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B2 adjective 9分钟阅读

پرخسارت

porkhesarat
例句
解析 پرخسارت in your Level:
At the A1 level, you don't need to use 'porkhesārat' yet, but you should know it means 'very bad' and 'costs a lot of money because things broke'. Think of it as 'bad' + 'broken' + 'expensive'. If a car hits a wall, and the car is destroyed, that is 'porkhesārat'. At this stage, just remember that 'por' means 'a lot' and 'khesārat' means 'damage'. If you see it in a sentence, look for words like 'accident' or 'storm' nearby. It helps you understand that something serious happened. You can use simpler words like 'bad' (bad) or 'broken' (kharāb), but 'porkhesārat' is the word adults use when they are talking about serious problems on the news. Imagine a big rain that breaks many windows; that is the situation for this word. It's a 'big damage' word.
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At the A2 level, you can start recognizing 'porkhesārat' as a compound word. You already know 'por' (full/much) from words like 'por-rang' (colorful/dark). Now you add 'khesārat' (damage). You will hear this word when people talk about car accidents or the weather. For example, 'The rain was porkhesārat.' This means the rain caused a lot of damage to houses or cars. You can use it to make your Persian sound more grown-up. Instead of saying 'The accident was very bad,' you can say 'The accident was porkhesārat.' This tells the listener that the damage was the main part of the story. It is an adjective, so it usually comes after the noun. It's a useful word for describing any situation where something was lost or ruined.
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At the B1 level, you should be able to use 'porkhesārat' in both speaking and writing. You should understand that it is used for physical damage (like a building falling) and financial loss (like a company losing money). You can start using it with the Ezafe construction: 'tasādof-e porkhesārat' (a damaging accident). At this level, you can also use the comparative and superlative forms: 'porkhesārat-tar' and 'porkhesārat-tarin'. This is very common in news reports. You might say, 'This was the most damaging (porkhesārat-tarin) storm of the year.' You are moving beyond just 'bad' and using specific vocabulary to describe the scale of an event. It's also a good time to learn that it's often used in formal contexts like insurance or official reports.
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At the B2 level, 'porkhesārat' should be part of your active vocabulary for discussing social, economic, and historical issues. You should understand the nuance between 'porkhesārat' (causing damage) and 'mokharreb' (destructive). You can use 'porkhesārat' metaphorically to describe a 'costly mistake' in management or a 'damaging policy' in government. You should be comfortable using it in complex sentences, such as 'The porkhesārat policies of the past decade led to high inflation.' You also understand that this word carries a certain gravity; it's not for small things. You can distinguish between 'māli' (financial) and 'jāni' (life-related) damage when using this adjective. This is a key word for anyone who wants to read Persian newspapers or watch Persian news broadcasts fluently.
At the C1 level, you use 'porkhesārat' with precision, acknowledging its legal and technical connotations. You might use it in a legal essay to describe 'indemnifiable damage' or in a business analysis to discuss 'high-loss scenarios'. You understand the cultural weight of the word—how it evokes a sense of tragedy and significant setback. You can pair it with advanced nouns like 'payāmad-hā' (consequences) to say 'porkhesārat-tarin payāmad-hā' (the most damaging consequences). At this level, you also recognize its synonyms like 'khosrān-āvar' and know when to use the more poetic or archaic versions for rhetorical effect. Your usage reflects an understanding that 'porkhesārat' is not just about the event, but about the measurable, often irreversible, impact on a system or society.
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At the C2 level, 'porkhesārat' is a tool for nuanced rhetoric. You can use it to deconstruct historical narratives, arguing how certain 'porkhesārat' events shaped the national psyche of Iran. You understand its place in classical vs. modern Persian and can use it in high-level academic writing or diplomatic contexts. You might use it to describe the 'systemic damage' (khesārat-e sāxtāri) that a specific ideology might cause over generations. Your mastery includes knowing the exact frequency of the word in different media and being able to use it sarcastically or ironically in sophisticated social commentary. You see the word not just as a descriptor of 'damage', but as a marker of 'catastrophe' and 'ruin' within the broader Persian literary and historical tradition.
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例句
The Persian word پرخسارت is a compound adjective that carries significant weight in both formal and informal contexts. It is formed by combining the prefix por- (meaning 'full of' or 'high') with the noun khesārat (meaning 'damage', 'loss', or 'harm'). When you use this word, you are describing something that has resulted in a high degree of destruction, financial loss, or negative consequences. In the landscape of Persian linguistics, it is most frequently encountered in news reports, insurance discussions, and historical accounts of natural disasters or conflicts.
Linguistic Root
The root 'khesārat' comes from Arabic, while 'por' is a quintessential Persian prefix, showcasing the hybrid nature of modern Persian vocabulary.

سیل اخیر در شمال کشور بسیار پرخسارت بود و خانه‌های زیادی را ویران کرد.

Beyond physical damage, porkhesārat can also describe abstract concepts like a 'costly mistake' in a relationship or a 'damaging decision' in politics. If a person makes a choice that leads to many problems, an observer might call that choice porkhesārat. It implies not just a minor inconvenience, but a substantial setback that requires effort, money, or time to repair. In everyday life, you might hear a driver describe a car accident as porkhesārat if the repair bills are expected to be astronomical.
Register
While it is common in journalism, it is perfectly natural in conversation when emphasizing the scale of a problem.
Understanding this word requires recognizing that 'khesārat' isn't just physical breakage; it's a legal and economic term for 'indemnity' or 'damages' as well. Therefore, porkhesārat evokes the image of a long list of repairs or a high price tag for recovery.

اشتباهات پرخسارت در مدیریت می‌تواند باعث ورشکستگی شرکت شود.

Nuance
It differs from 'gerān' (expensive) because it implies loss and destruction, not just a high price tag for a luxury item.

این یک تصادف پرخسارت بود اما خوشبختانه کسی آسیب ندید.

جنگ‌های پرخسارت تاریخ بشریت را تغییر داده‌اند.

طوفان دیشب برای کشاورزان بسیار پرخسارت تمام شد.

Finalizing the understanding of this word involves seeing it as a measure of impact. It is not just about 'bad luck', but about the tangible, often measurable, fallout of an event. Whether it is an earthquake, a fire, or a bad investment, if the results are devastating, porkhesārat is the adjective of choice.
Using پرخسارت correctly involves placing it after the noun it describes, usually following the Ezafe construction (the short 'e' sound that links nouns and adjectives). For example, to say 'a costly war', you say jang-e porkhesārat. Because it is an adjective, it can also follow the verb 'to be' (budan). You might say, in ettefāq porkhesārat bud (this event was costly/damaging).
Grammar Tip
It can take the superlative and comparative forms: 'porkhesārat-tar' (more damaging) and 'porkhesārat-tarin' (most damaging).

زلزله بم یکی از پرخسارت‌ترین زلزله‌های تاریخ معاصر ایران است.

In this example, the superlative 'tarin' is added to emphasize that it was among the 'most' damaging. You can also use it in a more metaphorical sense. If a company hires the wrong CEO, the board might describe the tenure as a 'porkhesārat' period.

یک تصمیم اشتباه می‌تواند برای کل تیم پرخسارت باشد.

Sentence Structure
[Noun] + [Ezafe] + پرخسارت | Example: تصادفِ پرخسارت (Tasādof-e porkhesārat)
When writing, you can use it to add gravity to your descriptions. Instead of saying 'the flood was bad' (seyl bad bud), saying 'the flood was porkhesārat' (seyl porkhesārat bud) immediately tells the reader there was significant property or life loss.

بیمه باید تمام هزینه‌های این حادثه پرخسارت را بپردازد.

دوران جنگ برای هر دو کشور بسیار پرخسارت بود.

For instance, 'porkhesārat-e māli' means high financial loss. By understanding these pairings, you can speak more like a native.

این پروژه با وجود هزینه‌های زیاد، بسیار پرخسارت از آب درآمد.

To sound even more advanced, use it to describe historical eras or failed policies. It conveys a sense of intellectual analysis of the past.
Collocation
Often used with 'tamām shodan' (to end/result in). Example: 'Porkhesārat tamām shod' (It ended up being very costly).
The versatility of porkhesārat makes it an essential tool for B2 learners who wish to express complex outcomes with a single, potent word.
In Iran, the word پرخسارت is a staple of the evening news. When the news anchor reports on a heavy storm in the Caspian region or a multi-car pileup on the Karaj highway, they will almost certainly use this word to quantify the severity. It is the language of 'formal reporting'. However, it is not restricted to the TV screen. You will hear it in the offices of insurance adjusters (kārshenās-e bimeh). They use it to categorize the level of claim a customer is filing.
Context: Business
In business meetings, if a strategy has failed and lost the company millions of Tomans, the manager will likely call it a 'porkhesārat' strategy.

اخبار اعلام کرد که طوفان دیشب پرخسارت‌ترین حادثه سال بوده است.

Another place you will encounter this word is in political discourse. Opposition figures or critics might describe a specific law or international agreement as porkhesārat for the nation's future. It is a rhetorical tool used to highlight the negative impact of an opponent's actions. In these contexts, the word emphasizes the deep scars left on the country. It is also used in environmental science discussions. Scientists might talk about porkhesārat species (invasive species) that cause high damage to local ecosystems.

کارشناس بیمه گفت که این یک پرونده پرخسارت است.

Context: Social Media
On social media, you might see people using it sarcastically about a bad haircut or a failed cooking attempt, though this is less common than its serious usage.

سیاست‌های غلط اقتصادی سال‌های پرخسارتی را برای مردم رقم زد.

این حمله سایبری بسیار پرخسارت بود و اطلاعات زیادی لو رفت.

ملخ‌ها آفات پرخسارتی برای محصولات کشاورزی هستند.

By paying attention to these different domains, you can see how porkhesārat bridges the gap between physical reality (like a broken car) and abstract concepts (like a failed law). It is a word that demands attention because it signifies that something significant has been lost.
One of the most frequent mistakes English speakers make when learning پرخسارت is confusing it with words that simply mean 'expensive' (gerān) or 'bad' (bad). While a porkhesārat event often results in high costs, the word itself is about the *damage* or *loss* incurred, not the price tag of an item in a shop. You wouldn't call a luxury watch porkhesārat just because it costs a lot of money; however, if you dropped that watch and it cost thousands to fix, the *accident* was porkhesārat.
Confusion with 'Ziyānbār'
Many learners confuse it with 'ziyānbār'. While similar, 'ziyānbār' is often used for things that are 'harmful' or 'detrimental' in a more general or poisonous sense, like a 'harmful habit'. 'Porkhesārat' is more often tied to quantifiable destruction.

اشتباه: این ماشین خیلی پرخسارت است (به معنی گران). درست: این ماشین خیلی گران است.

Another common error is using it to describe a person's character in a way that implies they are 'mean'. Porkhesārat is almost never used to describe a person's personality directly, unless you are saying they are a 'damaging person' for an organization. It describes the *results* of actions, not the *intent* behind them.

اشتباه: شکستن این لیوان پرخسارت بود. (Too dramatic for a glass!)

Learners also sometimes forget the 'h' sound in khesārat, pronouncing it as 'kesārat'. In Persian, the 'kh' (خ) is a distinct guttural sound. Mispronouncing it can make the word unrecognizable. Furthermore, ensure you don't confuse it with khasāsat (stinginess). These two words sound somewhat similar to a beginner's ear but have completely opposite meanings. One is about losing much; the other is about being unwilling to spend anything.
Grammar Note
Do not use it as a verb. It is an adjective. You cannot 'porkhesārat' something; something 'is' porkhesārat.

او یک مدیر پرخسارت برای این شرکت بود. (Correct usage: describing the impact of his management).

سیگار کشیدن پرخسارت است؟ (Better to use 'ziyānbār' for health risks).

Lastly, remember that porkhesārat usually implies a negative outcome. While in English we might say 'a costly victory' to mean something achieved at a high price but still a victory, in Persian, using porkhesārat heavily emphasizes the pain of the loss over the joy of the win.
To truly master پرخسارت, you should understand its synonyms and how they differ in nuance. The most common alternative is ziyānbār. While porkhesārat focuses on 'damage' (khesārat), ziyānbār focuses on 'loss' or 'harm' (ziyān).
Comparison: Porkhesārat vs. Ziyānbār
Porkhesārat is usually for physical or financial destruction. Ziyānbār is often used for health, moral, or abstract harms.
Another similar word is mokharreb, which means 'destructive'. Use mokharreb when you want to describe the *nature* of the thing doing the damage (like a destructive weapon), whereas porkhesārat describes the *result* of the event.

این بمب بسیار مخرب است. انفجار آن بسیار پرخسارت بود.

If you are talking about something that causes injury, you might use āsib-zā. This is very common in medical or psychological contexts. For example, a 'damaging relationship' is often called an rābeteh-ye āsib-zā.
Formal Alternatives
'Khosrān-āvar' is a very literary and formal way to say something brings great loss, often used in religious or classical texts.

زلزله یک پدیده ویرانگر و پرخسارت است.

تصمیمات اشتباه لزوماً پرخسارت نیستند، اما این یکی بود.

توفان شن برای ماشین‌ها بسیار آسیب‌زا و پرخسارت است.

Antonym
The opposite would be 'kam-khesārat' (low damage) or 'bi-khesārat' (no damage/harmless).
Understanding these synonyms allows you to choose the exact level of intensity for your speech. While porkhesārat is excellent for news and serious events, ziyānbār might be better for discussing the 'damaging' effects of sugar on the body. By mapping these words to their specific domains, you'll sound more sophisticated and precise.
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按水平分级的例句

1

این تصادف خیلی پرخسارت بود.

This accident was very damaging.

Simple adjective use after the verb 'to be'.

2

باران پرخسارت است.

The rain is damaging.

Basic subject + adjective + verb structure.

3

یک طوفان پرخسارت آمد.

A damaging storm came.

Adjective modifying the noun 'storm'.

4

ماشین پرخسارت شد.

The car became damaged (in a costly way).

Using 'shodan' (to become) with the adjective.

5

آن خانه پرخسارت است.

That house is (heavily) damaged.

Demonstrative 'ān' (that) + noun + adjective.

6

آیا این زلزله پرخسارت بود؟

Was this earthquake damaging?

Question form using 'āyā'.

7

من یک فیلم پرخسارت دیدم.

I saw a damaging (disaster) movie.

Adjective used in an object phrase.

8

سیل پرخسارت نیست.

The flood is not damaging.

Negative form 'nist' (is not).

1

دیروز یک تصادف پرخسارت در خیابان دیدم.

Yesterday I saw a damaging accident in the street.

Using the adjective with the Ezafe 'e' sound.

2

این طوفان برای درختان پرخسارت بود.

This storm was damaging for the trees.

Using 'barāye' (for) to specify the victim of damage.

3

چرا این کار پرخسارت است؟

Why is this work/action damaging?

Interrogative 'cherā' (why).

4

ما نباید کارهای پرخسارت انجام دهیم.

We should not do damaging things.

Negative modal 'nabāyad' (should not).

5

آتش‌سوزی در جنگل پرخسارت بود.

The fire in the forest was damaging.

Noun phrase 'ātash-suzi dar jangal' as subject.

6

این یک بازی پرخسارت برای تیم ما بود.

This was a damaging game for our team.

Metaphorical use in sports.

7

او از یک حادثه پرخسارت صحبت کرد.

He spoke about a damaging incident.

Preposition 'az' (from/about).

8

هزینه‌های پرخسارت این تعمیرات زیاد است.

The damaging costs of these repairs are high.

Plural noun 'hazineh-hā' (costs).

1

زلزله‌ی اخیر پرخسارت‌ترین حادثه‌ی سال بود.

The recent earthquake was the most damaging incident of the year.

Superlative form 'porkhesārat-tarin'.

2

مدیریت ضعیف باعث پروژه‌های پرخسارت می‌شود.

Weak management leads to damaging projects.

Subject-verb agreement with 'shodan'.

3

این یک اشتباه پرخسارت برای آینده‌ی شغلی اوست.

This is a damaging mistake for his career future.

Metaphorical use for abstract loss.

4

بیمه خسارت‌های این تصادف پرخسارت را نمی‌پردازد.

The insurance does not pay the damages of this costly accident.

Distinction between the noun 'khesārat' and adjective 'porkhesārat'.

5

آیا این جنگ پرخسارت تمام خواهد شد؟

Will this damaging war end?

Future tense 'tamām khāhad shod'.

6

کشاورزان از این خشکسالی پرخسارت رنج می‌برند.

Farmers are suffering from this damaging drought.

Verb 'ranj bordan' (to suffer).

7

ما باید از وقوع حوادث پرخسارت جلوگیری کنیم.

We must prevent the occurrence of damaging incidents.

Compound verb 'jologiri kardan' (to prevent).

8

این تصمیم برای محیط زیست بسیار پرخسارت بود.

This decision was very damaging for the environment.

Adverb 'besyār' (very) used for emphasis.

1

تحریم‌های اقتصادی دوران پرخسارتی را برای مردم رقم زد.

Economic sanctions brought about a damaging period for the people.

Using 'raqam zadan' (to mark/bring about) in a formal sense.

2

این حمله سایبری یکی از پرخسارت‌ترین حملات دهه اخیر بود.

This cyber attack was one of the most damaging attacks of the last decade.

Superlative with 'yeki az' (one of).

3

سرمایه‌گذاری در این شرکت یک ریسک پرخسارت است.

Investing in this company is a damaging risk.

Noun 'risk' used with the adjective.

4

او به دلیل یک قضاوت پرخسارت از کار برکنار شد.

He was dismissed from work due to a damaging judgment.

Passive structure 'berkanār shod'.

5

سیلاب‌های بهاری همواره برای زیرساخت‌ها پرخسارت هستند.

Spring floods are always damaging to infrastructure.

Plural noun 'zirsākht-hā' (infrastructure).

6

این توافق‌نامه از نظر من بسیار پرخسارت و ناعادلانه است.

This agreement is very damaging and unfair in my opinion.

Compound adjective phrase.

7

آفات پرخسارت باعث نابودی بخش بزرگی از محصولات شدند.

Damaging pests caused the destruction of a large portion of the crops.

Subject 'āfāt-e porkhesārat' (damaging pests).

8

ما باید عواقب پرخسارت این طرح را بررسی کنیم.

We must examine the damaging consequences of this plan.

Direct object 'avāqeb-e porkhesārat'.

1

تبعات پرخسارت این بحران تا سال‌ها گریبان‌گیر اقتصاد خواهد بود.

The damaging consequences of this crisis will plague the economy for years.

Idiomatic verb 'geribāngir budan' (to plague/affect).

2

این رویکرد پرخسارت به روابط دیپلماتیک لطمه جدی وارد کرد.

This damaging approach severely harmed diplomatic relations.

Verb 'latmeh vāred kardan' (to cause harm).

3

تاریخ مملو از تصمیمات پرخسارت پادشاهان نالایق است.

History is full of the damaging decisions of incompetent kings.

Adjective 'mamlu' (full of) + 'az'.

4

تغییرات اقلیمی به پدیده‌ای پرخسارت و غیرقابل بازگشت تبدیل شده است.

Climate change has turned into a damaging and irreversible phenomenon.

Present perfect 'tabdil shodeh ast'.

5

این مداخله نظامی به جای صلح، نتایج پرخسارتی به همراه داشت.

This military intervention brought damaging results instead of peace.

Contrastive phrase 'be jāye' (instead of).

6

نوسانات ارزی برای تولیدکنندگان داخلی بسیار پرخسارت تمام شده است.

Currency fluctuations have ended up being very damaging for domestic producers.

Verb 'tamām shodan' meaning 'to result in'.

7

عدم شفافیت می‌تواند منجر به فساد پرخسارت در سازمان شود.

Lack of transparency can lead to damaging corruption in the organization.

Verb 'monjar shodan' (to lead to).

8

این یک تراژدی پرخسارت برای جامعه هنری بود.

This was a damaging tragedy for the artistic community.

Noun 'tragedy' modified by 'porkhesārat'.

1

واکاوی ریشه‌های این سیاست پرخسارت نیازمند بررسی‌های دقیق تاریخی است.

Analyzing the roots of this damaging policy requires precise historical investigations.

Gerund 'vākāvi' (analyzing) as subject.

2

تقابل این دو قدرت جهانی، سناریویی پرخسارت برای صلح جهانی ترسیم می‌کند.

The confrontation between these two world powers paints a damaging scenario for world peace.

Metaphorical verb 'tarsim kardan' (to paint/depict).

3

در پس این ظاهر فریبنده، حقیقتی پرخسارت نهفته است.

Behind this deceptive appearance lies a damaging truth.

Adjective 'nahofteh' (hidden/lying within).

4

این جریانات فکری پرخسارت، پایه‌های فرهنگی جامعه را سست کرده‌اند.

These damaging intellectual currents have weakened the cultural foundations of society.

Plural subject 'jaryānāt-e fekri' (intellectual currents).

5

خروج از این معاهده بین‌المللی، اقدامی پرخسارت و ناشیانه تلقی می‌شود.

Withdrawing from this international treaty is considered a damaging and clumsy act.

Passive verb 'talaqqi shodan' (to be considered).

6

تداوم این روند پرخسارت، بقای اکوسیستم را با خطر جدی مواجه می‌سازد.

The continuation of this damaging trend puts the survival of the ecosystem at serious risk.

Causative structure 'bā khatar movājeh sāxtan'.

7

او با قلمی تند به نقد این میراث پرخسارت پرداخت.

With a sharp pen, he proceeded to criticize this damaging legacy.

Verb 'be naqd pardāxtan' (to proceed to criticize).

8

فقدان مدیریت بحران، حوادث طبیعی را به فجایعی پرخسارت بدل می‌کند.

The lack of crisis management turns natural incidents into damaging catastrophes.

Verb 'badal kardan' (to transform/turn into).

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