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منهای

B1 noun #1,600 最常用 7分钟阅读

منهای

menhâ 前1,600

开始练习例句笔记与提示 منهای 30秒了解

解析 منهای in your Level:

At the A1 level, you only need to know 'منهای' (menhā-ye) as a word for math. Think of it as the 'minus' sign (-). When you want to say 5 - 2 = 3, you say 'پنج منهای دو می‌شود سه'. It is one of the first words you learn for numbers. You might also hear it when talking about very cold weather, like 'منهای پنج درجه' (minus five degrees). Don't worry about using it in long sentences yet. Just remember it connects two numbers. It's like a bridge between numbers that takes something away. You can practice by doing simple math problems in Persian. For example, what is 'ده منهای هفت'? If you know the answer is 'سه', you are using the word correctly! Keep it simple and focus on the 'minus' meaning.

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At the A2 level, you can start using 'منهای' for simple exclusions in lists. For example, if you are talking about your family but excluding one person, you could say 'همه خانواده منهای برادرم'. However, 'به جز' is still more common for people. You will see 'منهای' more often in shopping contexts. If a shop has a discount, the price is 'قیمت اصلی منهای تخفیف'. You should also notice the 'Ezafe' (the 'ye' sound) at the end: 'menhā-ye'. This connects the word to what follows. You might hear it in basic news reports about the weather or simple statistics. It's a step up from just math; it's now about taking one thing out of a group.

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At the B1 level, 'منهای' becomes a useful tool for more precise communication. You should use it to describe net amounts, logical exclusions, and in professional settings. For instance, when discussing a project, you might say 'The plan is ready minus the budget' (طرح منهای بودجه آماده است). This sounds more professional than using 'بدون'. You are now expected to understand the difference between 'منهای' (mathematical/logical exclusion) and 'بدون' (general absence). You will encounter this word in textbooks, news articles, and workplace discussions. It helps you define boundaries and specific criteria. It's also the standard way to discuss negative numbers in a more formal or academic way.

At the B2 level, you should be comfortable using 'منهای' in abstract and metaphorical ways. You might hear it in a lecture about social issues: 'جامعه منهای فقر' (A society minus poverty). Here, it's not just about numbers, but about a vision of removal. You should also be able to distinguish it from more formal synonyms like 'به استثنای' (with the exception of) or 'با کسرِ' (deducting). At this level, you understand that 'منهای' carries a tone of objective analysis. You can use it in essays to define the scope of your argument, such as 'This study covers all regions minus the northern provinces.' Your usage should be fluid, correctly applying the Ezafe and placing it naturally within complex sentence structures.

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At the C1 level, 'منهای' is used with nuance in technical, legal, and philosophical contexts. You will see it in complex legal contracts to define exclusions from liability or in scientific papers to describe variables being removed from a model. You should understand its etymological roots and how it functions as a noun in phrases like 'عمل منها' (the operation of subtraction). You can use it to create sharp, concise prose. For example, 'Humanity minus empathy is merely biology.' This level of abstraction shows a deep grasp of the word's logical function. You are also aware of how it contrasts with Arabic-derived formalisms and can choose the most appropriate register for high-level Persian discourse.

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At the C2 level, your mastery of 'منهای' is absolute. You can use it to play with language, perhaps in poetry or advanced rhetoric, where the mathematical coldness of the word contrasts with emotional themes. You understand its role in the history of Persian mathematics and its transition from a purely technical term to a versatile preposition. You can effortlessly navigate between 'منهای', 'الا', 'به استثنای', and 'سلب', choosing the one that perfectly fits the rhythmic and stylistic needs of your writing. You might use it to critique complex systems, defining them by what they lack or what has been subtracted from them. It is no longer just a word, but a precise tool for logical deconstruction in your most sophisticated Persian communications.

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开始练习例句笔记与提示

منهای 30秒了解

Used for subtraction in math (e.g., 10 - 5).
Acts as a preposition meaning 'excluding' or 'minus'.
Commonly used in weather for sub-zero temperatures.
Essential for professional contexts like finance and logic.

The Persian word منهای (menhā-ye) is a multifaceted term primarily functioning as a mathematical operator and a preposition of exclusion. At its core, it represents the act of subtraction or the state of being 'minus' something. In the realm of mathematics, it is the standard way to express the subtraction of one number from another. However, its utility extends far beyond the classroom. In daily conversation, it serves as a sophisticated way to say 'excluding,' 'except for,' or 'less.' For a B1 learner, mastering this word allows for more precise descriptions of groups, budgets, and logical exclusions.

Mathematical Function: Used to denote the subtraction of a quantity. For example, 'ten minus two' is 'ده منهای دو'.
Prepositional Use: Used to exclude a specific item or person from a general statement, similar to 'excluding' or 'but'.
Grammatical Note: It often takes the 'Ezafe' (the short 'ye' sound at the end) when connecting to the noun it modifies.

همه دوستانم آمدند منهای علی که مریض بود.

Translation: All my friends came minus Ali, who was sick.

Understanding 'Menha' requires recognizing its Arabic roots (min-ha, meaning 'from it'), which has been fully Persianized into a noun and preposition. In formal writing, you might see it used to define net values in economics or specific criteria in legal texts. In informal speech, it is slightly more formal than 'به جز' (be joz), making it perfect for the B1 level where you are transitioning from basic to intermediate fluency. It provides a bridge between simple arithmetic and complex logical reasoning.

پنج منهای سه می‌شود دو.

هزینه سفر منهای بلیط هواپیما، صد دلار است.

Synonym Comparison: Compared to 'بدون' (without), 'منهای' implies a subtraction from a total, whereas 'بدون' simply denotes absence.

کل جمعیت منهای کودکان، واجد شرایط هستند.

دمای هوا ده درجه منهای صفر است.

Using منهای correctly involves understanding its placement in a sentence. In mathematical contexts, it sits between two numbers, acting as the operator. In more abstract or conversational contexts, it follows a general group or total and precedes the specific item being excluded. It is almost always used with the Ezafe construction (menhā-ye) unless it stands alone as a noun in a technical definition. For B1 students, the challenge is often choosing between 'منهای' and 'به جز'. 'منهای' feels more analytical and precise, often used when dealing with quantities, lists, or logical sets.

Structure 1: Math: [Number A] + منهای + [Number B] + می‌شود + [Result].
Structure 2: Exclusion: [Total Group] + منهایِ + [Excluded Item].

حقوق خالص یعنی حقوق ناخالص منهای مالیات.

In formal settings, such as news reports or academic papers, 'منهای' is used to define parameters. For instance, 'The population of the city minus the suburbs.' It implies a subtraction from a whole. If you are describing a recipe and say 'all ingredients minus the salt,' you are indicating that salt is the only thing missing from the set. This word is also essential for describing temperatures below zero, though 'زیرِ صفر' is more common, 'منهایِ پنج درجه' is perfectly valid and used in scientific weather reports.

او تمام کتاب‌هایش را منهای این یکی فروخت.

این پروژه منهای بخش مالی، آماده است.

Register Check: Use 'منهای' in professional emails or math contexts. Use 'بجز' in casual conversation with friends.

تعداد شرکت‌کنندگان منهای غایبین، بیست نفر است.

You will encounter منهای in several distinct environments. The most common is the educational system. From the first day of primary school, Iranian children use this word daily. If you walk past a classroom, you might hear a teacher asking, 'هشت منهای چهار چند می‌شود؟' (What is eight minus four?). Beyond school, it is a staple of financial news. When reporters discuss 'net profit' or 'budget deficits,' they often use 'منهای' to explain which costs were subtracted from the gross revenue. It is also common in technical manuals and legal documents where precise exclusions are necessary.

In the Market: When calculating discounts or weighing goods (e.g., gross weight minus packaging).
Weather Reports: Used to describe sub-zero temperatures, especially in formal broadcasts.

وزن خالص یعنی وزن کل منهای وزن ظرف.

In modern Iranian media, especially podcasts and talk shows focusing on psychology or social issues, you might hear 'منهای' used metaphorically. For example, 'زندگی منهای استرس' (Life minus stress). This usage is becoming increasingly popular as it sounds clean and modern. In administrative settings, when filling out forms or discussing payroll, 'منهای بیمه و مالیات' (minus insurance and taxes) is a phrase every employee knows. It is a word that signifies clarity and the removal of the unnecessary.

امروز دمای تبریز به منهای ده درجه رسید.

قیمت نهایی، قیمت روی کالا منهای تخفیف است.

One of the most frequent errors for learners is confusing منهای with بدون (without). While they both imply an absence, 'منهای' is used when something is being actively removed or excluded from a specific set or total. 'بدون' is more general. For example, you would say 'قهوه بدون شکر' (coffee without sugar), but you would not usually say 'قهوه منهای شکر' unless you were looking at a list of ingredients and crossing sugar off. Another mistake is forgetting the Ezafe. Saying 'ده منها دو' sounds like a toddler speaking; 'ده منهایِ دو' is the correct form.

Mistake 1: Misusing with 'Without': Don't use 'منهای' for simple absence. Use it for subtraction/exclusion from a whole.
Mistake 2: Missing Ezafe: Always add the 'ye' sound (منهایِ) when followed by a noun.

غلط: من چای منهای قند می‌خورم. (Incorrect use for 'without')

Learners also sometimes confuse 'منهای' with 'کم' (less/few). While 'کم' can mean subtraction in very informal street math ('ده تا کم کن'), 'منهای' is the proper term. Additionally, ensure you don't confuse it with 'منها' (the noun 'subtraction'). You can say 'عملیات منها' (the operation of subtraction), but you cannot say 'ده منها دو'. The 'ye' is crucial for the relationship between the numbers. Lastly, avoid using it in emotional contexts where 'بدون' is more appropriate, such as 'Life without you' (زندگی بدون تو), as 'زندگی منهای تو' sounds like a cold mathematical equation.

درست: سود خالص، درآمد منهای مخارج است.

To truly understand منهای, it helps to compare it with its linguistic cousins. Persian has several ways to express exclusion and subtraction, each with a specific nuance. 'به جز' (be joz) is the most common synonym in daily speech, meaning 'except for.' 'سلب' (salb) is a more formal, often legal term meaning 'deprivation' or 'taking away.' 'کسر' (kasr) refers to the act of deducting or a fraction in math. Understanding these differences will help you choose the right word for the right situation.

منهای vs. به جز: 'منهای' is analytical/mathematical; 'به جز' is conversational/general.
منهای vs. بدون: 'منهای' implies subtraction from a total; 'بدون' implies simple absence.
منهای vs. کسر: 'منهای' is the operator (minus); 'کسر' is the action (deduction) or a fraction.

همه آمدند به جز سارا. (More natural for people)

In academic writing, you might see 'با کسرِ' (with the deduction of) used instead of 'منهای'. For example, 'With the deduction of taxes' (با کسرِ مالیات). However, 'منهای' remains the most versatile for both math and logical sets. In logic, 'منهای' is used to describe the difference between two sets. If you are a B1 learner, stick to 'منهای' for numbers and 'به جز' for people until you feel comfortable with the more clinical tone of 'منهای'.

مجموعه A منهای مجموعه B. (Mathematical set theory)

How Formal Is It?

难度评级

需要掌握的语法

Ezafe construction

Prepositional phrases

Mathematical expressions

Exclusionary clauses

Noun-adjunct relationships

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按水平分级的例句

دو منهای یک می‌شود یک.

Two minus one is one.

Simple math structure.

ده منهای پنج چند است؟

What is ten minus five?

Asking a question in math.

چهار منهای دو می‌شود دو.

Four minus two is two.

Basic subtraction.

هفت منهای سه می‌شود چهار.

Seven minus three is four.

Basic subtraction.

دمای هوا منهای یک درجه است.

The temperature is minus one degree.

Using minus for temperature.

شش منهای سه می‌شود سه.

Six minus three is three.

Basic subtraction.

هشت منهای هشت می‌شود صفر.

Eight minus eight is zero.

Subtracting a number from itself.

نه منهای یک می‌شود هشت.

Nine minus one is eight.

Basic subtraction.

همه میوه‌ها را شستم منهای سیب‌ها.

I washed all the fruits minus the apples.

Exclusion from a list.

قیمت غذا منهای نوشیدنی ده دلار است.

The price of food minus the drink is ten dollars.

Excluding a cost.

او همه درس‌ها را دوست دارد منهای ریاضی.

He likes all subjects minus math.

Excluding a preference.

تیم ما منهای کاپیتان بازی کرد.

Our team played minus the captain.

Excluding a person (slightly formal).

اتاق منهای پنجره خیلی تاریک است.

The room minus a window is very dark.

Logical exclusion.

کلاس منهای دو دانش‌آموز شروع شد.

The class started minus two students.

Excluding quantity from a group.

وزن جعبه منهای میوه کم است.

The weight of the box minus the fruit is low.

Subtracting weight.

برنامه منهای بخش آخر عالی بود.

The program minus the last part was great.

Excluding a segment.

سود خالص یعنی کل درآمد منهای هزینه‌ها.

Net profit means total income minus expenses.

Financial definition.

این آپارتمان منهای پارکینگ فروخته می‌شود.

This apartment is sold minus the parking space.

Real estate exclusion.

همه مدارک آماده است منهای گواهی پزشکی.

All documents are ready minus the medical certificate.

Administrative exclusion.

جمعیت شهر منهای حومه، یک میلیون نفر است.

The city population minus the suburbs is one million.

Statistical exclusion.

او تمام کتاب را منهای فصل آخر خواند.

She read the whole book minus the last chapter.

Excluding a part of a whole.

حقوق من منهای بیمه، ناچیز است.

My salary minus insurance is negligible.

Economic context.

سفر خوبی بود منهای هوای بد.

It was a good trip minus the bad weather.

Excluding a negative factor.

پروژه منهای بخش فنی، تکمیل شده است.

The project minus the technical part is completed.

Project management.

دمای هوا در زمستان به منهای بیست درجه می‌رسد.

The temperature reaches minus twenty degrees in winter.

Formal weather reporting.

این نظریه منهای شواهد تجربی، ارزشی ندارد.

This theory minus empirical evidence has no value.

Academic critique.

او تمام دارایی‌اش را منهای خانه‌اش بخشید.

He gave away all his assets minus his house.

Legal/Formal exclusion.

جامعه منهای عدالت، پایدار نخواهد بود.

A society minus justice will not be stable.

Philosophical statement.

گزارش منهای جزئیات آماری، ناقص به نظر می‌رسد.

The report minus statistical details seems incomplete.

Formal evaluation.

تعداد کل آرا منهای آرای باطله، محاسبه شد.

The total number of votes minus invalid votes was calculated.

Political/Official context.

زندگی منهای هنر، برای او معنایی ندارد.

Life minus art has no meaning for him.

Metaphorical use.

این قرارداد منهای تبصره سوم، قابل قبول است.

This contract minus the third clause is acceptable.

Legal negotiation.

تحلیل نهایی منهای متغیرهای مزاحم، دقیق‌تر است.

The final analysis minus confounding variables is more accurate.

Scientific/Statistical register.

آزادی منهای مسئولیت، به هرج و مرج می‌انجامد.

Freedom minus responsibility leads to chaos.

Political philosophy.

وزن خالص محموله منهای لفاف، ثبت گردید.

The net weight of the shipment minus packaging was recorded.

Technical/Logistics register.

ساختار فیلم منهای موسیقی متن، ضعیف جلوه می‌کند.

The film's structure minus the soundtrack appears weak.

Artistic criticism.

درآمد ناخالص ملی منهای استهلاک، درآمد خالص است.

Gross national income minus depreciation is net income.

Macroeconomic terminology.

ایمان منهای عمل، از دیدگاه او بی‌ثمر بود.

Faith minus action was fruitless from his perspective.

Theological/Philosophical.

مجموعه اعداد حقیقی منهای اعداد گویا، گنگ هستند.

The set of real numbers minus rational numbers are irrational.

Advanced mathematics.

شخصیت او منهای غرورش، بسیار دوست‌داشتنی است.

His personality minus his pride is very lovely.

Psychological abstraction.

هستی منهای آگاهی، در بن‌بست معنا گرفتار می‌شود.

Existence minus consciousness gets trapped in a dead-end of meaning.

Existential philosophy.

متن منهای زیرمتن، تنها کالبدی بی‌روح است.

The text minus the subtext is only a soulless corpse.

Literary theory.

قدرت منهای اخلاق، فاجعه‌بارترین ترکیب تاریخ است.

Power minus ethics is history's most disastrous combination.

Historical/Political rhetoric.

زمان منهای حرکت، مفهومی انتزاعی و تهی است.

Time minus motion is an abstract and empty concept.

Metaphysical discourse.

زیبایی منهای اصالت، نقابی بیش نیست.

Beauty minus authenticity is nothing more than a mask.

Aesthetic philosophy.

علم منهای تخیل، در حصار واقعیت محبوس می‌ماند.

Science minus imagination remains imprisoned within the fence of reality.

Epistemological rhetoric.

عشق منهای ایثار، به خودخواهی تقلیل می‌یابد.

Love minus sacrifice reduces to selfishness.

Moral philosophy.

تاریخ منهای حقیقت، افسانه‌ای است که فاتحان نوشته‌اند.

History minus truth is a legend written by the victors.

Historiographical critique.

常见搭配

منهای صفر

منهای مالیات

منهای تخفیف

منهای هزینه‌ها

منهای سود

منهای حومه

منهای بیمه

منهای استهلاک

منهای تورم

منهای موارد ذکر شده

常用短语

ده منهای دو

منهای پنج درجه

سود منهای ضرر

همه منهای یک نفر

درآمد منهای مخارج

وزن کل منهای ظرف

منهای بخش فنی

منهای فصل آخر

منهای مالیات بر ارزش افزوده

منهای موارد خاص

容易混淆的词

منهای vs بدون (without)

منهای vs به جز (except)

منهای vs کم (less)

习语与表达

"زندگی منهای عشق"

"منهای صفر بودن"

"همه چیز منهای یک"

"دنیا منهای تو"

"منهای انسانیت"

"منهای عقل"

"منهای وجدان"

"منهای ترس"

"منهای مرز"

"منهای زمان"

容易混淆

منهای vs بدون

Means 'without' (absence), while 'menhaye' is subtraction from a whole.

منهای vs به جز

More common for people and casual talk; 'menhaye' is more analytical.

منهای vs کم

Means 'few' or 'little'; 'menhaye' is the specific word for 'minus'.

句型

词族

如何使用

math

Standard operator for subtraction.

exclusion

More formal than 'be joz'.

常见错误

Using 'منهای' instead of 'بدون' for simple absence (e.g., coffee without sugar).
Forgetting the Ezafe 'ye' in 'منهایِ'.
Using 'منها' as a preposition without the Ezafe.
Confusing 'منهای' with 'کم' in formal writing.
Using 'منهای' for people in very casual settings where 'به جز' is expected.

小贴士

The Ezafe Rule

Always remember to add the short 'e' or 'ye' sound when connecting 'منهای' to the next word. It's 'menhā-ye', not just 'menhā'.

Math vs. People

Use 'منهای' for numbers and 'به جز' for people to sound more natural in daily Persian conversation.

Net Value

In business, use 'منهای' to explain how you reached a net total from a gross amount.

Clear Vowels

Make sure to pronounce the 'ā' in 'menhā' clearly; it's a long vowel like in 'father'.

Weather Reports

If you hear 'منهای' on the news, it's almost always about the temperature being below zero.

Formal Tone

In essays, 'منهای' can replace 'به جز' to give your writing a more academic and precise feel.

Set Theory

If you study math in Persian, 'منهای' is the word used for the difference between two sets.

The Minus Sign

Visualize the '-' sign whenever you say 'منهای'. It helps anchor the meaning of subtraction.

Bazaar Math

When bargaining, you can say 'این قیمت منهای تخفیف چنده؟' to ask for the final price.

News Keywords

In economic news, 'منهای' is a keyword that usually precedes a list of costs or deductions.

记住它

词源

Arabic 'min-hā' (منها) meaning 'from it'.

文化背景

Iranians use Celsius, so 'منهای ده' is quite cold.

Subtraction is called 'عمل تفریق' but the operator is 'منها'.

在生活中练习

真实语境

对话开场白

"ده منهای چهار چند میشه؟"

"دمای هوا امروز منهای چند درجه است؟"

"حقوق شما منهای مالیات چقدره؟"

"همه دوستات میان منهای کی؟"

"این کتاب رو خوندی منهای کدوم فصل؟"

日记主题

Write about a day that was perfect 'منهای' one small thing.

Describe your monthly budget using 'منهای' for expenses.

List your favorite foods 'منهای' one you hate.

Describe a city 'منهای' its traffic.

Write about your life 'منهای' social media.

常见问题

10 个问题

Yes, but it sounds a bit more formal or analytical than 'به جز'. For example, 'همه آمدند منهای علی' is correct but 'همه آمدند به جز علی' is more common in speech.

'منها' is the noun (subtraction), while 'منهای' is the prepositional form used with Ezafe to mean 'minus'. You say 'عمل منها' but 'ده منهای دو'.

Yes, it is the standard way to say 'minus' in weather reports, such as 'منهای پنج درجه' (minus five degrees).

In almost all cases when followed by another word, it needs the Ezafe (menhā-ye). Only when it stands alone as a noun does it not.

It comes from the Arabic 'min-ha' but it is used as a standard Persian word now.

You say 'علامت منها' (alāmat-e menhā).

Absolutely. It is the best word for 'net' calculations, like 'income minus expenses'.

In very informal math, people might say 'ده تا کم کن' (take away ten), but 'منهای' is the proper mathematical term.

Yes, modern poets use it to express loss or exclusion in a stark, mathematical way.

It is generally considered B1 because it moves from basic math (A1) to more complex logical exclusion.

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