into Korean.
- Mistake 1: Using '책임' when '책임감' is needed
- Learners often say "저는 책임이 강해요" (My responsibility is strong). This sounds like the 'duty' itself is strong. You must say "저는 책임감이 강해요" (My sense of responsibility is strong).
- Mistake 2: Confusing '책임지다' with '책임감을 느끼다'
- '책임지다' means 'to take responsibility' (an action), while '책임감을 느끼다' means 'to feel a sense of responsibility' (a state of mind). Don't say "저는 이 프로젝트를 책임감해요." Instead, say "저는 이 프로젝트를 책임져요" or "저는 이 프로젝트에 대해 책임감을 느껴요."
- Mistake 3: Incorrect Particles
- Using '책임감을 있다' is wrong. Since '있다' (to have/exist) takes a subject, it should be '책임감이 있다'.
❌ "그는 책임감이 없게 행동했어요." (Natural but slightly off)
✅ "그는 무책임하게 행동했어요." (He acted irresponsibly.)
Another subtle mistake is the over-reliance on '책임감' in situations where '의무' (duty) or '사명' (mission) might be more appropriate. 책임감 is broad and personal. If you are talking about a legal requirement, use '법적 책임' (legal responsibility). If you are talking about a grand life purpose, use '사명감' (sense of mission). Mixing these up can make your speech sound either too casual or overly dramatic.
Finally, pay attention to the nuance of '책임감을 전가하다' (to shift responsibility). Learners sometimes try to translate 'blame' directly, but in Korean, shifting the 'sense of responsibility' or the 'burden' is often expressed this way. Understanding that 책임감 is an internal state will help you avoid using it as a synonym for 'fault' (잘못). You don't 'have' a sense of responsibility for a mistake in the sense of 'it's my fault'; rather, you 'feel' it because you care about the outcome.
Korean has several words related to duty and commitment. Understanding the differences between 책임감 and its synonyms will elevate your fluency from intermediate to advanced.
- 의무감 (Ui-mu-gam) - Sense of Duty
- This is very similar but implies a more 'forced' or 'legal/social' obligation. You feel 의무감 when you do something because you have to (like paying taxes). 책임감 is more about your personal character and desire to do right.
- 사명감 (Sa-myeong-gam) - Sense of Mission
- This is a higher level of responsibility. It's often used for doctors, firemen, or activists who feel a 'calling' to their work. It's more passionate than 책임감.
- 성실성 (Seong-sil-seong) - Sincerity/Diligence
- While 책임감 is about the result and the duty, 성실성 is about the process—being hardworking and consistent. A responsible person is usually sincere, but they are distinct traits.
"그는 의무감 때문에 그 일을 했지만, 책임감은 없었다." (He did the work out of a sense of duty, but he had no [personal] sense of responsibility.)
There is also 부담감 (Bu-dam-gam), which means a 'sense of burden.' While 책임감 is positive (reliability), 부담감 is often negative (stress). If a task is too big, your 책임감 might turn into 부담감. Knowing when to use these can help you express your feelings more accurately in a work environment.
Lastly, consider 주인 의식 (Ju-in Ui-sik), literally 'owner consciousness.' This is a common corporate term in Korea. It means having so much 책임감 that you treat the company's problems as if they were your own personal business. While 책임감 is a general trait, 주인 의식 is the specific application of that trait in a professional or collective setting. Mastering these nuances allows you to describe people's motivations with precision.
How Formal Is It?
Nível de dificuldade
Gramática essencial
Noun + 에 대한 (About/Toward)
Adjective + -어/아지다 (To become)
-(으)ㄹ 때 (When)
-(으)로 알려져 있다 (Known as)
-기 마련이다 (Bound to)
Exemplos por nível
그는 책임감이 있어요.
He has a sense of responsibility.
Subject + 책임감이 + 있다 (to have).
책임감이 중요해요.
A sense of responsibility is important.
Noun + 이/가 + 중요해요 (is important).
저는 책임감이 없어요.
I don't have a sense of responsibility.
Subject + 책임감이 + 없다 (to not have).
책임감을 가지세요.
Please have a sense of responsibility.
Noun + 을/를 + 가지세요 (Please have).
엄마는 책임감이 강해요.
Mom has a strong sense of responsibility.
Adjective '강하다' (to be strong) describes the 'sense'.
친구는 책임감이 부족해요.
My friend lacks a sense of responsibility.
부족하다 (to be lacking).
책임감 있는 사람이에요.
He is a responsible person.
Noun-modifying form: 책임감 있는 + Noun.
이 일은 책임감이 필요해요.
This work needs a sense of responsibility.
필요해요 (to need).
학생은 공부에 대한 책임감이 있어야 해요.
Students must have a sense of responsibility for their studies.
~에 대한 (about/toward).
그는 책임감이 강해서 일을 잘해요.
He does his work well because he has a strong sense of responsibility.
-아서/어서 (because).
반려동물을 키울 때는 책임감이 필요합니다.
When raising a pet, a sense of responsibility is necessary.
-(으)ㄹ 때 (when).
책임감 없는 행동은 하지 마세요.
Don't do irresponsible actions.
-지 마세요 (don't do).
우리는 팀으로서 책임감을 느껴야 합니다.
We must feel a sense of responsibility as a team.
-아/어야 합니다 (must).
그녀는 책임감 있게 문제를 해결했어요.
She solved the problem responsibly.
Adverbial form: 책임감 있게 (responsibly).
작은 일에도 책임감을 가지는 것이 중요해요.
It is important to have a sense of responsibility even for small things.
-는 것이 중요해요 (it is important to...).
그의 책임감 있는 태도가 마음에 들어요.
I like his responsible attitude.
마음에 들다 (to like/be to one's taste).
부모가 되면 자식에 대한 책임감이 커집니다.
When you become a parent, your sense of responsibility for your child grows.
-어/아지다 (to become/grow).
저는 제 행동에 대해 깊은 책임감을 느낍니다.
I feel a deep sense of responsibility for my actions.
깊은 (deep) modifying 책임감.
책임감이 너무 무거워서 가끔 힘들어요.
Sometimes it's hard because the sense of responsibility is too heavy.
무겁다 (to be heavy) used metaphorically.
그는 책임감이 강한 사람으로 알려져 있습니다.
He is known as a person with a strong sense of responsibility.
-(으)로 알려져 있다 (to be known as).
우리는 환경 보호에 대한 책임감을 가져야 해요.
We must have a sense of responsibility for environmental protection.
환경 보호 (environmental protection).
그의 무책임한 태도 때문에 팀이 어려움을 겪었어요.
The team suffered because of his irresponsible attitude.
무책임한 (irresponsible) is the antonym form.
책임감을 가지고 끝까지 최선을 다하겠습니다.
I will do my best until the end with a sense of responsibility.
최선을 다하다 (to do one's best).
어릴 때부터 책임감을 기르는 것이 중요합니다.
It is important to cultivate a sense of responsibility from a young age.
기르다 (to cultivate/raise).
리더에게 가장 필요한 덕목은 책임감입니다.
The most necessary virtue for a leader is a sense of responsibility.
덕목 (virtue).
그는 자신의 실수에 대해 책임감을 통감하고 사과했습니다.
He felt a keen sense of responsibility for his mistake and apologized.
통감하다 (to feel keenly).
사회 구성원으로서 우리는 공동체에 대한 책임감이 있습니다.
As members of society, we have a sense of responsibility toward the community.
구성원 (member).
책임감 있는 언론의 역할이 그 어느 때보다 중요합니다.
The role of a responsible press is more important than ever.
그 어느 때보다 (more than ever).
그녀는 맡은 바 임무를 책임감 있게 완수했습니다.
She responsibly completed the duties assigned to her.
맡은 바 (assigned/what one has been given).
책임감이 결여된 행동은 큰 화를 부를 수 있습니다.
Actions lacking a sense of responsibility can lead to great disaster.
결여되다 (to be lacking) + 화를 부르다 (to bring disaster).
기업의 사회적 책임감이 강조되고 있는 추세입니다.
There is a trend of emphasizing corporate social responsibility.
-고 있는 추세이다 (to be a trend).
그는 책임감이 투철한 군인으로 훈장을 받았습니다.
He received a medal as a soldier with a thorough sense of responsibility.
투철하다 (to be thorough/clear).
현대 사회에서 개인의 자유와 책임감은 공존해야 합니다.
In modern society, individual freedom and responsibility must coexist.
공존하다 (to coexist).
권력에는 반드시 그에 상응하는 책임감이 따르기 마련입니다.
Power is bound to be accompanied by a corresponding sense of responsibility.
-기 마련이다 (to be bound to).
그는 도덕적 책임감을 느끼고 전 재산을 기부했습니다.
Feeling a moral sense of responsibility, he donated his entire fortune.
도덕적 (moral).
책임감의 부재가 가져온 결과는 참혹했습니다.
The results brought about by the absence of a sense of responsibility were devastating.
부재 (absence).
우리는 후손들에게 물려줄 지구에 대해 무한한 책임감을 가져야 합니다.
We must have an infinite sense of responsibility for the Earth we will pass on to our descendants.
무한한 (infinite).
그의 발언은 공인으로서의 책임감이 부족해 보입니다.
His remarks seem to lack the sense of responsibility expected of a public figure.
공인 (public figure).
전문가로서의 책임감을 가지고 정확한 정보를 전달해야 합니다.
With a sense of responsibility as an expert, one must convey accurate information.
전달하다 (to convey/deliver).
그는 책임감을 회피하려는 태도를 보여 비판을 받았습니다.
He was criticized for showing an attitude of trying to evade responsibility.
회피하다 (to evade/avoid).
책임감은 인간의 존엄성을 지탱하는 근본적인 가치입니다.
A sense of responsibility is a fundamental value that sustains human dignity.
지탱하다 (to sustain/support).
역사적 책임감을 망각한 민족에게 미래는 없습니다.
There is no future for a nation that has forgotten its historical sense of responsibility.
망각하다 (to forget/be oblivious to).
그의 행동은 단순한 의무감을 넘어선 숭고한 책임감의 발로였습니다.
His actions were an expression of a sublime sense of responsibility that went beyond mere duty.
발로 (expression/manifestation).
현대 철학에서 책임감은 타자와의 관계 속에서 정의됩니다.
In modern philosophy, responsibility is defined within the relationship with the 'Other'.
타자 (the Other).
그는 조직의 실패에 대해 무한 책임을 지는 책임감 있는 리더십을 보여주었습니다.
He showed responsible leadership by taking infinite responsibility for the organization's failure.
무한 책임 (infinite responsibility).
책임감이라는 굴레가 때로는 개인의 창의성을 억압하기도 합니다.
The yoke of responsibility sometimes suppresses individual creativity.
굴레 (yoke/shackles).
지식인은 시대적 책임감을 가지고 진실을 밝혀야 할 의무가 있습니다.
Intellectuals have an obligation to reveal the truth with a sense of responsibility toward the times.
시대적 (of the times/epochal).
그는 자신의 직업적 책임감을 완수하기 위해 목숨을 걸었습니다.
He risked his life to fulfill his professional sense of responsibility.
목숨을 걸다 (to risk one's life).
Sinônimos
Antônimos
Colocações comuns
Frases Comuns
Frequentemente confundido com
Expressões idiomáticas
Fácil de confundir
Padrões de frases
Como usar
책임감 is internal; 책임 is external. You can have '책임' without '책임감' (doing a job without caring), but you can't have '책임감' without a '책임'.
It is appropriate in all levels of formality, but the accompanying verbs change (e.g., 느끼다 vs 통감하다).
- Saying '저는 책임이에요' instead of '저는 책임감이 있어요'.
- Using '책임감을 하다' instead of '책임감을 느끼다'.
- Confusing '책임감' (feeling) with '책임' (the task itself).
- Using '책임감이 좋다' instead of the more natural '책임감이 강하다'.
- Applying '책임감' to machines or non-human entities.
Dicas
Use with '강하다'
The most natural way to describe a responsible person is '책임감이 강하다.' Avoid using '좋다' (good) with 책임감. It sounds much more native to say it is 'strong'.
Suffix -감
Remember that -감 means 'sense' or 'feeling.' You can apply this to many words like 자신감 (confidence) or 안정감 (sense of stability). This helps you expand your vocabulary quickly.
Collective Responsibility
In Korea, your responsibility often extends to your group. If you are in a team, your '책임감' is not just for your task, but for the team's success. This is a key cultural nuance.
Resume Power Word
Use '책임감' in your self-introduction. It is a highly sought-after trait in the Korean job market. Pair it with specific examples of when you finished a difficult task.
Tone Matters
When you say '책임감이 없다,' it is a strong criticism. Use it carefully. In a friendly setting, you might say '부족하다' (lacking) to be softer.
Formal Contexts
In news or formal speeches, listen for '책무' (official duty) which is a more formal version of '책임.' But '책임감' remains the standard for the 'feeling' of duty.
The Weight Mnemonic
Imagine a heavy crown. 'Heavy is the head that wears the crown' is a perfect English equivalent for the feeling of '책임감' in a leadership role.
Don't 'Do' Responsibility
Never say '책임감을 하다.' Always use '있다,' '느끼다,' or '가지다.' This is a common mistake for English speakers who think of 'doing' a duty.
Family Roles
In Korean families, the 'K-장녀' (eldest daughter) or 'K-장남' (eldest son) is often said to have a 'heavy responsibility' (책임감이 무겁다). Use this when discussing family dynamics.
Thoroughness
For a very high level of praise, use '책임감이 투철하다.' It implies the person is not just responsible, but impeccably and consistently so.
Memorize
Origem da palavra
Sino-Korean (Hanja)
Contexto cultural
The eldest son or daughter often feels a heavy '책임감' to support their parents.
Employees are often expected to stay until a task is done, driven by '책임감' rather than just overtime pay.
Korean public figures often use the phrase '책임감을 통감한다' during formal apologies to show they aren't just sorry, but they feel the weight of their failure.
Pratique na vida real
Contextos reais
Iniciadores de conversa
"당신은 책임감이 강한 편인가요?"
"리더에게 가장 중요한 것은 책임감이라고 생각하세요?"
"언제 가장 큰 책임감을 느끼나요?"
"책임감 없는 사람을 보면 어떤 기분이 드나요?"
"아이들에게 책임감을 어떻게 가르쳐야 할까요?"
Temas para diário
오늘 내가 느낀 책임감에 대해 써보세요.
책임감이 내 삶에서 왜 중요한지 생각해보세요.
과거에 책임감 있게 행동했던 경험을 기록하세요.
내가 더 책임감을 가져야 할 부분은 무엇인가요?
책임감이 너무 무거워 힘들었던 적이 있나요?
Perguntas frequentes
10 perguntas책임 is the actual duty or task assigned to you. 책임감 is the internal feeling or character trait of wanting to fulfill that duty. You can have a responsibility (책임) but not feel responsible (책임감).
You should say '저는 책임감이 있어요' (I have a sense of responsibility) or '저는 책임감이 강해요' (I have a strong sense of responsibility). Saying '저는 책임이에요' is incorrect.
Yes, it is almost always a positive word. It describes someone who is reliable, trustworthy, and hardworking. However, having 'too much' responsibility can be described as a burden (부담감).
Yes, you can say '제 실수에 대해 책임감을 느껴요' (I feel responsible for my mistake). It shows you are taking ownership of the situation.
The opposite is '무책임' (irresponsibility). You can say '무책임하다' (to be irresponsible) or '책임감이 없다' (to have no sense of responsibility).
Use 사명감 (sense of mission) when the responsibility feels like a life calling or a very noble purpose, such as a doctor saving lives or a teacher inspiring students.
Absolutely. It is one of the most common words used to describe one's strengths. Employers look for candidates with a 'strong sense of responsibility' (책임감이 강한 사람).
You use the verb '심어주다' (to plant/instill). '아이에게 책임감을 심어주다' means to teach or instill a sense of responsibility in a child.
Yes, you can talk about '사회적 책임감' (social responsibility) or '팀의 책임감' (the team's sense of responsibility).
It is a very formal way of saying 'to feel a deep/keen sense of responsibility.' It is often used by leaders when apologizing for a major failure.
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Summary
책임감 is more than just having a task; it is the internal moral compass and emotional weight that drives a person to complete their duties reliably. In Korean society, it is a fundamental metric for trust and character evaluation.
- 책임감 (Chae-im-gam) means a 'sense of responsibility.' It is a combination of 'responsibility' (책임) and 'sense/feeling' (감).
- It is a highly valued personality trait in Korea, often described as 'strong' (강하다) or 'lacking' (부족하다).
- Commonly used in professional, academic, and personal contexts to describe reliability and moral duty.
- Unlike '의무' (legal duty), '책임감' is an internal feeling and a measure of one's character.
Use with '강하다'
The most natural way to describe a responsible person is '책임감이 강하다.' Avoid using '좋다' (good) with 책임감. It sounds much more native to say it is 'strong'.
Suffix -감
Remember that -감 means 'sense' or 'feeling.' You can apply this to many words like 자신감 (confidence) or 안정감 (sense of stability). This helps you expand your vocabulary quickly.
Collective Responsibility
In Korea, your responsibility often extends to your group. If you are in a team, your '책임감' is not just for your task, but for the team's success. This is a key cultural nuance.
Resume Power Word
Use '책임감' in your self-introduction. It is a highly sought-after trait in the Korean job market. Pair it with specific examples of when you finished a difficult task.
Exemplo
리더는 강한 책임감을 가져야 합니다.
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수용성
B2A receptividade social é crucial para o sucesso das novas tecnologias.
소외감
B2O sentimento de estar isolado, excluído ou deixado de fora de um grupo ou sociedade.
참석
B1O ato de estar presente em uma reunião, evento ou cerimônia.
저변
B2A palavra '저변' refere-se à base ou ao fundamento de um fenômeno social.
무색하다
B2Ser ofuscado ou parecer insignificante por algo superior. (To be overshadowed or seem insignificant by something superior.) Seu trabalho é insignificante em comparação com o dele. (His work is insignificant compared to his.)
보상
B2Compensação ou recompensa dada por trabalho duro, perda ou dano. É frequentemente usado em contextos legais ou psicológicos.
타협하다
B2Alcançar um acordo fazendo concessões mútuas. Trata-se de encontrar um meio-termo quando as pessoas discordam.
일조하다
B2Contribuir para algo ou desempenhar um papel em um resultado.
협력하다
B1To work together with others toward a common goal or purpose.
분쟁
B2Um conflito ou disputa formal entre partes sobre interesses ou direitos.
