B1 Verb Forms 1 min read 中等

Passive Past Participles (Страдателни причастия)

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Passive past participles describe the result of an action on an object, ending in -н or -т and acting like adjectives.

  • Add -н or -ен to the aorist stem for most verbs: `писан` (written).
  • Use -т for verbs ending in -на or specific vowels: `взет` (taken).
  • They must agree in gender and number with the noun: `купена книга` (bought book).
Verb Stem + Suffix (-н/-т) + Gender Ending (а/о/и) = 🎨 Adjective-like State

Agreement of Passive Past Participles

Gender/Number Ending Example (Write) Example (Read) Example (Take)
Masculine Singular
-(е)н / -т
писан
четен
взет
Feminine Singular
писана
четена
взета
Neuter Singular
писано
четено
взето
Plural
писани
четени
взети

Meanings

A non-finite verb form that functions as an adjective, indicating that the noun it modifies has undergone the action of the verb.

1

Passive Voice Construction

Used with the auxiliary verb 'съм' (to be) to form the passive voice.

“Къщата беше построена миналата година.”

“Обядът е приготвен.”

2

Attributive Adjective

Used directly before a noun to describe its state resulting from a past action.

“Обичам печени чушки.”

“Това е една забравена история.”

3

Resultative State

Expresses a state that exists as a result of a completed action.

“Той е много изморен.”

“Стаята е подредена.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Passive Past Participles (Страдателни причастия)
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Subject + съм + Participle
Обядът е сготвен. (Lunch is cooked.)
Negative
Subject + не е + Participle
Прозорецът не е счупен. (The window is not broken.)
Question
Participle + ли + е + Subject?
Платена ли е сметката? (Is the bill paid?)
Past Passive
Subject + беше + Participle
Къщата беше продадена. (The house was sold.)
Future Passive
Subject + ще бъде + Participle
Градът ще бъде възстановен. (The city will be restored.)
Attributive
Participle + Noun
Счупена чаша (A broken glass)
Plural Question
Participle (pl) + ли + са + Subject?
Готови ли са документите? (Are the documents ready?)

正式程度

正式
Проектът е окончателно завършен.

Проектът е окончателно завършен. (Workplace)

中性
Проектът е завършен.

Проектът е завършен. (Workplace)

非正式
Готови сме с проекта.

Готови сме с проекта. (Workplace)

俚语
Проектът е финиширан.

Проектът е финиширан. (Workplace)

Passive Participle Suffixes

Passive Participle

-н (Stem in -а/-я)

  • писан written
  • видян seen

-ен (Stem in -и/-е)

  • купен bought
  • четен read

-т (Stem in -на/short)

  • взет taken
  • мит washed

Active vs. Passive Participle

Active (-л)
Той е купил... He has bought...
Passive (-н/-т)
Колата е купена. The car is bought.

Choosing the Suffix

1

Does the verb end in -на?

YES
Use -т (чукнат)
NO
Next step
2

Is the aorist stem ending in -а or -я?

YES
Use -н (писан)
NO
Use -ен (четен)

按水平分级的例句

1

Вратата е затворена.

The door is closed.

2

Обядът е готов.

The lunch is ready.

3

Той е изморен.

He is tired.

4

Пиле с печени картофи.

Chicken with roasted potatoes.

1

Прозорецът беше счупен.

The window was broken.

2

Книгата е купена от книжарницата.

The book is bought from the bookstore.

3

Всички места са заети.

All seats are taken.

4

Писмото е написано.

The letter is written.

1

Проектът беше завършен навреме.

The project was finished on time.

2

Тази песен е чута от милиони хора.

This song has been heard by millions of people.

3

Стаята е подредена и чиста.

The room is tidied and clean.

4

Бяхме поканени на сватба.

We were invited to a wedding.

1

Законът беше приет единодушно.

The law was passed unanimously.

2

Изложбата, организирана от музея, е открита.

The exhibition, organized by the museum, is open.

3

Той се чувстваше отхвърлен от обществото.

He felt rejected by society.

4

Всички разходи са включени в цената.

All expenses are included in the price.

1

Въпросът, повдигнат от опозицията, остана без отговор.

The question, raised by the opposition, remained unanswered.

2

Това е отдавна забравена традиция.

This is a long-forgotten tradition.

3

Решението беше продиктувано от обстоятелствата.

The decision was dictated by the circumstances.

4

Текстът е преведен на десет езика.

The text has been translated into ten languages.

1

Неговите думи бяха пропити с ирония.

His words were imbued with irony.

2

Изложените факти не подлежат на съмнение.

The stated facts are not subject to doubt.

3

Съдбата му беше предначертана.

His fate was preordained.

4

Това е един изстрадан успех.

This is a hard-won (suffered-for) success.

容易混淆

Passive Past Participles (Страдателни причастия) 对比 Passive Participle vs. Past Active Participle (-л)

Both are past forms, but one is passive (done to) and one is active (done by).

Passive Past Participles (Страдателни причастия) 对比 -н vs. -т Suffix

Learners often don't know which suffix to pick for irregular verbs.

Passive Past Participles (Страдателни причастия) 对比 Adjective vs. Participle

Some words are both, but their meaning can shift slightly.

常见错误

Вратата е затворен.

Вратата е затворена.

Forgot feminine agreement for 'врата'.

Аз съм изморена (said by a man).

Аз съм изморен.

The participle must match the speaker's gender.

Децата са зает.

Децата са заети.

Forgot plural agreement.

Кафето е пиен.

Кафето е пиено.

Neuter agreement needed for 'кафе'.

Книгата е купена от аз.

Книгата е купена от мен.

Using subject pronoun instead of object after 'от'.

Той е вземен.

Той е взет.

Incorrect suffix for the verb 'взема'.

Прозорецът е счупел.

Прозорецът е счупен.

Confusing active -л participle with passive -н participle.

Обядът беше сготвен от готвачът.

Обядът беше сготвен от готвача.

Incorrect use of the full definite article after a preposition.

Бяхме поканени на партито.

Бяхме поканени на партито.

This is actually correct, but students often hesitate between 'бяхме' and 'сме'.

Това е един четен книга.

Това е една четена книга.

Double error: gender of article and participle.

Изложените от него факти...

Изложените от него факти...

Correct, but learners often struggle with the word order of participial phrases.

Въпросът е решен набързо.

Въпросът е решен набързо.

Correct, but nuance is lost if 'решаван' (imperfective) was intended for a repeated action.

句型

Това е ___ (participle) ___ (noun).

___ (Subject) е ___ (participle) от ___ (agent).

Всичко беше ___ (participle), преди да ___ (verb).

Въпреки ___ (participle) ___ (noun), ние ___ (verb).

Real World Usage

Ordering Food constant

Искам средно изпечена пържола.

Job Interview common

Проектът беше успешно завършен.

Texting Friends very common

Много съм изморен, ще си легна.

News Reports constant

Законът беше гласуван днес.

Shopping common

Тази рокля е намалена.

Travel/Airport occasional

Полетът е отложен.

💡

The 'Done' Test

If you can put 'is' or 'was' before the word in English (is written, was taken), it's likely a passive participle in Bulgarian.
⚠️

Watch the -на verbs

Verbs like 'взема' (aorist 'взе') or 'чукна' always take -т. Don't say 'вземен'!
🎯

Adjective Agreement

Always look at the noun first. If the noun is 'врата' (fem), the participle MUST end in -а.
💬

Polite Passives

Use the passive voice to be less direct. Instead of 'Ти счупи чашата', say 'Чашата е счупена' to avoid blaming someone.

Smart Tips

Always check the gender of the object. If it's a 'тя' (she) word, add -а.

Сметката е платен. Сметката е платена.

Instantly think of the -т suffix. It's a 99% reliable rule.

чукнен чукнат

Use the passive voice with a participle instead of saying 'They did X'.

Те построиха моста. Мостът беше построен.

Use the passive participle of verbs like 'изморя' (tire) or 'отегча' (bore).

Аз съм скучен (I am boring). Аз съм отегчен (I am bored).

发音

четЕн, печЕн

Stress on -ен

In many passive participles ending in -ен, the stress falls on the suffix.

писанУ

Vowel Reduction

The 'о' in endings like -но is often reduced to a sound closer to 'у' in fast speech.

Declarative Passive

Къщата е продАдена. ↘

A neutral statement of fact.

记住它

记忆技巧

Remember 'NET': Most passive participles end in -N, -En, or -T.

视觉联想

Imagine a factory conveyor belt. The objects coming off the belt are 'done'. A 'written' letter, a 'painted' wall, a 'broken' toy. Each object has a label on it with -н or -т.

Rhyme

Ако е свършено и готово, сложи -н или -т за ново слово!

Story

A chef is in a kitchen. He takes an egg (взето яйце), washes it (мито яйце), and then it is fried (пържено яйце). Finally, the meal is eaten (изядено ядене).

Word Web

писанкупенвзетсчупензатворенроденубит

挑战

Look around your room and name 5 things using a passive participle (e.g., 'затворена врата', 'подредено легло').

文化笔记

Menus in Bulgaria almost exclusively use passive participles to describe how food is prepared (печен, пържен, задушен, паниран).

Official documents in Bulgaria use the passive voice extensively to sound objective and authoritative.

When visiting someone, it's common to use 'поканен' (invited) to explain your presence, emphasizing the host's hospitality.

Derived from Proto-Indo-European verbal adjectives, which evolved into the Slavic passive participle system.

对话开场白

Коя е любимата ти готвена храна?

Бил ли си някога поканен на голямо събитие?

Какво мислиш за книгите, написани от изкуствен интелект?

Има ли закон в твоята страна, който трябва да бъде променен?

日记主题

Опиши стаята си в момента. Какво е отворено, затворено, подредено или разхвърляно?
Напиши за един важен ден в живота ти. Кой беше поканен? Какво беше организирано?
Напиши рецензия за филм, който си гледал скоро. Как беше заснет? Как беше изиграна ролята на главния герой?
Обсъди влиянието на технологиите върху езика. Кои думи са заемки? Кои са забравени?

常见错误

Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确


Incorrect

正确

Test Yourself

Choose the correct form of the participle. 多项选择

Книгата е _______ (напиша).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: написана
'Книга' is feminine, so we need the -а ending.
Fill in the correct suffix (-н or -т).

Прозорецът е счупе___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: н
The verb 'счупя' takes the -н suffix.
Correct the mistake in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Обядът е сготвена.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: сготвен
'Обяд' is masculine, so the participle should be 'сготвен'.
Change the active sentence to passive. Sentence Transformation

Той купи колата. → Колата е _______.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: купена
The object 'колата' becomes the subject, and the participle agrees with it.
Match the verb to its passive participle. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-писан, 2-взет, 3-четен
Standard formation for these common verbs.
Is this rule correct? True False Rule

Passive participles in Bulgarian do not change for gender.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
They behave like adjectives and must agree in gender and number.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

- Готова ли е вечерята? - Да, пилето е _______.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: изпечено
'Пиле' is neuter, so 'изпечено' is correct.
Which of these is a passive participle? Grammar Sorting

Identify the passive form.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: четен
'Чел' is active, 'чете' is present, 'четейки' is a gerund.

Score: /8

练习题

8 exercises
Choose the correct form of the participle. 多项选择

Книгата е _______ (напиша).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: написана
'Книга' is feminine, so we need the -а ending.
Fill in the correct suffix (-н or -т).

Прозорецът е счупе___.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: н
The verb 'счупя' takes the -н suffix.
Correct the mistake in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Обядът е сготвена.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: сготвен
'Обяд' is masculine, so the participle should be 'сготвен'.
Change the active sentence to passive. Sentence Transformation

Той купи колата. → Колата е _______.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: купена
The object 'колата' becomes the subject, and the participle agrees with it.
Match the verb to its passive participle. Match Pairs

1. Пиша, 2. Взема, 3. Чета

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 1-писан, 2-взет, 3-четен
Standard formation for these common verbs.
Is this rule correct? True False Rule

Passive participles in Bulgarian do not change for gender.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
They behave like adjectives and must agree in gender and number.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

- Готова ли е вечерята? - Да, пилето е _______.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: изпечено
'Пиле' is neuter, so 'изпечено' is correct.
Which of these is a passive participle? Grammar Sorting

Identify the passive form.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: четен
'Чел' is active, 'чете' is present, 'четейки' is a gerund.

Score: /8

常见问题 (8)

Most verbs use `-н` or `-ен`. Use `-т` for verbs ending in `-на` (like `взема/взе`) or short verbs ending in a vowel (like `мия/мит`).

Yes! You can say `счупена чаша` (a broken glass) just like you would say `синя чаша` (a blue glass).

`Четен` is from the imperfective verb (was being read), while `прочетен` is from the perfective verb (is finished reading). Usually, we use the perfective form for results.

Only if you are making a sentence like 'The book is read'. If you use it as an adjective before a noun (`прочетената книга`), you don't need `съм`.

Yes, it always ends in `-и`. For example: `писани`, `заети`, `счупени`.

Verbs from the 1st and 2nd conjugation with stems in `-и` or `-е` take `-ен`. For example, `говори` → `говорен`.

Yes, use the preposition `от`. Example: `Книгата е написана от Иван.`

Very few. Most follow the rules based on their aorist stem. The 'irregularity' usually comes from the stem change, not the suffix.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

Participio pasado (-ado, -ido)

Spanish has only two genders, Bulgarian has three (neuter).

French high

Participe passé

Bulgarian has a specific suffix -т which is more common than the French -t ending.

German moderate

Partizip II

German participles often use the 'ge-' prefix, which Bulgarian does not have.

Japanese low

Passive form (~reru/~rareru)

Japanese doesn't have gender/number agreement.

Arabic moderate

Ism al-maf'ul (اسم المفعول)

Arabic formation is based on strict rhythmic patterns (e.g., MaF'uL).

Chinese none

被 (bèi) construction

Bulgarian changes the verb form; Chinese changes the sentence structure.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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