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B2 noun 9分钟阅读

کتاب‌درسی

Textbook; a book used as a standard work for the study of a particular subject.

ketab-e darsi
At the A1 level, you only need to know that کتاب‌درسی means 'textbook.' Think of it as a special kind of book (ketāb) that you use in school. You will mostly use it in simple sentences like 'I have a textbook' or 'Where is my textbook?' At this stage, don't worry too much about the complex grammar; just remember that it's a compound word. You might hear your teacher say 'Open your book,' and they are talking about this. In Iran, school starts in September, and that's when everyone gets their new کتاب‌درسی. It's a very common word because education is very important in Persian culture. Just remember: ketāb = book, dars = lesson. So, a lesson-book!
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At the A2 level, you should start using کتاب‌درسی with adjectives and simple verbs. You can say 'My textbook is big' (Ketāb-e darsi-ye man bozorg ast) or 'I am reading the textbook.' You should also learn the plural form, کتاب‌های درسی (ketāb-hā-ye darsi). Notice how the '-hā' comes after 'ketāb.' You can also start specifying which textbook you mean, like کتاب‌درسی فارسی (Persian textbook) or کتاب‌درسی ریاضی (Math textbook). At this level, you might talk about your school bag being heavy because of your کتاب‌های درسی. It's a useful word for describing your daily routine as a student or when talking about your children's school life.
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At the B1 level, you can use کتاب‌درسی in more complex sentences involving prepositions and different tenses. For example, 'I need to buy new textbooks for this semester' (Man bāyad barāye in term ketāb-hā-ye darsi-ye jadid bekharam). You should also be able to distinguish between an official کتاب‌درسی and a کتاب کمک‌درسی (supplementary book). You might discuss your favorite subjects and mention that the کتاب‌درسی for history is very interesting. You are also expected to understand the word when used in instructions, such as 'Look at page 40 of your textbook.' This is a transition point where you move from just naming the object to using it as part of a discussion about your education and goals.
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At the B2 level, you should understand the institutional and cultural implications of کتاب‌درسی. This includes knowing that the Ministry of Education in Iran standardizes these books. You can use the word in debates about education, such as 'Some people believe that the کتاب‌درسی should be updated more frequently.' You should be comfortable using formal verbs like tālif kardan (to author/compile) or bāznegari kardan (to revise) in relation to textbooks. You can also discuss the difference between a کتاب‌درسی and a jozve (university notes), which is a common topic among Iranian students. Your vocabulary should include related terms like mohayyā kardan (to prepare/provide) and tahiyye kardan (to procure) textbooks.
At the C1 level, you can analyze the content and ideology within a کتاب‌درسی. You might write an essay or give a presentation on 'The role of کتاب‌های درسی in shaping national identity.' You should be able to discuss the linguistic style used in these books, which is often a specific type of formal, pedagogical Persian. You can use advanced collocations like standard-sāzi-ye ketāb-hā-ye darsi (standardization of textbooks) or ekhtelāf-e nazar dar mored-e mohtavā-ye ketāb-e darsi (disagreement over textbook content). At this stage, you understand the nuances of how the word is used in academic journals and policy documents, and you can critique the effectiveness of a textbook as a pedagogical tool.
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At the C2 level, you have a masterly grasp of the word کتاب‌درسی and its place in the history of Persian pedagogy. You can discuss the evolution from the classical Maktab-khāne texts to the modern کتاب‌درسی influenced by Western models in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. You can engage in high-level philosophical discussions about the 'hidden curriculum' (barnaame-ye darsi-ye penhaan) found within textbooks. You are also familiar with the names of famous textbook authors and the historical controversies surrounding the inclusion or exclusion of certain literary figures or historical events in the کتاب‌درسی. You can use the word with absolute precision in any register, from legal educational codes to poetic reflections on childhood education.
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例句

کتاب‌درسی 30秒了解

  • A textbook used in formal education settings.
  • A compound noun formed from 'book' and 'lesson'.
  • The primary resource for the Iranian national curriculum.
  • Distinguished from supplementary books and handwritten notes.

The Persian word کتاب‌درسی (pronounced as 'ketāb-e darsi') is a compound noun that serves as the cornerstone of formal education in Iran and other Persian-speaking regions. To understand this word, one must look at its two primary components: ketāb (book) and dars (lesson/study), joined by the adjectival suffix '-i' and the ezafe construction. In the most literal sense, it translates to 'a book of lessons.' However, its cultural weight extends far beyond a simple definition. In the Iranian educational landscape, the کتاب‌درسی is not just a resource; it is the official, state-mandated curriculum delivered in physical form. Every student across the country, from the remote villages of Sistan and Baluchestan to the bustling districts of Tehran, uses the exact same کتاب‌درسی for a given grade level, creating a unified national intellectual foundation.

Educational Context
The term is used predominantly within the walls of schools, universities, and academic institutions. When a teacher says, 'Open your books,' they are invariably referring to the کتاب‌درسی. In the months leading up to the Persian New Year or the start of the academic year in September (the month of Mehr), the production and distribution of these books become a major national logistical operation.

Beyond the classroom, the word appears in discussions about educational reform, the weight of students' backpacks, and the high cost of printing. It is distinguished from کتاب غیردرسی (non-textbook or general reading books) and کتاب کمک‌درسی (supplementary or auxiliary books). The latter is a massive industry in Iran, where students purchase additional books to help them master the content of the official کتاب‌درسی in preparation for the grueling national entrance exam known as the Konkur.

وزارت آموزش و پرورش مسئول چاپ و توزیع هر کتاب‌درسی در سراسر کشور است.

Translation: The Ministry of Education is responsible for printing and distributing every textbook throughout the country.

The emotional resonance of the کتاب‌درسی is also significant. For many Iranians, the smell of a new کتاب‌درسی is synonymous with the arrival of autumn and the 'First of Mehr.' Iconic illustrations from these books, such as the stories of 'Kobra's Decision' or 'The Good Friend,' are etched into the collective memory of generations, making the کتاب‌درسی a powerful cultural touchstone that transcends mere academic utility. It represents the shared journey of literacy and socialization that almost every citizen undergoes.

Register and Usage
While largely a formal term, it is used casually by parents and students daily. 'Did you put your textbooks in your bag?' (Ketāb-darsiyāto gozāshti tu kifet?) is a common morning refrain in Iranian households.

محتوای این کتاب‌درسی برای سطح دانش‌آموزان بسیار دشوار است.

Translation: The content of this textbook is very difficult for the students' level.

Using کتاب‌درسی correctly requires an understanding of Persian noun-adjective agreement and pluralization. Because it is a compound noun, it follows standard Persian grammatical rules. The plural form is کتاب‌های درسی (ketāb-hā-ye darsi), where the plural marker '-hā' is attached to the primary noun 'ketāb'. In sentences, it often functions as the direct object of verbs like 'reading' (khāndan), 'studying' (motal'e kardan), or 'buying' (kharidan).

Subjective Use
'The textbook is heavy.' (Ketāb-e darsi sangin ast.) Here, it acts as the subject, describing a physical attribute often complained about by younger students.

In more advanced academic writing, کتاب‌درسی is frequently paired with verbs that indicate analysis or revision. For example, 'The government decided to revise the history textbooks' (Dowlat tasmim gereft ketāb-hā-ye darsi-ye tārikh rā bāznegari konad). This demonstrates how the word can be modified by specific subjects (history, math, science) by adding another ezafe link.

او تمام شب را صرف مطالعه‌ی کتاب‌درسی زیست‌شناسی کرد.

Translation: He spent the whole night studying the biology textbook.

When talking about the digital age, you might see the term نسخه‌ی دیجیتال کتاب‌درسی (digital version of the textbook). This reflects the modern shift toward e-learning in Iranian universities. Furthermore, in the context of the Konkur, students often distinguish between 'reading the textbook' (referring to the core concepts) and 'practicing with supplementary books' (referring to test-taking strategies).

آیا شما کتاب‌های درسی خود را برای ترم جدید تهیه کرده‌اید؟

Translation: Have you prepared your textbooks for the new semester?

Another common usage involves the verb tālif kardan (to author or compile). Experts in pedagogy are called mo'allef-e ketāb-e darsi (textbook authors). This highlights the formal, authoritative nature of the word. It is not just any book; it is a book that has been 'authored' through a specific institutional process.

If you walk down Enghelab Street in Tehran, the heart of Iran's book trade, you will hear کتاب‌درسی shouted by street vendors and displayed in large letters on storefronts. This area is the epicenter of academic life, where students flock to find the latest editions or second-hand copies of their required reading. The word is ubiquitous in the 'Shahre Ketab' (Book City) stores and smaller stationery shops (lavāzem-ol-tahrir) that dot every neighborhood.

News and Media
During late August and September, the Iranian national news frequently features segments on 'the distribution of textbooks.' Reporters interview officials from the Ministry of Education about paper shortages, price hikes, or changes to the curriculum. In this context, the word carries a tone of national priority and bureaucratic management.

In a typical Iranian household with school-aged children, the word is heard during the 'evening check-in.' Parents ask, 'Have you finished the exercises in your کتاب‌درسی?' or 'Don't forget to take your کتاب‌درسی to school tomorrow.' It is a word associated with discipline, duty, and the daily grind of the educational system. Conversely, in university settings, professors might complain about the lack of an updated کتاب‌درسی for a niche subject, using the term to lament a gap in the academic resources available in the Persian language.

گوینده خبر: «توزیع کتاب‌های درسی در مناطق محروم از فردا آغاز می‌شود.»

Translation: News Anchor: "The distribution of textbooks in underprivileged areas starts tomorrow."

Social media platforms like Instagram and Telegram are also full of this word, especially in groups dedicated to students. You'll see posts like 'Selling my 11th-grade کتاب‌درسی' or 'PDF of the chemistry کتاب‌درسی available here.' The digital life of the word is just as active as its physical presence. It is also common to hear it in the context of 'textbook errors' (ghalat-hā-ye ketāb-e darsi), which often becomes a viral topic when observant students or teachers find a mistake in a newly printed edition.

دانش‌آموز: «آقا، این تمرین در کتاب‌درسی ما نیست.»

Translation: Student: "Sir, this exercise is not in our textbook."

For English speakers learning Persian, the most common mistake is omitting the ezafe (the short 'e' sound) between 'ketāb' and 'darsi'. Saying 'ketāb darsi' sounds like two unrelated words placed next to each other, rather than a single cohesive concept. Another frequent error is confusing کتاب‌درسی with jozve (pamphlet/handout). While a کتاب‌درسی is a professionally bound and officially published book, a jozve usually refers to a teacher's notes or a student's handwritten transcript of a lecture. In Iranian universities, students often rely more on the jozve than the actual کتاب‌درسی, so misusing these terms can lead to confusion about what exactly you need to study for an exam.

The 'Supplementary' Trap
Learners often use 'ketāb-e darsi' to refer to any book used for learning, including workbooks or test-prep books. In Persian, these are specifically called ketāb-e komak-amuzi or ketāb-e komak-darsi. Using the term کتاب‌درسی implies the primary, official text. If you tell a bookseller you want a 'ketāb-e darsi' for math, they will give you the government-issued book used in schools, not a book full of practice questions for the SAT or Konkur.

Another nuance involves the word manba' (source). While a textbook is a source, calling it a manba'-e darsi is more formal and usually refers to the 'source material' for a research paper or a specific curriculum. Beginners should stick to کتاب‌درسی for everyday school contexts. Additionally, be careful with pluralization. Don't say 'ketāb-darsi-hā'; the plural marker must go on the 'ketāb' part: ketāb-hā-ye darsi.

اشتباه: من کتاب‌درسی‌ها را خریدم.
درست: من کتاب‌های درسی را خریدم.

Lastly, there is the distinction between dars (the lesson) and darsi (the adjective). Sometimes students say 'ketāb-e dars,' which literally means 'book of lesson.' While understandable, it isn't the standard compound term. The '-i' at the end of 'darsi' is essential to turn the noun 'lesson' into the adjective 'educational' or 'related to study.'

While کتاب‌درسی is the most common term, several other words occupy the same semantic space. Understanding the differences between them is key to reaching a B2 or C1 level of proficiency in Persian. The most frequent alternative is کتاب کمک‌درسی (ketāb-e komak-darsi). As mentioned before, 'komak' means 'help,' so this refers to 'help-study books' or supplementary materials. These are vital for students preparing for competitive exams and are often more expensive and detailed than the standard کتاب‌درسی.

Jozve (جزوه) vs. Ketab-e Darsi
A jozve is a pamphlet or a set of notes. In university, if a professor says, 'I don't have a specific textbook, just study my jozve,' it means they have prepared their own materials. A jozve is usually less formal and more focused on what will be on the exam.

Another term is کتاب مرجع (ketāb-e marja'), which means 'reference book.' This includes encyclopedias, dictionaries, or thick medical volumes that students consult but don't necessarily read from cover to cover as part of a daily lesson plan. Then there is درسنامه (dars-nāme), a more academic term often used for a comprehensive manual or a scholarly 'study guide' that accompanies a course.

برای این درس، هم کتاب‌درسی لازم است و هم یک کتاب مرجع.

Translation: For this course, both a textbook and a reference book are necessary.

In the context of religious studies (specifically in the Howza or Islamic seminaries), the term متن آموزشی (matn-e āmuzeshi - educational text) is sometimes used. While کتاب‌درسی is still applicable, matn emphasizes the 'text' itself as an object of deep study. For younger children, you might hear کتاب کار (ketāb-e kār), which means 'workbook.' This is where students write their answers directly, whereas a کتاب‌درسی is usually for reading and contains the primary explanations.

Summary of Alternatives
1. کتاب کمک‌درسی: Supplementary book.
2. جزوه: Notes/Pamphlet.
3. کتاب مرجع: Reference book.
4. کتاب کار: Workbook.

发音指南

UK /ke.tɒːb.e dæɾ.siː/
US /ke.tɑːb.e dæɾ.siː/
The primary stress is on the last syllable of 'darsi' (si), with a secondary stress on the last syllable of 'ketāb' (tāb).
常见错误
  • Pronouncing it as 'ketab darsi' without the 'e' (ezafe).
  • Stress on the first syllable of 'ketab'.
  • Making the 'a' in 'darsi' too long like 'dar-see' (it should be a short 'æ').
  • Pronouncing 'ke
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按水平分级的例句

1

این کتاب‌درسی من است.

This is my textbook.

Simple demonstrative sentence: 'In' (this) + 'ketāb-e darsi' + 'man' (my) + 'ast' (is).

2

کتاب‌درسی کجاست؟

Where is the textbook?

Interrogative: 'Kojāst' is a contraction of 'kojā ast'.

3

من یک کتاب‌درسی دارم.

I have a textbook.

Verb 'dāshtan' (to have) in present tense.

4

کتاب‌درسی آبی است.

The textbook is blue.

Adjective 'ābi' (blue) following the noun.

5

او کتاب‌درسی می‌خواند.

He/She reads a textbook.

Present continuous/habitual 'mikhandad'.

6

کتاب‌درسی روی میز است.

The textbook is on the table.

Preposition 'ru-ye' (on).

7

یک کتاب‌درسی بخر.

Buy a textbook.

Imperative form of 'kharidan'.

8

کتاب‌درسی بزرگ است.

The textbook is big.

Simple adjective use.

1

من کتاب‌های درسی‌ام را در کیف گذاشتم.

I put my textbooks in my bag.

Plural noun with possessive suffix '-am'.

2

کتاب‌درسی ریاضی خیلی سخت است.

The math textbook is very difficult.

Ezafe connecting 'darsi' and 'riyāzi'.

3

ما فردا کتاب‌درسی جدید می‌گیریم.

We are getting new textbooks tomorrow.

Future intent expressed with present tense.

4

او کتاب‌درسی‌اش را گم کرده است.

He has lost his textbook.

Present perfect 'gom karde ast'.

5

کتاب‌های درسی گران هستند.

Textbooks are expensive.

Plural agreement with the verb 'hastand'.

6

این کتاب‌درسی عکس‌های زیادی دارد.

This textbook has many pictures.

Plural noun 'aks-hā' (pictures).

7

لطفاً کتاب‌درسی خود را باز کنید.

Please open your textbook.

Formal imperative 'bāz konid'.

8

کتاب‌درسی فارسی کجاست؟

Where is the Persian textbook?

Specifying the subject of the textbook.

1

باید تمام فصل‌های این کتاب‌درسی را مطالعه کنیم.

We must study all the chapters of this textbook.

Modal verb 'bāyad' + subjunctive.

2

کتاب‌درسی علوم شامل آزمایش‌های جالبی است.

The science textbook includes interesting experiments.

Verb 'shāmel budan' (to include).

3

او ترجیح می‌دهد از کتاب‌درسی دیجیتال استفاده کند.

He prefers to use a digital textbook.

Compound adjective 'digital'.

4

قیمت کتاب‌های درسی امسال افزایش یافته است.

The price of textbooks has increased this year.

Formal verb 'afzāyesh yāftan'.

5

معلم از روی کتاب‌درسی برای ما توضیح داد.

The teacher explained to us from the textbook.

Prepositional phrase 'az ru-ye'.

6

من هنوز کتاب‌درسی تاریخ را نخریده‌ام.

I haven't bought the history textbook yet.

Negative present perfect.

7

آیا این کتاب‌درسی برای امتحان کافی است؟

Is this textbook sufficient for the exam?

Adjective 'kāfi' (sufficient).

8

او یادداشت‌های خود را در حاشیه‌ی کتاب‌درسی می‌نویسد.

He writes his notes in the margin of the textbook.

Noun 'hāshiye' (margin).

1

تغییرات اخیر در کتاب‌درسی تاریخ بحث‌برانگیز بوده است.

Recent changes in the history textbook have been controversial.

Adjective 'bahs-barangiz' (controversial).

2

دانش‌آموزان باید مطالب کتاب‌درسی را به دقت تحلیل کنند.

Students must carefully analyze the textbook material.

Adverbial phrase 'be deghat' (carefully).

3

این کتاب‌درسی به عنوان منبع اصلی در اکثر مدارس استفاده می‌شود.

This textbook is used as the primary source in most schools.

Passive-like construction with 'estefāde shodan'.

4

نویسندگان کتاب‌درسی باید به استانداردهای آموزشی پایبند باشند.

Textbook authors must adhere to educational standards.

Verb 'pāyband budan' (to be committed/adhere).

5

او معتقد است که کتاب‌درسی نباید تنها منبع یادگیری باشد.

He believes that the textbook should not be the only source of learning.

Negative subjunctive 'nabāshad'.

6

توزیع کتاب‌های درسی در مناطق دورافتاده با مشکل مواجه شده است.

The distribution of textbooks in remote areas has faced problems.

Compound verb 'bā moshkel movājeh shodan'.

7

محتوای کتاب‌درسی باید با نیازهای روز جامعه هماهنگ باشد.

Textbook content must be coordinated with the current needs of society.

Adjective 'hamāhang' (coordinated/aligned).

8

برخی از والدین از حجم زیاد مطالب در کتاب‌درسی شکایت دارند.

Some parents complain about the high volume of material in the textbook.

Noun 'hajm' (volume/bulk).

1

نقد و بررسی ساختار کتاب‌درسی یکی از وظایف شورای عالی آموزش است.

Critiquing the structure of textbooks is one of the duties of the Supreme Council of Education.

Gerund-like use of 'naghd o baresi'.

2

کتاب‌های درسی نقش مهمی در بازتولید ارزش‌های فرهنگی ایفا می‌کنند.

Textbooks play an important role in the reproduction of cultural values.

Sociological term 'bāztolid' (reproduction).

3

عدم توازن جنسیتی در تصاویر کتاب‌درسی مورد انتقاد قرار گرفته است.

Gender imbalance in textbook illustrations has been criticized.

Complex noun phrase 'adam-e tavāzon-e jensiyati'.

4

مولفان در تدوین این کتاب‌درسی از رویکردهای نوین پداگوژیک بهره گرفته‌اند.

The authors utilized modern pedagogical approaches in compiling this textbook.

Formal verb 'bahre gereftan' (to utilize).

5

بومی‌سازی محتوای کتاب‌درسی برای مناطق مختلف ضروری به نظر می‌رسد.

Localizing textbook content for different regions seems necessary.

Abstract noun 'bumi-sāzi' (localization).

6

این کتاب‌درسی به خوبی توانسته است مفاهیم پیچیده را ساده‌سازی کند.

This textbook has successfully simplified complex concepts.

Adverbial use of 'be khubi' (well).

7

بسیاری از متخصصان بر لزوم تعاملی شدن کتاب‌های درسی تأکید دارند.

Many experts emphasize the necessity of textbooks becoming interactive.

Adjective 'ta'āmoli' (interactive).

8

زبان به کار رفته در کتاب‌درسی باید متناسب با سن مخاطب باشد.

The language used in the textbook must be appropriate for the audience's age.

Passive participle 'be kār rafte' (employed/used).

1

تحلیل گفتمان کتاب‌های درسی تاریخ، تحولات سیاسی دهه‌های اخیر را آشکار می‌سازد.

Discourse analysis of history textbooks reveals the political transformations of recent decades.

Academic term 'tahlil-e goftmān' (discourse analysis).

2

کتاب‌درسی به مثابه یک رسانه، در شکل‌دهی به جهان‌بینی دانش‌آموزان عمل می‌کند.

The textbook, as a medium, functions in shaping the students' worldview.

Formal preposition 'be masābe-ye' (as/in the capacity of).

3

دیالکتیک میان متن کتاب‌درسی و تفسیر معلم، فضای آموزشی را می‌سازد.

The dialectic between the textbook text and the teacher's interpretation creates the educational space.

Philosophical term 'diyālektik'.

4

استانداردسازی متون در کتاب‌درسی ممکن است به خلاقیت فردی آسیب برساند.

Standardizing texts in textbooks might harm individual creativity.

Modal 'momken ast' + subjunctive.

5

تطور تاریخی کتاب‌های درسی در ایران، بازتابی از مدرنیزاسیون آموزشی است.

The historical evolution of textbooks in Iran is a reflection of educational modernization.

Formal noun 'tatavvor' (evolution).

6

هرگونه حذف یا اضافه‌ای در کتاب‌درسی، پیامدهای گسترده‌ی اجتماعی و سیاسی دارد.

Any omission or addition in the textbook has widespread social and political consequences.

Compound subject 'hazf yā ezāfe'.

7

روایت‌های موجود در کتاب‌درسی اغلب نسخه‌ای رسمی از حقیقت را ارائه می‌دهند.

The narratives present in the textbook often provide an official version of the truth.

Noun 'revāyat' (narrative).

8

پارادایم‌های حاکم بر تالیف کتاب‌درسی در حال گذار به سمت رویکردهای کل‌نگر هستند.

The paradigms governing textbook authorship are transitioning toward holistic approaches.

Academic term 'pārādāym' (paradigm).

常见搭配

تالیف کتاب‌درسی
توزیع کتاب‌درسی
تغییر کتاب‌درسی
خرید کتاب‌درسی
مطالعه کتاب‌درسی
محتوای کتاب‌درسی
کتاب‌درسی رایگان
اشتباه در کتاب‌درسی
چاپ کتاب‌درسی
نسخه پی‌دی‌اف کتاب‌درسی

常用短语

از روی کتاب‌درسی خواندن

کتاب‌درسی را زیر و رو کردن

طبق کتاب‌درسی

فصل اول کتاب‌درسی

حذفیات کتاب‌درسی

کتاب‌درسی نایاب

جلد کردن کتاب‌درسی

کتاب‌درسی دست دوم

بر اساس کتاب‌درسی

کتاب‌درسی مصور

习语与表达

"کتاب‌درسی متحرک"

Someone who knows a subject perfectly, like a walking textbook.

استاد ما یک کتاب‌درسی متحرک است.

Informal

"حرفش کتاب‌درسی است"

What they say is the absolute, standard truth (metaphorical).

حرف او در این زمینه کتاب‌درسی است.

Formal

"مثل کتاب‌درسی حرف زدن"

To speak very formally or pedantically.

چرا اینقدر خشک و مثل کتاب‌درسی حرف می‌زنی؟

Informal

"کتاب‌درسی را قورت دادن"

To memorize or master a textbook completely.

او کتاب‌درسی فیزیک را قورت داده است.

Slang

"خط به خط کتاب‌درسی"

Every single detail of the textbook.

باید خط به خط کتاب‌درسی را بلد باشی.

Neutral

"کتاب‌درسی کهنه"

Outdated ideas (metaphorical).

این افکار مثل یک کتاب‌درسی کهنه هستند.

Literary

"به کتاب‌درسی اضافه کردن"

To do something so significant it should be in history books.

این قهرمانی را باید به کتاب‌درسی اضافه کرد.

Informal

"سرش توی کتاب‌درسی است"

To be constantly studying.

او همیشه سرش توی کتاب‌درسی است و وقت ندارد.

Informal

"کتاب‌درسی زندگی"

The lessons learned from life experience.

تجربه، بهترین کتاب‌درسی زندگی است.

Literary

"از کتاب‌درسی عقب ماندن"

To fall behind the class curriculum.

اگر غیبت کنی، از کتاب‌درسی عقب می‌مانی.

Neutral
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