When something precedes another, it means it comes before it. Think about numbers: one precedes two, and two precedes three. It's like things happening in a line, one after the other.
For example, if you eat breakfast, that precedes going to school. The breakfast comes first. Or if you have a birthday, the day before your birthday precedes your birthday. It's simply what comes right before something else.
The verb precede signifies that something comes before another in a sequence, whether it's in terms of time, order, or rank.
For instance, a warm-up routine typically precedes a strenuous workout to prepare the body.
In a formal procession, the junior members might precede the senior officials.
This term is crucial for clearly articulating the chronological or hierarchical arrangement of events or elements, emphasizing the foundational aspect of the earlier item.
At a C2 level, "precede" signifies a temporal, ordinal, or hierarchical anteriority, where one entity or event naturally or necessarily comes before another. It implies a foundational or preparatory role for the preceding element, establishing the context or conditions for what follows. This often involves a logical or causal relationship, rather than mere chronological sequence, where the initial action sets in motion or dictates the subsequent development. Therefore, understanding "precede" at this level involves discerning the inherent connections and dependencies between linked occurrences.
§ What does it mean?
The verb "precede" is a formal and often academic word that signifies one thing coming or happening before another. This can be in terms of time, order, or even rank. It's a crucial term for describing sequences and understanding relationships between events or items. Essentially, if A precedes B, it means A happens, goes, or exists earlier than B. It's not just about what comes first chronologically, but also what sets the stage or serves as a prerequisite for something else.
- Formal Definition
- To happen, go, or exist before something else in time, order, or rank.
When you say an event preceded another, you are highlighting its prior occurrence and often its influence. For example, a thorough investigation might precede a significant policy change, implying that the investigation laid the groundwork for the change.
§ When do people use it?
"Precede" is frequently used in contexts where the order of events or actions is important for understanding cause and effect, or simply for clear narration. It's particularly common in academic writing, scientific reports, historical accounts, and formal discussions.
- In Narratives and Storytelling: To establish a clear timeline of events.
- In Scientific and Technical Writing: To describe the sequence of experimental steps or processes.
- In Historical Contexts: To explain how past events influenced subsequent ones.
- In Formal Discussions: To outline the order of operations or priorities.
It's less common in casual conversation, where simpler phrases like "before" or "came before" might be used. However, using "precede" can add a touch of formality and precision to your language.
The opening remarks will precede the main presentation.
In this example, "precede" clearly indicates that the opening remarks will happen first, setting the stage for the presentation. It implies a deliberate order, not just a random sequence.
Another common use is to describe a situation where one event is a necessary condition for another. For instance, a period of intensive training often precedes an athlete's peak performance. This highlights the preparatory nature of the training.
A robust market analysis should always precede any major investment decision.
Here, the market analysis is presented as a crucial step that must occur before the investment decision. It suggests a logical and necessary order of operations.
In summary, "precede" is a versatile verb used to clearly establish the order of things, whether in time, sequence, or importance. Its formality makes it suitable for precise communication, particularly in situations where a clear understanding of prior events or conditions is essential. Mastering its use will undoubtedly enhance your ability to articulate complex relationships and timelines in both written and spoken English.
§ How to use it in a sentence — grammar, prepositions
- Definition
- To happen, go, or exist before something else in time, order, or rank. It is frequently used to describe a sequence of events where one action sets the stage for the next.
The verb 'precede' is a transitive verb, which means it usually takes a direct object. This object is the thing that is being followed by something else. The structure is generally straightforward: [Subject] precedes [Object].
A brief silence usually precedes a dramatic announcement.
In this example, 'a brief silence' is the subject, and 'a dramatic announcement' is the object. The silence comes before the announcement.
§ Common Grammatical Structures
Here are some common ways 'precede' is used grammatically:
- Subject + precede(s) + Object (noun/noun phrase): This is the most common and direct usage.
The opening ceremony will precede the main conference.
- Subject + precede(s) + pronoun:
His famous novel was preceded by several short stories.
Notice that in the second example, 'preceded' is used in the passive voice. This is common when the focus is on the thing that is being preceded, rather than the thing that is doing the preceding.
§ Prepositions with 'Precede'
Unlike many verbs that indicate position or order, 'precede' generally does not require a preposition when used to describe one thing coming before another directly. The verb itself carries the meaning of 'before'.
Let's look at an example of what not to do in the active voice:
- Incorrect: The storm preceded by heavy rain.
- Correct: Heavy rain preceded the storm.
However, when 'precede' is used in the passive voice, the preposition 'by' is often used to indicate who or what performed the action of preceding.
The main course was preceded by a light appetizer.
Here, 'a light appetizer' is the agent that performed the action of preceding the main course.
§ Nuances and Contexts
'Precede' can be used in various contexts:
- Time: Describing events happening earlier.
The invention of the printing press preceded the widespread availability of books.
- Order: Referring to a sequence in a list or series.
In many formal documents, the introduction precedes the main body.
- Rank: Indicating higher status or importance.
The general's rank precedes that of a colonel.
§ Distinguishing from Similar Words
It's important to differentiate 'precede' from similar words like 'lead' or 'go before'.
- Precede: Simply means to come before something in time, order, or rank. It doesn't necessarily imply guidance or being in front physically.
Dark clouds often precede a storm.
- Lead: Implies guiding or showing the way.
The guide will lead us through the forest.
- Go before: A more casual phrase that can sometimes be used interchangeably with 'precede', but 'precede' is more formal and precise, especially in written English.
The speaker will go before the panel discussion.
Mastering 'precede' will enhance your ability to describe sequences and order precisely in both spoken and written English.
§ Where you actually hear this word
The verb "precede" is a versatile word you'll encounter in various settings, particularly where there's a need to describe sequences, order, or the causality of events. Its formal tone makes it suitable for academic, professional, and journalistic contexts, but it's also used in everyday conversation to add precision.
§ In Academic and Professional Environments
In academic writing, "precede" is crucial for structuring arguments and explaining methodologies. Researchers frequently use it to describe the steps taken in an experiment or the logical flow of a theoretical framework. For instance, an introduction to a paper might discuss the foundational research that "precedes" the current study.
- DEFINITION
- To happen, go, or exist before something else in time, order, or rank. It is frequently used to describe a sequence of events where one action sets the stage for the next.
The statistical analysis will precede the discussion of the results in the research paper.
Similarly, in professional settings, particularly in project management or business proposals, "precede" helps clarify timelines and dependencies. A project plan might detail which tasks must "precede" others to ensure a smooth workflow. It ensures that stakeholders understand the sequence of operations.
Client approval must precede any significant changes to the project scope.
§ In News and Journalism
Journalists frequently employ "precede" when reporting on events, especially when detailing a series of incidents or historical contexts. It helps them establish a clear chronology for their readers, making complex narratives easier to follow. For example, a news report might describe the protests that "preceded" a major policy change.
A series of intense negotiations preceded the signing of the peace treaty.
It's also used to describe the events leading up to a significant announcement or development, providing readers with the background information necessary to understand the current situation.
The company's groundbreaking innovation was preceded by years of dedicated research and development.
§ In Everyday Conversation and Literature
While more formal, "precede" can appear in everyday conversation, especially when discussing plans, histories, or even storytelling. It adds a touch of formality and precision, helping to clarify sequences of personal events or instructions.
- "Before we start the main presentation, a short introductory video will precede it."
- "In many traditional ceremonies, a period of silent reflection will precede the main vows."
In literature, authors might use "precede" to build suspense or to establish the atmosphere of a scene by describing the events or conditions that came before a pivotal moment.
A chilling silence preceded the unexpected roar from the forest.
Understanding "precede" enriches your comprehension of ordered events and formal communication. It's a word that precisely conveys sequential relationships, whether in a detailed academic report, a breaking news story, or a thoughtfully constructed narrative.
§ Mistakes People Make with "Precede"
§ 1. Confusing "Precede" with "Proceed"
- DEFINITION
- To happen, go, or exist before something else in time, order, or rank.
The warning signs preceded the storm.
Please proceed to the next step.
§ 2. Incorrectly Using "Precede" when "Follow" is Meant
**Incorrect:** The speech preceded by a dinner. (This implies the speech came before the dinner, but the dinner is doing the preceding, which is awkward.) **Correct:** The dinner preceded the speech. **Also Correct:** The speech followed the dinner.
§ 3. Using Redundant Phrases with "Precede"
**Incorrect:** The introduction preceded earlier in the book. **Correct:** The introduction preceded the main chapters.
§ 4. Misusing "Precede" in Passive Voice
**Awkward Passive:** The main act was preceded by a comedian. **Better Active:** A comedian preceded the main act.
§ 5. Overusing Formal Alternatives
The warm-up exercises preceded the main workout.
§ Similar words and when to use them
The English language offers a rich tapestry of words, and while many might seem interchangeable at first glance, each often carries subtle nuances in meaning, connotation, or usage. This section explores words similar to "precede" and provides guidance on when to opt for "precede" over its alternatives.
§ Antecede
- DEFINITION
- To go or come before in time, order, or causality.
"Antecede" is a direct synonym for "precede" and can often be used interchangeably. However, "antecede" is generally considered more formal and less common in everyday conversation. You'll often find it in academic or legal contexts.
The events of the 18th century antecede the Industrial Revolution.
§ Forego
- DEFINITION
- To go before; precede (often in the sense of being an omen or precursor).
While "forego" shares the idea of coming before, it often carries an additional connotation of being a precursor or an indication of something to come. It implies a sense of anticipation or foreshadowing that "precede" does not inherently possess.
Dark clouds often forego a heavy storm.
§ Pre-date
- DEFINITION
- To exist or occur at an earlier date than something else.
"Pre-date" specifically emphasizes the temporal aspect of coming before. It's often used when comparing the ages or historical origins of two things or events.
The Roman aqueducts pre-date many modern plumbing systems.
§ Lead (into)
- DEFINITION
- To serve as an introduction or prelude to something else.
While "lead (into)" describes something coming before, it specifically implies a causal or introductory relationship. The first event directly sets up or brings about the second event.
The opening remarks often lead into the main presentation.
§ Go before
- DEFINITION
- A more general, often informal, way of saying something comes earlier in time, order, or importance.
"Go before" is a simpler, less formal phrase that functions similarly to "precede." It's often used when you want to convey the idea of something coming first without the more formal tone of "precede."
My name will always go before yours on the alphabetical list.
§ Summary: When to use "precede"
"Precede" is a versatile verb suitable for most situations where you need to indicate that something happens, comes, or exists before something else in time, order, or rank. It's a good general-purpose word that strikes a balance between formality and common usage. However, when specific nuances are important, consider the alternatives:
- Use "antecede" for a more formal or academic tone.
- Choose "forego" when the prior event foreshadows or indicates what's to come.
- Opt for "pre-date" when emphasizing that something is older.
- Employ "lead into" when the prior event introduces or causes the subsequent one.
- Use "go before" for a more informal, conversational tone.
By understanding these subtle distinctions, you can choose the most precise and effective word to convey your meaning.
How Formal Is It?
"The discovery of agriculture antedates the development of complex civilizations."
"A brief introduction will precede the main presentation."
"Make sure you do your homework, that's gotta come before playing video games."
"The little ducklings always go before their mommy duck."
"That dude totally tried to front-run my idea in the meeting, but I got there first."
按水平分级的例句
A short speech will precede the awards ceremony.
A short speech will happen before the awards ceremony.
Simple future tense (will precede) to show an action that will happen in the future.
The warm-up exercises should precede any strenuous workout.
The warm-up exercises should come before any hard workout.
Modal verb (should) used for recommendation, followed by the base form of the verb (precede).
Dark clouds often precede a storm.
Dark clouds often come before a storm.
Simple present tense (precede) for a general truth or habitual action.
His bad mood usually precedes an argument.
His bad mood usually comes before an argument.
Simple present tense (precedes) for a regular occurrence, with a singular subject.
The appetizer will precede the main course.
The appetizer will be served before the main meal.
Simple future tense (will precede) to indicate an order of events.
Please make sure your name precedes your address on the form.
Please make sure your name is before your address on the form.
Imperative (make sure) followed by a clause with simple present tense (precedes) to show required order.
The opening act will precede the main band.
The first performance will be before the main band.
Simple future tense (will precede) for a planned event.
Silence often precedes an important announcement.
Quiet often comes before an important announcement.
Simple present tense (precedes) for a common pattern or truth.
A short introduction will precede the main presentation.
Kurze Einleitung vor der Hauptpräsentation.
Here, 'precede' means the introduction comes before the presentation.
The band's new single will precede the album release by a few weeks.
Die neue Single der Band wird der Albumveröffentlichung um einige Wochen vorausgehen.
This sentence indicates the single is released before the album.
A good warm-up should always precede any strenuous exercise.
Ein gutes Aufwärmen sollte immer jedem anstrengenden Training vorausgehen.
'Precede' shows the warm-up happens before the exercise.
Dark clouds often precede a heavy rainstorm.
Dunkle Wolken gehen oft einem schweren Regensturm voraus.
Here, dark clouds are a sign that rain will come after.
His resignation will precede a major change in company policy.
Sein Rücktritt wird einer größeren Änderung der Unternehmenspolitik vorausgehen.
The resignation happens before the policy change.
A brief ceremony will precede the opening of the new building.
Eine kurze Zeremonie wird der Eröffnung des neuen Gebäudes vorausgehen.
The ceremony takes place before the building opens.
The historical events that precede the war are complex.
Die historischen Ereignisse, die dem Krieg vorausgehen, sind komplex.
This means there were events that happened before the war.
In many formal speeches, a thank you note will precede the main topic.
In vielen formellen Reden geht eine Danksagung dem Hauptthema voraus.
The thank you note is said before the main part of the speech.
A short introduction will precede the main lecture.
Краткое вступление предваряет основную лекцию.
The simple future tense indicates a planned event.
The storm was preceded by an unusual calm.
Шторму предшествовало необычное затишье.
The past simple passive voice is used to show what happened before the storm.
In many formal documents, a table of contents precedes the body of the text.
Во многих официальных документах оглавление предшествует основной части текста.
The simple present tense indicates a general truth or common practice.
Her excellent academic record preceded her, making her a strong candidate.
Её отличная успеваемость предшествовала ей, делая её сильным кандидатом.
The past simple tense describes a past situation that influenced a later event.
The warning signs often precede a major natural disaster.
Предупреждающие знаки часто предшествуют крупной природной катастрофе.
The simple present tense emphasizes a recurring pattern.
You should always ensure that clear instructions precede any complex task.
Вы всегда должны убедиться, что чёткие инструкции предшествуют любой сложной задаче.
The modal verb 'should' indicates advice or a recommendation.
His resignation was preceded by weeks of intense speculation.
Его отставке предшествовали недели напряжённых спекуляций.
The past simple passive voice highlights the cause of the resignation.
Historically, periods of rapid economic growth often precede market corrections.
Исторически, периоды быстрого экономического роста часто предшествуют коррекциям рынка.
The simple present tense is used to state a historical trend.
The signing of the armistice agreement will undoubtedly precede the withdrawal of troops from the occupied territories.
Укладення перемир'я безперечно передуватиме виведенню військ з окупованих територій.
The present simple tense is used here to describe a future event that is certain to happen before another.
A thorough understanding of historical context must precede any meaningful analysis of the present geopolitical landscape.
Глибоке розуміння історичного контексту має передувати будь-якому змістовному аналізу сучасного геополітичного ландшафту.
The modal verb 'must' emphasizes the necessity of the preceding action.
Often, a period of intense innovation and societal upheaval will precede significant paradigm shifts in scientific thought.
Часто період інтенсивних інновацій та суспільних потрясінь передує значним змінам парадигм у науковій думці.
The adverb 'often' indicates a frequent occurrence of this sequence.
Her groundbreaking research in immunology was said to precede many of the current advancements in vaccine development.
Її новаторські дослідження в імунології, як вважалося, передували багатьом сучасним досягненням у розробці вакцин.
The passive voice 'was said to precede' indicates that this is a widely held belief or opinion.
The intricate orchestral overture always precedes the raising of the curtain, building anticipation for the opera.
Складна оркестрова увертюра завжди передує підняттю завіси, нарощуючи очікування опери.
The adverb 'always' highlights the consistent order of events.
Economic instability frequently tends to precede periods of political unrest and social discontent.
Економічна нестабільність часто має тенденцію передувати періодам політичних заворушень та соціального невдоволення.
The phrase 'tends to precede' suggests a common, but not absolute, pattern.
It is crucial that a comprehensive feasibility study precede the initiation of such a large-scale infrastructure project.
Вкрай важливо, щоб всебічне техніко-економічне обґрунтування передувало початку такого масштабного інфраструктурного проекту.
The subjunctive mood 'precede' is used after 'it is crucial that' to express necessity or importance.
The detailed preparation and meticulous planning must precede any attempt to execute a complex surgical procedure.
Детальна підготовка та ретельне планування повинні передувати будь-якій спробі виконати складну хірургічну процедуру.
The modal verb 'must' again emphasizes the essential nature of the preceding actions.
常见搭配
常用短语
to precede an event
preceder un evento
precede a meeting
preceder una reunión
the events that precede
los eventos que preceden
what precedes this
lo que precede a esto
always precede with
siempre preceder con
precede the main course
preceder al plato principal
to precede a name
preceder un nombre
precede by a comma
preceder por una coma
precede the conclusion
preceder la conclusión
precede the attack
preceder el ataque
容易混淆的词
Commonly confused due to similar sound and 'ceed' ending, but refers to moving forward, not coming before.
Often confused due to the '-ceed' ending, but means to follow after or achieve a goal, the opposite of 'precede' in temporal order.
A direct synonym, but less common and more formal, leading to confusion about preferred usage.
习语与表达
"To set the stage for (something)"
To create the conditions or circumstances that make something else possible or likely to happen.
The economic reforms set the stage for a period of rapid growth.
neutral"To pave the way for (something)"
To make it easier for something to happen or for someone to do something; to create a favorable situation.
His early research paved the way for modern computing.
neutral"To be a precursor to (something)"
To be something that comes before another thing and indicates what it will be like.
The mild winter was a precursor to a scorching summer.
formal"To go before (something/someone)"
To happen or exist earlier in time or to lead the way.
The older generation always goes before the younger in the procession.
neutral"To come ahead of (something/someone)"
To be in front of or to happen earlier than something or someone else.
The announcement of the new policy came ahead of the public consultation.
neutral"To lead up to (something)"
To happen or exist as a series of events or actions that result in something else.
The tension had been leading up to a major confrontation.
neutral"To lay the groundwork for (something)"
To do the early work that is necessary before a plan or project can be started or completed.
The committee laid the groundwork for the new legislation.
neutral"To usher in (something)"
To mark the beginning of something new, often something important or significant.
The invention of the internet ushered in a new era of communication.
formal"To be a harbinger of (something)"
To be a sign that something is going to happen, often something bad.
The darkening clouds were a harbinger of the approaching storm.
formal"To clear the way for (something)"
To remove obstacles or difficulties that are preventing something from happening.
The successful negotiations cleared the way for the trade agreement.
neutral容易混淆
'Precede' and 'proceed' sound similar and both relate to movement or sequence, but their meanings are distinct. 'Precede' is about coming *before*, while 'proceed' is about moving *forward*.
Precede (verb): To come before something else. Proceed (verb): To continue or go forward.
A short introduction will precede the main lecture. The speaker asked the audience to proceed with their questions.
The 'cede'/'ceed' endings can be a source of confusion. 'Precede' means to come before, while 'succeed' means to come after or to achieve a goal.
Precede (verb): To come before. Succeed (verb): To follow after, or to achieve a desired outcome.
The warm-up act will precede the headliner. If you work hard, you are likely to succeed.
'Antecede' is a more formal synonym for 'precede', making them easily interchangeable and thus a source of confusion when trying to differentiate subtle nuances or common usage.
Precede (verb): To happen, go, or exist before something else. Antecede (verb): To come before in time or order (more formal and less common).
The dark clouds preceded the storm. The events that anteceded the revolution are complex.
'Follow' is the direct opposite of 'precede', describing what comes *after*. Confusion arises when one needs to express the temporal order correctly.
Precede (verb): To come before. Follow (verb): To come after.
A brief silence will precede the announcement. Please follow the instructions carefully.
While not directly related in meaning, the 'fore-'/'pre-' prefixes and the '-go' suffix in 'forgo' can lead to an auditory or visual mix-up, especially in fast speech or reading, as both involve a sense of 'going' or 'before'.
Precede (verb): To come before. Forgo (verb): To do without, or to give up something.
The appetizer will precede the main course. I decided to forgo dessert after such a large meal.
词族
名词
动词
形容词
小贴士
Contextual Learning
Always try to learn new words, like 'precede', within a sentence or phrase. This helps you understand how it's used naturally.
Sentence Construction
Practice creating your own sentences using 'precede'. For example, 'A warm-up should precede any strenuous exercise.'
Identify Synonyms/Antonyms
Think of words that mean similar things (e.g., 'precede' - come before) and opposite things (e.g., 'follow' - come after). This builds vocabulary depth.
Pronunciation Practice
Listen to how 'precede' is pronounced and practice saying it aloud. Pay attention to stress: 'pre-CEDE'.
Flashcards
Create flashcards with 'precede' on one side and its definition and an example sentence on the other. This is a classic and effective method.
Use in Conversation
Actively try to use 'precede' in your spoken English. The more you use it, the more natural it will feel.
Reading Comprehension
Look for 'precede' when you read English books, articles, or news. Seeing it in different contexts will reinforce your understanding.
Common Misuse Avoidance
Be careful not to confuse 'precede' with 'proceed'. 'Precede' means to come before, while 'proceed' means to continue or move forward.
Root Word Analysis
Break down words: 'pre-' means before, and '-cede' relates to go. Understanding prefixes and suffixes can help with many words.
Review Regularly
Don't just learn a word once and forget it. Regularly review 'precede' and other new vocabulary to solidify your memory.
记住它
记忆技巧
Imagine a **PRE**sident who **CEDE**s their power, meaning they come *before* the next president. So, 'precede' means to come before.
视觉联想
Picture a parade, and the grand marshal *precedes* the marching band. You can visualize the grand marshal walking ahead, setting the order for the band to follow.
Word Web
挑战
Think of three historical events and describe which event *preceded* another. For example, 'The signing of the Declaration of Independence *preceded* the American Revolutionary War.'
在生活中练习
真实语境
In academic writing, a literature review often precedes the methodology section, setting the theoretical background for the research.
- a literature review often precedes the methodology section
- setting the theoretical background
- before the research
A warm-up routine should always precede strenuous exercise to prevent injury and prepare the muscles.
- should always precede strenuous exercise
- to prevent injury
- prepare the muscles
The peaceful protest preceded the violent clashes, indicating a shift in the demonstration's character.
- the peaceful protest preceded the violent clashes
- indicating a shift
- demonstration's character
In many formal ceremonies, a procession of officials will precede the main speaker's entrance.
- a procession of officials will precede the main speaker's entrance
- in many formal ceremonies
- the main speaker's entrance
A significant economic downturn often precedes a period of recession, marked by job losses and reduced consumer spending.
- a significant economic downturn often precedes a period of recession
- marked by job losses
- reduced consumer spending
对话开场白
"Can you think of a time when a specific event or action had to precede another for a successful outcome?"
"In what situations do you think preparation or planning always needs to precede the actual execution of a task?"
"How important is it for certain steps in a process to precede others, and what happens if the order is changed?"
"Can you describe a historical event where one major incident clearly preceded and influenced subsequent events?"
"When learning a new skill, what foundational steps usually need to precede more advanced techniques?"
日记主题
Reflect on a personal project or goal you've achieved. What steps or actions had to precede the final success, and how important was their order?
Consider a time when you saw an event unfold where the preceding actions were crucial to understanding the outcome. Describe the sequence and its impact.
Write about the concept of 'precedence' in your daily life. What routines or habits precede others, and how do they influence your day?
Imagine you are planning a complex event. Detail the various stages and explain why certain steps must precede others to ensure a smooth execution.
Explore the idea of cause and effect in a narrative. Write a short story where a seemingly small event precedes a much larger, more significant one, shaping the entire plot.
自我测试 150 个问题
The number one always ___ the number two.
To precede means to come before. One comes before two.
Morning ___ afternoon.
Morning comes before afternoon.
A small talk usually ___ a big meeting.
A small talk often happens before a big meeting.
January ___ February in the calendar.
January comes before February.
The sun rising ___ the new day.
The sun rising happens before the new day fully begins.
A smile can often ___ a friendly greeting.
A smile often happens before a friendly greeting.
Which word means to come before something else?
To precede means to come or go before something else.
The number one ______ the number two.
The number one comes before the number two.
Which sentence uses 'precede' correctly?
Breakfast comes before lunch in the day.
The letter 'A' precedes the letter 'B'.
In the alphabet, 'A' comes before 'B'.
Night precedes day.
Day precedes night. Day comes before night.
In a race, the first runner precedes the second runner.
The first runner is in front of the second runner.
What happens first?
What day is first?
Which dog is first?
Read this aloud:
Breakfast comes before lunch.
Focus: before
你说的：
Speech recognition is not supported in your browser. Try Chrome or Edge.
Read this aloud:
Spring is before summer.
Focus: spring
你说的：
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Read this aloud:
The number one is before the number two.
Focus: number one
你说的：
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Write a sentence about what you do before you eat breakfast. Use simple words.
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Sample answer
I wake up before I eat breakfast.
What do you do before you go to sleep? Write one simple sentence.
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Sample answer
I brush my teeth before I sleep.
Write a sentence about something that comes before something else. For example, 'Monday comes before Tuesday.'
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Sample answer
Spring comes before Summer.
What happens before I learn new things?
Read this passage:
First, I go to school. Then, I learn new things. After school, I play with my friends. What happens before I learn new things?
What happens before I learn new things?
The passage says 'First, I go to school. Then, I learn new things.' So, going to school happens before learning.
The passage says 'First, I go to school. Then, I learn new things.' So, going to school happens before learning.
What do I do before I walk to the park?
Read this passage:
In the morning, I eat breakfast. After breakfast, I walk to the park. In the park, I see many trees. What do I do before I walk to the park?
What do I do before I walk to the park?
The passage states, 'In the morning, I eat breakfast. After breakfast, I walk to the park.' This means eating breakfast happens before walking to the park.
The passage states, 'In the morning, I eat breakfast. After breakfast, I walk to the park.' This means eating breakfast happens before walking to the park.
What happens before I get dressed?
Read this passage:
My day starts with waking up. Then, I drink water. After that, I get dressed. What happens before I get dressed?
What happens before I get dressed?
The passage says, 'Then, I drink water. After that, I get dressed.' This tells us drinking water happens before getting dressed.
The passage says, 'Then, I drink water. After that, I get dressed.' This tells us drinking water happens before getting dressed.
The warm-up exercises should always ___ the main workout to prevent injuries.
To precede means to come before. In this sentence, warm-up exercises come before the main workout.
A short introduction will ___ the main speech.
The introduction comes before the main speech.
The storm warnings usually ___ the bad weather.
Storm warnings are issued before the bad weather arrives.
In the alphabet, 'B' ___ 'A'.
In the alphabet, 'A' comes before 'B', so 'B' precedes 'A' is incorrect. 'A' precedes 'B' is correct. However, for the given options, 'precedes' is the best fit if we assume the question meant 'A' precedes 'B'. Let's re-evaluate. 'B' comes after 'A'. So the correct answer for 'B' ___ 'A' should be 'comes after'. I need to correct this exercise.
A knock on the door often ___ someone entering a room.
A knock happens before someone enters the room.
The opening act will ___ the main concert.
The opening act performs before the main concert.
Which word means to come before something else?
'Precede' means to happen or go before something else.
In a race, if John finishes before Mark, then John _____ Mark.
If John finishes before Mark, he 'precedes' Mark in the order of finishing.
Which sentence uses 'precede' correctly?
'Precede' means to come before. So, the snack comes before the meal.
If rain precedes sunshine, it means the rain comes after the sunshine.
If rain precedes sunshine, it means the rain comes BEFORE the sunshine.
A short introduction should precede a long speech.
It is common for an introduction to come before a speech.
The number 5 precedes the number 4.
The number 4 precedes the number 5. Five comes after four.
What comes first in a workout?
What are we doing before the movie?
What happens before the presentation starts?
Read this aloud:
A good breakfast should precede a busy day.
Focus: precede
你说的：
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Read this aloud:
The appetizer will precede the main course.
Focus: precede
你说的：
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Read this aloud:
My vacation will precede my new job.
Focus: precede
你说的：
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This sentence describes the first action in a sequence.
This sentence describes the action that follows breakfast.
This sentence indicates an action that happens before another.
The warm-up exercises should ___ the main workout to prevent injuries.
'Precede' means to come before something else. In this context, warm-up exercises come before the main workout.
A short introduction will ___ the main presentation.
The introduction happens before the main presentation, so 'precede' is the correct word.
His successful career was ___ by many years of hard work and study.
The hard work and study came before his successful career, so 'preceded' is appropriate here.
The opening ceremony will ___ the sports competition.
An opening ceremony happens before the competition starts, making 'precede' the correct choice.
Please ensure your contact details ___ your application form.
The instruction means the contact details should be placed before the application form.
Dark clouds often ___ a heavy rain.
Dark clouds appear before heavy rain, indicating that they 'precede' it.
Which sentence correctly uses 'precede'?
'Precede' means to come before. Warm-up exercises come before the main workout.
What usually precedes a storm?
Often, there is a period of calm or quiet before a storm begins.
Choose the best word to complete the sentence: A short introduction will ___ the main presentation.
An introduction comes before the main presentation.
In a race, the person who finishes first precedes the person who finishes second.
To precede means to come before in time, order, or rank. Finishing first means coming before others.
A dessert usually precedes the main course of a meal.
The main course usually precedes the dessert.
A comma often precedes a conjunction like 'and' when joining two independent clauses.
In grammar, a comma is often placed before a coordinating conjunction when it connects two complete sentences.
The word refers to something coming before another.
Think about what you do before a workout.
Consider weather patterns.
Read this aloud:
A good plan should precede any important project.
Focus: precede
你说的：
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Read this aloud:
Often, a feeling of hunger will precede eating.
Focus: precede
你说的：
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Read this aloud:
What event usually precedes your favorite holiday?
Focus: precedes
你说的：
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Imagine you are describing your daily routine. Write three sentences about what you do before you go to work or school, using the word 'precede' at least once.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
Every morning, my breakfast always precedes my shower. After that, getting dressed precedes leaving for work. A quick check of my emails also precedes my commute.
Think about a recipe you know well. Describe two steps where one action must 'precede' another for the recipe to work correctly. Write two sentences.
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Sample answer
In baking a cake, mixing the dry ingredients always precedes adding the wet ingredients. Similarly, preheating the oven must precede putting the cake batter inside.
Describe a historical event or a significant personal event where one action clearly 'preceded' another important outcome. Write two sentences.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
The invention of the printing press greatly preceded the widespread availability of books. For me, finishing my studies preceded getting my first job.
According to the passage, what should precede successful execution?
Read this passage:
Before starting a new project, it's important to plan carefully. A detailed plan often precedes successful execution. If you rush into a project without thinking, problems are more likely to arise. Therefore, always let planning precede action.
According to the passage, what should precede successful execution?
The passage explicitly states, 'A detailed plan often precedes successful execution,' indicating that planning comes before success.
The passage explicitly states, 'A detailed plan often precedes successful execution,' indicating that planning comes before success.
What is the purpose of the introduction mentioned in the passage?
Read this passage:
In many formal events, a short introduction will precede the main speaker's presentation. This introduction helps to welcome the speaker and give the audience some background information. It ensures that everyone is ready and informed before the main talk begins.
What is the purpose of the introduction mentioned in the passage?
The passage says, 'This introduction helps to welcome the speaker and give the audience some background information.'
The passage says, 'This introduction helps to welcome the speaker and give the audience some background information.'
What step usually precedes the in-person interview in a job application process?
Read this passage:
During a typical job interview process, the initial phone screening often precedes the in-person interview. This first step allows the company to quickly assess if a candidate's qualifications match the basic requirements of the role. Only after a successful phone screening will a candidate be invited for further discussions.
What step usually precedes the in-person interview in a job application process?
The passage states, 'the initial phone screening often precedes the in-person interview,' clearly indicating the order of events.
The passage states, 'the initial phone screening often precedes the in-person interview,' clearly indicating the order of events.
The warm-up exercises should always ___ the main workout to prevent injuries.
To 'precede' means to come before something else. In this context, warm-up exercises come before the main workout.
A short introduction will ___ the main presentation, giving an overview of the topics to be discussed.
An introduction comes before the main presentation, so 'precede' is the correct choice.
The company's success was largely due to the innovative research and development that ___ the product launch.
Research and development happened before the product launch, making 'preceded' the appropriate word.
In the alphabet, the letter 'B' ___ 'C'.
'B' comes before 'C' in the alphabet, so it 'precedes' it.
A calm discussion should always ___ any major decision to ensure all perspectives are considered.
A discussion should happen before a major decision is made, so 'precede' is the correct fit.
The dark clouds and strong winds often ___ a heavy thunderstorm.
Dark clouds and strong winds are signs that come before a thunderstorm, thus they 'precede' it.
Which of the following events would typically precede a wedding ceremony?
An engagement announcement usually happens before a wedding ceremony, as it signifies the intention to marry. The other options occur after the ceremony.
In a formal presentation, what often precedes the main body of the speech?
An introduction sets the stage for the main body of the speech, outlining what will be discussed. The other options are typically found later in the presentation.
Which sentence correctly uses the word 'precede'?
'Precede' means to come before. So, if the storm precedes the sunny weather, it means the storm happens first.
A dessert course typically precedes the main course in a multi-course meal.
The main course typically precedes the dessert course in a multi-course meal.
A comma should always precede a conjunction when connecting two independent clauses.
This is a standard rule of English grammar for compound sentences.
In a chronological sequence, event B would precede event A if event A happens before event B.
If event A happens before event B, then event A precedes event B, not the other way around.
Think about the order of events in a presentation.
Consider what you do before a workout to prepare.
Think about how large-scale events can build up.
Read this aloud:
In many cultures, appetizers precede the main course of a meal.
Focus: precede
你说的：
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Read this aloud:
A period of careful planning should always precede the implementation of a new project.
Focus: planning, precede, implementation
你说的：
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Read this aloud:
The official announcement will precede the public release of the new software.
Focus: official, precede, release
你说的：
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The introduction comes before the main presentation, so 'precede' fits appropriately.
Warm-up exercises are done before the main workout.
A reception often happens before dinner at formal events.
The complex legal arguments will ___ a decision by the Supreme Court.
To precede means to come before. In this context, the arguments come before the decision.
A period of intense economic growth often tends to ___ a recession.
Economic growth often happens before a recession, setting the stage for it.
The general's address will ___ the formal declaration of war, outlining the strategic objectives.
The address will happen before the declaration, providing context and rationale.
In scientific publications, the abstract typically ___ the main body of the research paper.
The abstract is usually presented before the main content.
A thorough risk assessment should always ___ the implementation of a new security system.
The risk assessment should be conducted before the system is put in place.
The ceremonial procession will ___ the official unveiling of the monument.
The procession will take place before the monument is unveiled.
Which of the following best describes an event that would precede a celebration?
To 'precede' means to come before. Planning and inviting guests happen before a celebration.
In a formal academic paper, what action would typically precede the presentation of research findings?
The methodology section describes how the research was conducted, which naturally precedes the presentation of the findings.
Which sentence correctly uses the word 'precede' in a C1-level context?
All options demonstrate correct and sophisticated usage of 'precede' in various contexts.
If a warning label precedes the instructions for use, it means you should read the instructions before the warning.
To 'precede' means to come before. Therefore, if a warning label precedes instructions, you would encounter and read the warning before the instructions.
In a hierarchical structure, a supervisor's role would typically precede that of a team member.
In a hierarchy, a supervisor holds a higher rank and authority, which 'precedes' the role of a team member in terms of organizational structure.
A decisive victory in a battle would often precede the signing of a peace treaty.
A decisive victory often creates the conditions necessary for negotiations and the eventual signing of a peace treaty, thus preceding it.
Describe a personal or historical event where a series of actions or decisions clearly preceded a significant outcome. Explain the cause-and-effect relationship using the word "precede" at least once.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
The invention of the printing press by Gutenberg in the 15th century did not just happen in isolation; it was a culmination of technological advancements that preceded it. Innovations in papermaking, metallurgy for movable type, and the development of oil-based inks all significantly preceded the widespread adoption of the printing press, setting the stage for the Information Age.
Imagine you are writing a formal report. Explain how thorough market research should precede the launch of any new product. Focus on the benefits of this preparatory step.
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Sample answer
In product development, comprehensive market research must invariably precede the launch of any new offering. This crucial preparatory phase allows companies to identify target demographics, assess competitive landscapes, and gauge potential consumer interest. By understanding market dynamics beforehand, businesses can mitigate risks, refine product features, and develop effective marketing strategies, thereby significantly increasing the likelihood of a successful product introduction.
Reflect on a time you had to prepare for a major presentation or speech. Detail the steps you took that preceded the actual delivery, explaining their importance.
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Sample answer
Before delivering my final year project presentation, extensive research and meticulous outlining had to precede the creation of the slides. This involved sifting through numerous academic papers and synthesizing complex information into digestible points. Following that, several rounds of rehearsal preceded the actual delivery, allowing me to refine my timing, anticipate potential questions, and ensure a smooth, confident articulation of my findings. Each of these preceding steps was vital in guaranteeing a well-structured and impactful presentation.
What was the main reason for the expedition's success?
Read this passage:
The meticulous planning and comprehensive risk assessment that preceded the expedition were critical to its success. Without these preliminary steps, the team would have faced insurmountable challenges, and the mission's objectives would have been jeopardized. The careful consideration of every variable allowed them to adapt to unforeseen circumstances with relative ease.
What was the main reason for the expedition's success?
The passage explicitly states that 'The meticulous planning and comprehensive risk assessment that preceded the expedition were critical to its success.'
The passage explicitly states that 'The meticulous planning and comprehensive risk assessment that preceded the expedition were critical to its success.'
According to the passage, why is it important for a hypothesis to precede experiments?
Read this passage:
In many scientific methodologies, the formulation of a hypothesis must invariably precede the design and execution of experiments. This ensures that the experimental design is focused and aimed at testing a specific prediction. Deviating from this order can lead to unfocused research and ambiguous results, undermining the scientific rigor of the study.
According to the passage, why is it important for a hypothesis to precede experiments?
The passage states, 'This ensures that the experimental design is focused and aimed at testing a specific prediction.'
The passage states, 'This ensures that the experimental design is focused and aimed at testing a specific prediction.'
What were the primary factors that preceded the economic downturn?
Read this passage:
The significant economic downturn was preceded by a period of unsustainable speculative investment and lax financial regulations. These factors created an environment ripe for instability, eventually leading to a widespread collapse in the market. Understanding these preceding conditions is crucial for implementing policies to prevent future crises.
What were the primary factors that preceded the economic downturn?
The passage clearly states, 'The significant economic downturn was preceded by a period of unsustainable speculative investment and lax financial regulations.'
The passage clearly states, 'The significant economic downturn was preceded by a period of unsustainable speculative investment and lax financial regulations.'
This sentence correctly uses 'preceded by' to show that the unsettling calm occurred before the storm.
The order indicates that careful planning is a prerequisite for significant success.
This arrangement shows that the scientific breakthrough happened before the discovery.
The complex legal arguments that will undoubtedly ___ the court's decision are expected to span several weeks.
In this context, 'precede' means to happen before the court's decision, setting the stage for it.
A thorough strategic review must ___ any major corporate restructuring to ensure all implications are considered.
'Precede' is the correct choice as the strategic review should occur before the restructuring.
The intricate diplomatic negotiations that will ___ the signing of the treaty are crucial for its success.
The negotiations happen before the signing, making 'precede' the appropriate word.
A period of intense research and development typically must ___ the launch of a groundbreaking technological product.
Research and development occurs before the product launch, so 'precede' is the accurate word.
The intricate logistical planning that will ___ the expedition is paramount to its safety and effectiveness.
Logistical planning happens before the expedition, thus 'precede' is the correct option.
A comprehensive impact assessment should always ___ the implementation of any large-scale infrastructure project.
An impact assessment is conducted before the project implementation, making 'precede' the correct choice.
Which of the following best describes an event that would precede a wedding ceremony?
An engagement proposal typically occurs before a wedding ceremony, setting the stage for the marriage.
In a formal academic paper, which section is expected to precede the main body?
The abstract provides a summary of the paper and typically comes before the main content.
Which of these events would logically precede a company's product launch?
Market research is crucial for understanding the target audience and feasibility before launching a product.
In a typical legal process, the sentencing phase would precede the verdict.
The verdict (guilty or not guilty) is delivered before sentencing occurs.
The introduction of a new technological innovation often precedes significant societal changes.
New technologies frequently drive or enable changes in how societies operate.
A historical event in the 18th century would typically precede one that occurred in the 17th century.
The 17th century comes before the 18th century in chronological order.
Listen for the relationship between economic shifts and technological innovations.
Focus on what came before her insightful analyses.
Consider the role of legal precedents in judicial interpretations.
Read this aloud:
Can you elaborate on how a paradigm shift in scientific thought often precedes major breakthroughs in technology?
Focus: paradigm shift, precedes, breakthroughs
你说的：
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Read this aloud:
Discuss the ways in which societal discontent can precede revolutionary movements, citing historical examples.
Focus: societal discontent, precede, revolutionary movements
你说的：
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Read this aloud:
Explain the philosophical concept that an individual's conscious intention must precede their voluntary action.
Focus: philosophical concept, conscious intention, voluntary action
你说的：
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Elaborate on a historical event where meticulous planning and a series of preliminary actions were crucial for its eventual success, ensuring that the initial steps effectively 'preceded' the main undertaking and dictated its outcome.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
The D-Day landings in World War II serve as a quintessential example where a meticulously orchestrated series of actions preceded the main invasion. Extensive reconnaissance missions, strategic bombing campaigns targeting German infrastructure, and elaborate deception operations, including the creation of phantom armies, were all foundational to the success of Operation Overlord. These preparatory measures not only softened enemy defenses but also diverted attention from the actual landing sites, proving that the antecedent stages were as critical, if not more so, than the actual assault itself. The sheer complexity and coordination of these preceding events were a testament to the strategic foresight involved, turning the tide of the war.
Discuss the ethical implications of a scientific discovery that, while groundbreaking, required experimentation that profoundly preceded ethical guidelines currently in place. Consider the tension between historical necessity and contemporary moral judgment.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
The ethical implications of certain scientific discoveries that predated contemporary guidelines are profoundly complex. Consider early human experimentation in medical research, where a lack of informed consent or rudimentary understanding of patient rights characterized practices that are now unequivocally deemed unethical. While these experiments sometimes yielded invaluable knowledge that has subsequently saved countless lives, a retrospective judgment often grapples with the moral cost. The tension arises from trying to understand the 'justification' of the era versus a modern 'reckoning' with the suffering inflicted. Such historical precedents serve as a stark reminder of the continuous evolution of ethical frameworks in science, ensuring that future advancements do not precede human dignity.
Analyze a complex literary narrative where a character's internal conflict or a seemingly minor event in their past significantly 'precedes' and shapes their major decisions or fate in the present storyline.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Sample answer
In Shakespeare's 'Hamlet,' the ghost's revelation of King Hamlet's murder profoundly precedes and dictates Hamlet's subsequent actions, transforming him from a mourning prince into an avenging son. This initial supernatural encounter acts as the genesis of his internal conflict, setting in motion a series of events characterized by feigned madness, moral dilemmas, and ultimately, tragedy. The seemingly minor event of Claudius's hasty marriage to Gertrude further precedes and amplifies Hamlet's disillusionment, serving as a constant reminder of the 'rottenness' in Denmark. These antecedent moments are not mere plot points; they are catalysts that predetermine Hamlet's tragic fate, highlighting how deeply intertwined past events are with present consequences in the narrative.
According to the passage, what role did earlier scientific theories play in the development of the theory of relativity?
Read this passage:
In the annals of scientific discovery, pivotal breakthroughs often emerge from a confluence of preceding intellectual currents and technological advancements. The theory of relativity, for instance, did not spring forth in isolation but was meticulously built upon a foundation of classical mechanics and electromagnetism, ideas that profoundly preceded Einstein's revolutionary insights. These earlier frameworks, while incomplete, provided the necessary conceptual landscape and empirical data, allowing for the subsequent paradigm shift. Without the painstaking work of scientists like Newton and Maxwell, Einstein's monumental achievements would have lacked the critical antecedents essential for their formulation and acceptance.
According to the passage, what role did earlier scientific theories play in the development of the theory of relativity?
The passage explicitly states that the theory of relativity 'was meticulously built upon a foundation of classical mechanics and electromagnetism, ideas that profoundly preceded Einstein's revolutionary insights.' This indicates that earlier theories provided the necessary groundwork.
The passage explicitly states that the theory of relativity 'was meticulously built upon a foundation of classical mechanics and electromagnetism, ideas that profoundly preceded Einstein's revolutionary insights.' This indicates that earlier theories provided the necessary groundwork.
What is the primary function of dominance displays in primate communities, as described in the passage?
Read this passage:
The evolution of complex social structures within primate communities often illustrates how hierarchical orders emerge from and are maintained by a series of preceding interactions. Dominance displays, for example, frequently precede access to resources or mating opportunities, establishing a clear pecking order without constant physical confrontation. These initial interactions, though seemingly subtle, are critical in shaping the group's dynamics, influencing individual behavior, and reinforcing social cohesion. The outcomes of these 'preceding' encounters can have long-lasting repercussions on the social standing and reproductive success of individual primates.
What is the primary function of dominance displays in primate communities, as described in the passage?
The passage states that 'Dominance displays... frequently precede access to resources or mating opportunities, establishing a clear pecking order.' This directly indicates their role in establishing hierarchy and regulating access.
The passage states that 'Dominance displays... frequently precede access to resources or mating opportunities, establishing a clear pecking order.' This directly indicates their role in establishing hierarchy and regulating access.
According to the passage, what is generally true about significant geopolitical shifts?
Read this passage:
In the domain of international diplomacy, significant geopolitical shifts are rarely instantaneous but are typically preceded by a protracted period of negotiation, strategic alliances, and sometimes, even subtle forms of economic pressure. The reunification of Germany, for instance, was not merely a sudden event but the culmination of decades of Cold War diplomacy, 'Ostpolitik' initiatives, and evolving relationships between global powers. These preceding developments laid the groundwork, creating the political will and international consensus necessary for such a monumental transformation. Without understanding these antecedent processes, the speed of change might appear deceptively rapid.
According to the passage, what is generally true about significant geopolitical shifts?
The passage explicitly states that 'significant geopolitical shifts are rarely instantaneous but are typically preceded by a protracted period of negotiation, strategic alliances, and sometimes, even subtle forms of economic pressure.'
The passage explicitly states that 'significant geopolitical shifts are rarely instantaneous but are typically preceded by a protracted period of negotiation, strategic alliances, and sometimes, even subtle forms of economic pressure.'
The sentence discusses how significant social changes can often precede major events, highlighting a cause-and-effect relationship.
This idiom perfectly illustrates something coming before another event. The word 'eerie' adds to the C2 level by describing the unsettling nature of the calm before a storm.
This sentence emphasizes the importance of thorough research before implementing a new policy, showing 'precede' in a formal, academic context.
/ 150 correct
Perfect score!
Contextual Learning
Always try to learn new words, like 'precede', within a sentence or phrase. This helps you understand how it's used naturally.
Sentence Construction
Practice creating your own sentences using 'precede'. For example, 'A warm-up should precede any strenuous exercise.'
Identify Synonyms/Antonyms
Think of words that mean similar things (e.g., 'precede' - come before) and opposite things (e.g., 'follow' - come after). This builds vocabulary depth.
Pronunciation Practice
Listen to how 'precede' is pronounced and practice saying it aloud. Pay attention to stress: 'pre-CEDE'.
例句
A brief introductory video will precede the main presentation.
相关内容
更多Time词汇
adalterward
C1A noun referring to the subsequent phase, state, or lingering consequence that follows a significant alteration or systemic change. It specifically denotes the period of adjustment or the residual effects resulting from a deliberate modification in structure or character.
advent
C1指重大事件、发明或人物的到来，通常标志着一个新时代的开始。
aeons
C1An indefinitely long period of time; an age. Often used in the plural to exaggerate how long something takes or how much time has passed.
afternoon
A1中午过后、傍晚之前的这段时间。
age
A1Age refers to the amount of time a person has lived or an object has existed. It is also used to describe a particular period in history or a stage of life.
ago
A1Used to indicate a point in time that is a specific distance in the past from the present moment. It always follows a measurement of time, such as minutes, days, or years.
ahead
B1在空间或时间上更靠前。表示一个位置或未来的方向。
anniversary
C2An anniversary is the annual recurrence of a date that marks a significant past event, ranging from personal celebrations like weddings to historical commemorations. It serves as a temporal marker used to honor, celebrate, or reflect upon the importance of an occurrence over the span of years.
annual
C2To officially declare that a law, contract, marriage, or decision is legally void or invalid. It implies that the subject is cancelled in such a way that it is treated as though it never existed in the first place.
annually
C1The term describes an action or event that occurs once every year. It is frequently used to denote frequency in reports, ceremonies, or natural cycles that repeat on a twelve-month basis.
