Use 'ilma' with the elative case to express 'without' in Estonian.
ilma 30秒了解
- Indicates absence
- Follows elative case
- Commonly used
趣味小知识
The word 'ilma' also means 'weather' or 'air' in Estonian, which can be a bit confusing for learners. However, when used as a preposition meaning 'without', it's a different grammatical form altogether.
需要掌握的语法
The noun or pronoun following 'ilma' (without) is always in the terminative case.
ilma rahata (without money), ilma sinuta (without you)
The terminative case ending for singular nouns is typically '-ta' or '-tta'.
ilma mütsita (without a hat)
For plural nouns, the terminative case ending is often '-teta' or '-detta'.
ilma vanemateta (without parents)
When a pronoun follows 'ilma', it also takes the terminative case ending.
ilma minuta (without me), ilma temata (without him/her)
In some less common instances, 'ilma' can be used with the elative case to express 'without coming from somewhere', but for A1 level, focus on the terminative case.
ilma majast (without coming from the house - less common with 'ilma')
容易混淆的词
This is the nominative singular of the word for 'weather'. So, 'ilma' can mean 'weather' or 'without'. Context is key here.
This phrase also means 'except for' or 'excluding', and can be used similarly to 'ilma' in some contexts, but 'ilma' generally means 'lacking' or 'not having'.
This verb means 'is missing' or 'is absent'. While it expresses a similar concept of lack, 'ilma' is a preposition while 'puudub' is a verb.
容易混淆
'Kaasa' can be a bit confusing because it's used in several ways, often implying 'along with' or 'together with' but it can also indicate bringing something or someone.
It often combines with verbs to create compound verbs, changing their meaning. For example, 'kaasa tulema' means 'to come along'.
Võta sõber kaasa. (Take a friend along.)
'Alla' can mean 'down' or 'under', which can sometimes be tricky to differentiate depending on the context. It can also indicate moving downwards or a position beneath something.
It's a versatile word that functions as both a postposition and an adverb. As a postposition, it requires the genitive case.
Koer läks laua alla. (The dog went under the table.)
Similar to 'alla', 'üles' means 'up' or 'above'. Its usage can be confusing when deciding if it refers to movement upwards or a position higher than something else.
It works as both a postposition and an adverb. As a postposition, it takes the genitive case.
Lähme mäest üles. (Let's go up the mountain.)
'Peale' can mean 'on', 'on top of', or 'after'. The 'after' meaning, especially when referring to time, can be quite confusing.
As a postposition, it generally requires the genitive case when indicating location or time. It can also be an adverb.
Pane raamat laua peale. (Put the book on the table.)
'Läbi' means 'through' or 'finished', and these two meanings can lead to misunderstandings, especially in conversational Estonian.
When it means 'through', it acts as a postposition taking the genitive case. When it means 'finished', it's often used adverbially or as part of a verb phrase.
Jooksime metsa läbi. (We ran through the forest.)
词源
Proto-Finnic *ilmatoj-
原始含义： without air, airless
Uralic, Finnic branch文化背景
When Estonians say 'ilma', they are often highlighting the absence or lack of something crucial. It's a very common and practical word used in everyday speech, from ordering coffee without sugar to discussing life without certain necessities. Its dual meaning as 'weather' or 'air' can sometimes lead to playful misunderstandings for those new to the language.
自我测试 30 个问题
Choose the correct word to complete the sentence: 'Ma ei saa elada ___ kohvi.'
The sentence means 'I cannot live without coffee.' 'Ilma' means 'without'.
Which sentence correctly uses 'ilma'?
This sentence means 'He came without an umbrella.' 'Ilma' means 'without' and takes the 'ta' ending for the noun.
What is the English translation of 'Laps nuttis ilma põhjuseta'?
'Laps nuttis' means 'The child cried', and 'ilma põhjuseta' means 'without a reason'.
'Ilma' means 'with' in Estonian.
'Ilma' means 'without', not 'with'. 'Koos' means 'with'.
The sentence 'Ma ei saa ilma muusikata õppida' means 'I cannot study without music'.
This is a correct translation. 'Ilma' means 'without', and 'muusikata' is the form for 'music' when used with 'ilma'.
You can use 'ilma' to say 'without money'.
Yes, 'ilma rahata' means 'without money'.
Ma ei saa elada ___ kohvi. (I can't live ___ coffee.)
The word 'ilma' means 'without', which fits the context of not being able to live without coffee.
Ta läks poodi ___ rahata. (He went to the store ___ money.)
'Ilma' correctly conveys that he went to the store without money.
Ma ei saa seda teha ___ sinu abita. (I can't do this ___ your help.)
To express inability to do something without help, 'ilma' is the correct choice.
Laps ei taha süüa ___ mänguasjadeta. (The child doesn't want to eat ___ toys.)
'Ilma' is used here to indicate that the child doesn't want to eat without toys.
Me ei saa reisida ___ passita. (We can't travel ___ a passport.)
To say one cannot travel without a passport, 'ilma' is the appropriate word.
Ma tundsin end ___ sõpradeta. (I felt ___ friends.)
'Ilma' conveys the feeling of being without friends.
The correct order forms the sentence 'I don't drink coffee without sugar.'
The correct order forms the sentence 'This life is sad without joy.'
The correct order forms the sentence 'They don't want to work without a day off.'
Ma ei saa elada ___ kohvi. (I can't live ___ coffee.)
The preposition 'ilma' means 'without'. In this context, it expresses the absence of coffee.
Ta läks poodi ___ rahata. (He went to the store ___ money.)
The preposition 'ilma' means 'without'. Here, it indicates that he had no money.
Kas sa suudad magada ___ muusikata? (Can you sleep ___ music?)
'Ilma' is used to express the absence of music.
Me ei saa reisi planeerida ___ sinu abita. (We can't plan the trip ___ your help.)
The sentence requires 'without' to indicate the lack of help. 'Ilma' fits this meaning.
See töö on peaaegu võimatu teha ___ korraliku varustuseta. (This work is almost impossible to do ___ proper equipment.)
'Ilma' signifies the absence of proper equipment, making the task difficult.
Laps ei taha süüa ___ magustoiduta. (The child doesn't want to eat ___ dessert.)
The child refuses to eat if there is no dessert, so 'ilma' (without) is the correct choice.
Choose the best translation: 'Ma ei taha kohvi ilma suhkruta.'
The sentence uses 'ilma' which means 'without', and 'ei taha' means 'don't want'.
Which sentence correctly uses 'ilma' to mean 'without a car'?
When 'ilma' is used with a noun, the noun is in the abessive case, indicated by the '-ta' ending.
Complete the sentence: 'Ma ei saa elada _____ sinuta.'
'Ilma' means 'without', and the sentence translates to 'I cannot live without you.'
The sentence 'Ta lahkus ilma et keegi oleks teadnud' means 'He left without anyone knowing.'
'Ilma et' is a conjunction meaning 'without that' or 'without'.
In Estonian, when 'ilma' is used with a noun, the noun is always in the genitive case.
When 'ilma' is used with a noun, the noun is in the abessive case, which is marked by the suffix '-ta'.
The phrase 'ilma loata' means 'without permission'.
'Luba' means 'permission', and with the abessive '-ta' ending, 'loata' means 'without permission'.
/ 30 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
Use 'ilma' with the elative case to express 'without' in Estonian.
- Indicates absence
- Follows elative case
- Commonly used
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