پوست
پوست 30秒了解
- Pust means skin, peel, or shell.
- Used for humans, animals, fruits, and trees.
- Commonly paired with 'kandan' to mean 'to peel'.
- Used in many idioms like 'pust-koloft' (thick-skinned).
The Persian word پوست (Pust) is a fundamental noun that primarily refers to the biological outer layer of a living organism. However, its utility in the Persian language extends far beyond human anatomy. At its core, it signifies the boundary between an internal entity and the external world. Whether you are discussing the delicate skin of a newborn, the rugged bark of an ancient oak tree, or the protective peel of a citrus fruit, 'Pust' is the go-to term. In a biological sense, it is the largest organ of the body, and in Persian culture, it is often associated with health, beauty, and even one's internal state of being. The word is ancient, rooted in Indo-European origins, and has maintained its clarity over centuries of linguistic evolution.
- Biological Context
- Refers to the human integumentary system, including the epidermis and dermis. It is used in medical, cosmetic, and daily contexts.
او پوست بسیار لطیفی دارد. (She has very soft skin.)
Beyond humans, 'Pust' describes the protective layer of fruits and vegetables. When you peel an orange or a potato, you are removing the 'Pust'. This specific usage is vital in culinary Persian. Furthermore, in the context of animals, it can refer to the hide or fur-covered skin, often used in the leather industry (though 'Charm' is specifically leather, 'Pust' is the raw hide). The versatility of this word makes it one of the first nouns a learner should master, as it appears in medical, culinary, industrial, and metaphorical conversations daily.
- Botanical Context
- Refers to the bark of trees (پوست درخت) or the rind/peel of fruits (پوست میوه).
قبل از خوردن سیب، پوست آن را بگیر. (Peel the apple before eating it.)
In a more abstract sense, 'Pust' can represent the surface level of an issue. When someone says they have gone 'under the skin' of a matter, they are looking deeper than the 'Pust'. It also features heavily in idioms regarding resilience and transformation. For example, 'shedding skin' (pust andākhtan) symbolizes a profound metamorphosis or a difficult period of growth. This dual nature of being both a physical object and a metaphorical boundary gives the word a rich depth in Persian literature and everyday speech.
- Industrial Context
- Refers to raw hides or pelts used in making clothing or rugs, especially in traditional Persian crafts.
این کت از پوست طبیعی ساخته شده است. (This coat is made of natural skin/hide.)
پوست درخت در زمستان خشک میشود. (The tree bark dries out in winter.)
او برای محافظت از پوستش از کرم ضدآفتاب استفاده میکند. (He uses sunscreen to protect his skin.)
Using 'Pust' correctly involves understanding its role as a noun and its common verbal pairings. In Persian, nouns often combine with 'light verbs' to create specific meanings. For 'Pust', the most common verb is 'kandan' (to dig/pull), which together mean 'to peel' or 'to skin'. If you are in a kitchen, you would say 'Pust-e sib rā bekan' (Peel the apple). In a medical context, you might use 'dāshtan' (to have) to describe skin conditions: 'Pust-e khoshk dāram' (I have dry skin). The word is also central to the beauty industry in Iran, where 'salāmat-e pust' (skin health) is a major topic of conversation.
- Common Verb Pairings
- 1. Pust kandan (To peel/skin) 2. Pust andākhtan (To shed skin) 3. Pust mālidan (To rub/apply to skin).
مادرم همیشه پوست خیار را میگیرد. (My mother always peels the cucumber.)
When describing the texture or quality of skin, Persian uses a variety of adjectives. 'Latif' (soft), 'zabr' (rough), 'khoshk' (dry), and 'charb' (oily) are the most frequent. Note that 'Pust' is also used for the shells of nuts like walnuts or pistachios. If you want to say 'walnut shell', you say 'pust-e gerdu'. This highlights the word's function as any 'outer casing'. In formal writing, 'Pust' remains the standard term, though technical medical texts might use 'jeld' in specific anatomical contexts, 'Pust' is universally understood and preferred.
- Descriptive Adjectives
- Pust-e hassās (Sensitive skin), Pust-e dāgh (Hot skin/feverish), Pust-e taveh (Tanned skin).
این گردو پوست خیلی سفتی دارد. (This walnut has a very hard shell.)
Metaphorically, 'Pust' is used to describe resilience. The phrase 'pust-koloft' (thick-skinned) is used exactly like its English counterpart to describe someone who is not easily offended or who can endure hardships. Conversely, 'pust-nāzok' (thin-skinned) describes someone very sensitive. These compound adjectives are essential for intermediate and advanced learners to describe personality traits. Understanding these nuances allows a learner to transition from basic descriptions to nuanced character analysis in Persian.
- Metaphorical Usage
- Pust-koloft (Thick-skinned/Resilient), Pust-nāzok (Sensitive/Fragile).
او در برابر مشکلات خیلی پوستکلفت است. (He is very thick-skinned against problems.)
مارها سالی یک بار پوست میاندازند. (Snakes shed their skin once a year.)
You will encounter the word 'Pust' in a diverse array of settings in Iran. One of the most common places is the 'Arāyeshgāh' (beauty salon) or 'Dārukhāne' (pharmacy). Iranians place a high value on skincare, and you will often hear people asking for 'kerem-e pust' (skin cream) or discussing 'moshkelāt-e pusti' (skin problems). Advertisements on television and social media frequently use the word to promote soaps, lotions, and treatments. In these contexts, the word is associated with health, youth, and radiance.
- Health & Beauty
- Hear it at: Dermatologists (Motakhases-e Pust), Pharmacies, and Cosmetics shops.
باید به متخصص پوست مراجعه کنم. (I need to see a dermatologist.)
Another common location is the 'Bāzār' (market). If you are buying fruits, nuts, or even leather goods, 'Pust' will come up. A vendor might tell you that a certain fruit has a 'pust-e nāzok' (thin skin) and is very sweet. In the traditional leather markets, you might hear 'pust' used to refer to raw pelts or sheepskins used for rugs. In the kitchen, parents often tell children to peel fruits, using the word 'pust' as a command. It is a word that bridges the gap between the professional medical world and the domestic household chore.
- The Marketplace
- Hear it at: Fruit stands, Nut shops (Aji-forushi), and Leather merchants.
این پرتقالها پوست خیلی نازکی دارند. (These oranges have very thin skin/peel.)
In literature and music, 'Pust' is often used metaphorically. You might hear it in a poem describing the 'pust' of the earth or in a song about someone being so happy they 'cannot fit in their skin' (dar pust-e khod nagonjidan). This idiomatic usage is very common in emotional storytelling. Furthermore, in news reports regarding the environment, you might hear about the 'pust-e zamin' (the earth's crust/surface). Whether it's the literal skin or a metaphorical layer, the word is omnipresent in the Persian auditory landscape.
- Media & Literature
- Hear it in: Poetry, Pop songs, and Scientific documentaries about nature.
از خوشحالی در پوست خود نمیگنجید. (He was bursting with joy - literally: not fitting in his skin.)
پوست تخممرغ را نشکن. (Don't break the eggshell.)
One of the most frequent mistakes for learners is confusing 'Pust' with 'Charm'. While both can translate to 'skin' in certain contexts, 'Charm' (چرم) specifically refers to processed leather used for shoes, bags, and jackets. If you call your leather jacket 'pust', it sounds like you are wearing a raw, unprocessed animal hide, which might sound strange or even barbaric. Always use 'Charm' for fashion items and 'Pust' for the biological skin of a living being or the raw material before it is tanned.
- Pust vs. Charm
- Use 'Pust' for biological skin/peel. Use 'Charm' for leather products.
اشتباه: این کیف از پوست است. (Incorrect: This bag is made of [raw] skin.)
Another common error is using the wrong verb for 'peeling'. While 'kandan' (to dig/pull) is the most common, beginners often try to use 'pāk kardan' (to clean), which is used for cleaning vegetables but not specifically for peeling them. To 'peel' an apple, you must 'pust-ash rā bekani' or 'pust begiri'. Using 'pāk kardan' might imply you are just washing it. Additionally, learners sometimes forget the Ezafe when connecting 'Pust' to the object. It's always 'Pust-e [Object]', never just 'Pust [Object]'.
- Verb Confusion
- Correct: Pust kandan / Pust gereftan. Incorrect: Pust pāk kardan.
درست: پوست پرتقال را گرفتم. (Correct: I peeled the orange.)
Finally, be careful with the idiom 'pust-e kasi rā kandan'. While literally it means 'to skin someone', it is a very common idiom meaning 'to punish someone severely' or 'to give someone a hard time'. If you use this literally in a medical context, it might cause quite a shock! Similarly, 'pust-koloft' is a compliment for resilience but can be an insult if you imply someone is insensitive to others' feelings. Context is key when moving from literal to figurative usage.
- Idiomatic Pitfalls
- Pust-e kasi rā kandan is figurative. Don't use it if you just mean someone has a scratch!
معلم پوست ما را با تکالیف زیاد کند! (The teacher 'skinned' us with too much homework!)
او پوست حساسی دارد و زود قرمز میشود. (He has sensitive skin and turns red quickly.)
While 'Pust' is the most common word for skin, several other words share its semantic space. 'Charm' (چرم), as mentioned, is the most important distinction for leather. 'Jeld' (جلد) is another word often translated as 'skin' or 'cover'. However, 'Jeld' is almost exclusively used for the cover of a book or a specific anatomical layer in very formal medical Persian. You would never say 'pust-e ketāb' (skin of a book); it must be 'jeld-e ketāb'. Conversely, you rarely use 'jeld' for human skin in daily life.
- Pust vs. Jeld
- Pust: Living skin, fruit peel. Jeld: Book cover, formal anatomical layer.
این کتاب جلد سختی دارد. (This book has a hard cover.)
For the 'shell' of animals like turtles or crabs, the word 'Lāk' (لاک) is used. While 'Pust' can be used for an eggshell or a nut shell, 'Lāk' is specific to the hard protective shells of certain creatures. If you call a turtle's shell 'pust', it sounds too soft. Another related word is 'Qesh' (قشر), which means 'layer' or 'crust'. This is often used in scientific contexts, like 'qesh-e makh' (cerebral cortex) or 'qesh-e zamin' (earth's crust). While 'Pust' is the physical skin, 'Qesh' is the technical 'layer'.
- Pust vs. Lāk
- Pust: Soft/flexible skin. Lāk: Hard animal shell (turtle, crab).
لاکپشت به داخل لاک خود رفت. (The turtle went into its shell.)
Lastly, 'Ruye' (رویه) can mean 'surface' or 'covering'. It is often used for the upper part of a shoe or the surface of furniture. While 'Pust' is organic, 'Ruye' is usually man-made. Understanding these distinctions helps you choose the precise word for the 'outer layer' you are describing. Whether it's the biological 'Pust', the industrial 'Charm', the literary 'Jeld', or the protective 'Lāk', each word has its own specific domain in the Persian language.
- Pust vs. Qesh
- Pust: General/Common term. Qesh: Scientific/Technical term for 'layer'.
قشر زمین از سنگ ساخته شده است. (The earth's crust is made of rock.)
او پوست گردو را شکست. (He broke the walnut shell.)
How Formal Is It?
难度评级
需要掌握的语法
Ezafe construction
Compound verbs with 'kandan'
Adjective placement
Pluralization with -hā
Indefinite -i
按水平分级的例句
پوست من سفید است.
My skin is white.
Subject + Noun + Adjective + Verb 'to be'.
این سیب پوست قرمز دارد.
This apple has red skin.
Using 'dāshtan' (to have) to describe attributes.
پوست موز زرد است.
The banana peel is yellow.
Ezafe construction: Pust-e moz.
او پوست نرمی دارد.
She has soft skin.
Adjective 'narm' with indefinite 'i'.
پوست این پرتقال را بکن.
Peel this orange.
Imperative mood: 'bekan' (peel/dig).
پوست دستم خشک است.
The skin of my hand is dry.
Compound subject with Ezafe.
آیا پوست خیار را میخوری؟
Do you eat cucumber skin?
Simple present question.
پوست حیوانات گرم است.
Animal skin/fur is warm.
Plural noun 'heyvānāt'.
من برای پوستم کرم خریدم.
I bought cream for my skin.
Preposition 'barāye' (for).
پوست درخت قهوهای است.
The tree bark is brown.
Genitive link between 'pust' and 'derakht'.
او پوست صورتش را شست.
He washed the skin of his face.
Past tense 'shost' (washed).
پوست گردو خیلی سفت است.
The walnut shell is very hard.
Adverb 'kheyli' (very) + adjective 'seft' (hard).
باید پوست سیبزمینی را بگیریم.
We must peel the potatoes.
Modal verb 'bāyad' (must).
پوست او در آفتاب سوخت.
His skin burned in the sun.
Intransitive verb 'sokhtan' (to burn).
این صابون برای پوست خوب است.
This soap is good for the skin.
Simple descriptive sentence.
پوست ماهی فلس دارد.
Fish skin has scales.
Biological description.
او به خاطر حساسیت پوست، به دکتر رفت.
He went to the doctor because of skin sensitivity.
Compound noun 'hassāsiyat-e pust'.
پوست شکلات را دور نینداز.
Don't throw away the chocolate wrapper.
Metaphorical use of 'pust' for wrapper.
آب زیاد برای سلامت پوست مفید است.
Drinking a lot of water is useful for skin health.
Abstract concept 'salāmat-e pust'.
او خیلی پوستکلفت است و ناراحت نمیشود.
He is very thick-skinned and doesn't get upset.
Compound adjective 'pust-koloft'.
پوست لیمو را رنده کن.
Grate the lemon zest/peel.
Culinary instruction.
او از ماسک پوست استفاده میکند.
She uses a skin mask.
Modern lifestyle vocabulary.
پوست مار به تدریج عوض میشود.
Snake skin changes gradually.
Adverb 'be tadrij' (gradually).
این کرم پوست را نرم و لطیف میکند.
This cream makes the skin soft and delicate.
Causative structure with 'kardan'.
او چنان خوشحال بود که در پوست خود نمیگنجید.
He was so happy he couldn't fit in his skin.
Idiomatic expression of extreme joy.
اگر درس نخوانی، پدرت پوستت را میکند!
If you don't study, your father will skin you (punish you)!
Colloquial idiom for severe punishment.
پوست انداختن برای او یک شروع دوباره بود.
Shedding skin was a new beginning for him.
Metaphor for personal transformation.
این دارو لکههای پوست را از بین میبرد.
This medicine removes skin spots.
Phrasal verb 'az beyn bordan' (to destroy/remove).
پوست گوسفند را برای ساختن زیرانداز استفاده کردند.
They used sheepskin to make a rug.
Industrial/Craft usage.
او در برابر انتقادها پوستکلفت شده است.
He has become thick-skinned against criticisms.
Perfect tense 'shodeh ast'.
پوست میوهها حاوی ویتامینهای زیادی است.
Fruit peels contain many vitamins.
Formal/Scientific tone.
اشعه فرابنفش به عمق پوست نفوذ میکند.
UV rays penetrate deep into the skin.
Technical vocabulary 'nofuz kardan'.
نویسنده در این کتاب، از پوستهی ظاهری جامعه عبور میکند.
In this book, the author goes beyond the superficial shell of society.
Metaphorical use of 'puste' (shell/skin).
پوست، آینهی تمامنمای سلامت داخلی بدن است.
The skin is a full-length mirror of the body's internal health.
Literary metaphor 'āyene-ye tamām-namā'.
او با مهارتی خاص، پوستِ نازکِ واقعیت را شکافت.
With a special skill, he split the thin skin of reality.
Poetic/Abstract imagery.
صنعت دباغی، فرآیند تبدیل پوست به چرم است.
The tanning industry is the process of converting skin into leather.
Technical/Industrial definition.
در اشعار کلاسیک، پوست گاهی نماد دنیای مادی است.
In classical poems, skin is sometimes a symbol of the material world.
Literary analysis.
تغییرات اقلیمی بر پوستهی زمین تأثیرات مخربی دارد.
Climate change has destructive effects on the earth's crust.
Geological context 'puste-ye zamin'.
او برای رسیدن به حقیقت، باید از پوست خود بیرون میآمد.
To reach the truth, he had to come out of his own skin.
Philosophical metaphor.
ظرافت پوست در نقاشیهای مینیاتور ایرانی خیرهکننده است.
The delicacy of skin in Iranian miniature paintings is stunning.
Artistic criticism.
واکاوی ساختار سلولی پوست، افقهای جدیدی در پزشکی گشوده است.
Analyzing the cellular structure of the skin has opened new horizons in medicine.
High-level academic Persian.
او در تنگنای زمان، پوست انداخت و به انسانی دیگر بدل شد.
In the constraints of time, he shed his skin and became another human.
Sophisticated literary prose.
پوست به مثابه مرزی میان 'من' و 'دیگری' در فلسفه مطرح است.
Skin as a boundary between 'self' and 'other' is discussed in philosophy.
Philosophical terminology 'be masābe-ye'.
تجملگرایی در استفاده از پوستهای کمیاب، انتقادات شدیدی را برانگیخته است.
Luxury in using rare skins has sparked intense criticism.
Socio-political discourse.
در متون کهن، واژه پوست برای اشاره به الواح نوشتاری نیز به کار میرفت.
In ancient texts, the word 'pust' was also used to refer to writing tablets (parchment).
Historical linguistics.
حفاظت از تمامیت پوست در جراحیهای پلاستیک، امری حیاتی است.
Maintaining skin integrity in plastic surgeries is vital.
Medical precision.
او با نگاهی پدیدارشناسانه، به بررسی مفهوم پوست در هنر پرداخت.
With a phenomenological gaze, he examined the concept of skin in art.
Advanced academic register.
پوستاندازی سیاسی جامعه، لزوماً به معنای بهبود وضعیت نیست.
The political 'skin-shedding' of society does not necessarily mean improvement.
Political metaphor.
常见搭配
常用短语
容易混淆的词
习语与表达
容易混淆
句型
如何使用
Pust is more organic; Jeld is more functional/artificial.
Avoid 'pust' for leather jackets.
- Using 'pust' for leather shoes.
- Forgetting the Ezafe in 'pust-e sib'.
- Using 'pāk kardan' instead of 'pust kandan' for peeling.
- Confusing 'pust' with 'peste' (pistachio).
- Using 'pust' for a book cover instead of 'jeld'.
小贴士
Kitchen Use
Always use 'pust' when talking about fruits and vegetables.
Ezafe
Don't forget the 'e' sound when connecting 'pust' to another word.
Beauty
Iranians value 'pust-e shaffāf' (clear skin) very highly.
Resilience
Use 'pust-koloft' to describe someone who handles stress well.
Leather
Remember: Pust is raw, Charm is processed leather.
Doctor
If you have a rash, tell the doctor: 'Pustam khāresh dārad'.
Trees
'Pust-e derakht' is the bark. It's a great way to describe nature.
Zest
Orange zest is 'pust-e porteghāl-e rande-shodeh'.
Snakes
Snakes 'pust mi-andāzand' (shed skin).
Versatility
Pust is one of the most versatile nouns in Persian. Learn it early!
记住它
词源
Middle Persian 'pōst', from Old Persian 'pavasta-'. Related to Sanskrit 'pavasta' (cover).
文化背景
Skincare is a multi-billion dollar industry in Iran.
Orange and lime zest (pust) are key ingredients in Persian rice dishes.
在生活中练习
真实语境
对话开场白
"Pust-e shomā kheyli khub ast. Che keremi mizani?"
"Āyā pust-e sib rā mikhuri?"
"In gerdu pust-e sefti dārad?"
"Cherā pust-e dastat ghermez shodeh?"
"In lebās az pust-e tabi'i ast?"
日记主题
Describe your skincare routine using 'pust'.
Write about a time you were so happy you 'didn't fit in your skin'.
List five fruits and describe their 'pust'.
Write about a 'pust-koloft' person you know.
Describe the 'pust' of a tree in autumn.
常见问题
10 个问题No, use 'jeld' for books. 'Pust' is for biological or organic skins.
Yes, 'pust-e tokhm-e morgh' is the correct term for eggshell.
It is 'motakhases-e pust' (skin specialist).
It can refer to the skin with fur still on it, but 'mu' is specifically hair/fur.
Pust-e sib-zamini rā bekan.
It can be both a compliment for resilience and a mild insult for lack of empathy.
It refers to the earth's crust or surface.
No, use 'ghāb' or 'kāver' for phone cases.
It means to undergo a major personal transformation or change.
Yes, it is used in both formal and informal Persian.
自我测试 185 个问题
Describe your skin type in Persian.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Write a sentence about peeling an apple.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Why is sunscreen important for the skin?
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Use the idiom 'pust-koloft' in a sentence.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Describe a walnut shell.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
What happens when a snake sheds its skin?
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Write a short paragraph about skincare.
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Use 'dar pust-e khod nagonjidan' in a sentence.
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Compare 'Pust' and 'Charm'.
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Describe the bark of an old tree.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
What is the role of skin in the body?
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Write a dialogue at a dermatologist's office.
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Explain 'pust-e kasi rā kandan'.
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Describe the skin of a peach.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
How do you make orange zest?
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Write about the 'earth's crust'.
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What is 'pust-e mār' used for?
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Describe a baby's skin.
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Write a sentence with 'pust-nāzok'.
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What is 'pust-e gerdu' used for in crafts?
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Say 'My skin is soft' in Persian.
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Ask 'Do you have dry skin?'
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Say 'Peel the orange' in Persian.
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Say 'He is thick-skinned' in Persian.
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Pronounce 'Pust' correctly.
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Say 'I need a skin cream'.
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Say 'The snake shed its skin'.
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Say 'I am bursting with joy' using the idiom.
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Say 'The walnut shell is hard'.
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Say 'Don't peel the apple'.
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Say 'I have a sunburn'.
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Say 'She has beautiful skin'.
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Say 'The tree bark is brown'.
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Say 'I'm going to the dermatologist'.
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Say 'Peel the potatoes, please'.
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你说的:
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Say 'The eggshell broke'.
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你说的:
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Say 'My skin is sensitive to soap'.
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Say 'He punished me severely' using the idiom.
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你说的:
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Say 'The orange peel smells good'.
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你说的:
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Say 'Skin is an important organ'.
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你说的:
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Listen and write: 'پوست من حساس است.'
Listen and write: 'پوست گردو را بشکن.'
Listen and write: 'او خیلی پوستکلفت است.'
Listen and write: 'پوست درخت زبر است.'
Listen and write: 'در پوست خود نمیگنجد.'
Listen and write: 'پوست سیب را بکن.'
Listen and write: 'متخصص پوست کجاست؟'
Listen and write: 'پوست مار براق است.'
Listen and write: 'پوست لیمو را رنده کن.'
Listen and write: 'پوست او در آفتاب سوخت.'
Listen and write: 'پوست بدن محافظ ماست.'
Listen and write: 'پوست هندوانه سبز است.'
Listen and write: 'پوستاندازی مار دیدنی است.'
Listen and write: 'پوست او خیلی نرم است.'
Listen and write: 'پوست گردو قهوهای است.'
/ 185 correct
Perfect score!
Summary
Mastering 'Pust' is essential because it covers everything from personal health and beauty to cooking and metaphorical resilience. Example: 'Pust-e sib' (Apple peel).
- Pust means skin, peel, or shell.
- Used for humans, animals, fruits, and trees.
- Commonly paired with 'kandan' to mean 'to peel'.
- Used in many idioms like 'pust-koloft' (thick-skinned).
Kitchen Use
Always use 'pust' when talking about fruits and vegetables.
Ezafe
Don't forget the 'e' sound when connecting 'pust' to another word.
Beauty
Iranians value 'pust-e shaffāf' (clear skin) very highly.
Resilience
Use 'pust-koloft' to describe someone who handles stress well.
例句
پوست او خیلی حساس است.
相关内容
相关表达
更多health词汇
عارضه
B1副作用或并发症。
اعصاب
B1传递感觉和运动冲动的纤维或纤维束。 (神经对于您的身体能够感觉和移动至关重要。)
عضلات
A2身体中可以通过收缩产生运动的组织。肌肉对于力量和运动至关重要。
عضله
A2肌肉:身体中能产生运动的组织。心肌是至关重要的。剧烈运动时需注意肌肉。
عفونت
A2病原体侵入生物体组织。 '他的伤口感染了。'
علائم
A2这种病的症状是什么? (What are the symptoms of this disease?)
عمل
A1外科手术;操作。 “他做了手术” 翻译为 “او عمل کرد”。
عمل جراحی
A2外科手术。 医生建议他立即进行外科手术。
عموماً
B1通常,一般而言。
عمیقاً
B1我深感(amighan)抱歉。 (I am deeply sorry.)