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A2 noun 7分钟阅读

दुश्मनी

开始练习 例句 笔记与提示 दुश्मनी 30秒了解
解析 दुश्मनी in your Level:
At the A1 level, learners are just beginning to understand basic concepts. 'दुश्मनी' might be too complex to grasp fully, but they might encounter it in very simple contexts related to very basic negative interactions, perhaps in children's stories where characters are simply 'not friends'. The focus would be on recognizing it as a negative state.
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At the A2 level, learners can understand sentences and frequently used expressions related to immediate needs and familiar topics. They can use 'दुश्मनी' to describe simple states of opposition or dislike between people they know or in straightforward scenarios, like 'There is enmity between these two neighbors.' They are beginning to grasp the concept of a sustained negative relationship.
B1 learners can understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters. They can use 'दुश्मनी' to discuss personal relationships, conflicts, and rivalries with more detail and nuance. They can explain the reasons for enmity and its consequences in their own words, differentiating it from temporary disagreements.
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B2 learners can understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics. They can use 'दुश्मनी' in more sophisticated discussions about social issues, historical conflicts, and political rivalries, understanding its implications in broader contexts. They can analyze the causes and effects of enmity in complex situations.
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C1 learners can understand a wide range of demanding, longer texts, and recognize implicit meaning. They can use 'दुश्मनी' with precision and subtlety in academic or professional contexts, understanding its historical, cultural, and psychological dimensions. They can critically evaluate its use in literature and media.
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C2 learners can understand virtually everything heard or read with ease. They can use 'दुश्मनी' with the highest level of fluency and accuracy, employing it in nuanced literary analysis, complex philosophical discussions, or highly specialized academic discourse, demonstrating a complete mastery of its connotations and implications.
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开始练习 例句 笔记与提示

दुश्मनी 30秒了解

  • दुश्मनी means deep dislike, hostility, or a state of being enemies.
  • It implies a lasting negative relationship, not just a temporary fight.
  • Used in contexts of personal feuds, family disputes, and even national conflicts.
  • Commonly associated with phrases like 'दुश्मनी करना' (to make enmity) and 'दुश्मनी खत्म करना' (to end enmity).

The Hindi word 'दुश्मनी' (dushmani) is a noun that describes a state of enmity, hostility, or deep-seated animosity. It's not just a fleeting disagreement; it implies a more serious and often long-lasting opposition or ill will between people, groups, or even nations. When someone says they have 'दुश्मनी' with another person, it means they are not friends, they dislike each other, and there might be a history of conflict or a strong desire to oppose each other.

Usage Contexts
You'll often hear 'दुश्मनी' used in discussions about personal feuds, family disputes, political rivalries, or even historical conflicts between countries. It's a word that carries a significant emotional weight, indicating a strong negative relationship.
Nuances
While 'दुश्मनी' is a strong word, it can range from a personal grudge to a widespread conflict. The intensity can vary, but the core meaning of opposition and ill will remains constant. It’s important to distinguish it from simple disagreement; 'दुश्मनी' signifies a deeper, more antagonistic relationship.

पुरानी दुश्मनी के कारण वे कभी बात नहीं करते। (Purani dushmani ke karan ve kabhi baat nahi karte.) - Because of old enmity, they never talk.

यह दुश्मनी पीढ़ी दर पीढ़ी चली आ रही है। (Yeh dushmani pidhi dar pidhi chali aa rahi hai.) - This enmity has been going on for generations.

Using 'दुश्मनी' correctly in sentences helps convey the intensity of negative relationships. It often appears in contexts describing disputes, conflicts, or strong dislikes. Consider these common patterns:

Expressing the existence of enmity
The most straightforward use is to state that enmity exists. For example: 'उनके बीच गहरी दुश्मनी है।' (Unke beech gehri dushmani hai.) - There is deep enmity between them. The adjective 'गहरी' (gehri - deep) emphasizes the severity.
Describing the cause of enmity
You can specify what led to the enmity. For instance: 'यह दुश्मनी सालों पुरानी है।' (Yeh dushmani saalon purani hai.) - This enmity is years old. Or, 'छोटी सी बात पर उनकी दुश्मनी शुरू हो गई।' (Chhoti si baat par unki dushmani shuru ho gayi.) - Their enmity started over a small matter. The preposition 'पर' (par - on/over) is often used here.
Talking about ending enmity
You can also discuss resolving it. For example: 'वे अपनी दुश्मनी खत्म करना चाहते हैं।' (Ve apni dushmani khatm karna chahte hain.) - They want to end their enmity. The verb 'खत्म करना' (khatm karna - to end) is key.
Using it with verbs of action
'दुश्मनी मोल लेना' (dushmani mol lena) means to invite enmity or to make an enemy of someone deliberately. 'किसी से दुश्मनी लेना' (kisi se dushmani lena) means to pick a fight or create enmity with someone.

हमें किसी से भी दुश्मनी नहीं करनी चाहिए। (Hamein kisi se bhi dushmani nahi karni chahiye.) - We should not make enmity with anyone.

दोनों परिवारों के बीच पुरानी दुश्मनी थी। (Dono parivaron ke beech purani dushmani thi.) - There was an old enmity between the two families.

The word 'दुश्मनी' is quite prevalent in everyday Hindi conversations, especially when discussing relationships that are less than amicable. You'll frequently encounter it in various settings:

Family and Social Gatherings
When families or friends discuss ongoing feuds or past conflicts, 'दुश्मनी' is a common term. For example, elders might recount stories of how a 'दुश्मनी' between two relatives started and how it has affected the family dynamics.
News and Media
News reports, especially those covering political conflicts, crime, or historical disputes between communities or nations, often use 'दुश्मनी' to describe the antagonistic relationship. You might hear about 'देशों के बीच की दुश्मनी' (deshon ke beech ki dushmani - enmity between countries).
Movies and Literature
Indian cinema and literature often feature dramatic narratives involving intense 'दुश्मनी', whether it's between rival gangs, feuding families, or even romantic rivals. These stories use the word to highlight the depth of hatred and conflict.
Discussions about Personal Relationships
When people talk about why they don't get along with someone, they might say, 'मेरी उससे कोई दुश्मनी नहीं है' (Meri usse koi dushmani nahi hai - I have no enmity with him/her), or 'हमारी दुश्मनी दोस्ती में बदल गई' (Hamari dushmani dosti mein badal gayi - Our enmity turned into friendship).

The word is common in everyday speech, especially in informal contexts when discussing personal conflicts.

You will hear it in discussions about neighborhood disputes or rivalries between local groups.

Learners of Hindi might make a few common mistakes when using or understanding 'दुश्मनी'. These often stem from direct translations or misunderstanding the intensity of the word.

Mistake 1: Confusing it with simple disagreement
Using 'दुश्मनी' for minor disagreements or temporary arguments. 'दुश्मनी' implies a sustained state of hostility, not just a brief argument. For example, saying 'मेरी दोस्त से कल दुश्मनी हो गई' (Meri dost se kal dushmani ho gayi - I had enmity with my friend yesterday) is likely an overstatement if it was just a small fight.
Mistake 2: Direct translation of 'enemy'
Translating 'enemy' directly as 'दुश्मन' (dushman) and then forming 'दुश्मनी' without considering the context. While 'दुश्मन' means enemy, 'दुश्मनी' is the abstract noun 'enmity'. It's about the state of being enemies, not just the individuals.
Mistake 3: Overuse in casual contexts
Using 'दुश्मनी' too casually when a milder word like 'नाराजगी' (narazgi - displeasure/annoyance) or 'मनमुटाव' (manmutav - misunderstanding/discord) would be more appropriate. For instance, saying 'मुझे उससे दुश्मनी है' (Mujhe usse dushmani hai - I have enmity with him) when you are just slightly annoyed.
Mistake 4: Grammatical errors with related verbs
Incorrectly forming phrases like 'दुश्मनी करना' (dushmani karna - to make enmity). For example, saying 'मैं दुश्मनी करता हूँ' (Main dushmani karta hoon - I do enmity) instead of 'मैं दुश्मनी मोल लेता हूँ' (Main dushmani mol leta hoon - I invite enmity) or 'मैं दुश्मनी निभाता हूँ' (Main dushmani nibhata hoon - I maintain enmity).

Avoid using 'दुश्मनी' for minor disagreements; it implies a deep and lasting conflict.

Ensure you use the correct verb phrases associated with 'दुश्मनी', such as 'दुश्मनी करना' or 'दुश्मनी निभाना'.

Understanding synonyms and related words helps in choosing the most precise term for a given situation. 'दुश्मनी' is a strong word, and sometimes a more nuanced term might be suitable.

Rivalry (प्रतिद्वंद्विता - pratidvandvita)
This word denotes competition, often in a less hostile way than 'दुश्मनी'. It's about competing for a goal, like in sports or business.
Example: 'दोनों कंपनियों के बीच कड़ी प्रतिद्वंद्विता है।' (Dono companiyon ke beech kadi pratidvandvita hai.) - There is tough rivalry between the two companies.
Difference: 'प्रतिद्वंद्विता' is about competition, while 'दुश्मनी' is about active dislike and opposition.
Hostility (शत्रुता - shatruta)
This is a very close synonym to 'दुश्मनी' and often used interchangeably, especially in more formal contexts or when referring to larger-scale conflicts.
Example: 'दोनों देशों के बीच लंबे समय से शत्रुता चली आ रही है।' (Dono deshon ke beech lambe samay se shatruta chali aa rahi hai.) - Hostility has been going on between the two countries for a long time.
Difference: 'शत्रुता' can sometimes imply a more formal or state-level animosity, while 'दुश्मनी' can be more personal.
Animosity (वैमनस्य - vaimanasya)
This word refers to a feeling of strong dislike or ill will. It's similar to 'दुश्मनी' but often focuses more on the internal feeling rather than the outward actions of conflict.
Example: 'उनके दिलों में एक-दूसरे के लिए वैमनस्य था।' (Unke dilon mein ek-doosre ke liye vaimanasya tha.) - There was animosity in their hearts for each other.
Difference: 'वैमनस्य' is more about the feeling of ill will, whereas 'दुश्मनी' encompasses the state of being enemies and the actions that follow.
Disagreement/Quarrel (झगड़ा - jhagda, कलह - kalah)
These words refer to arguments or disputes, which are usually less intense and shorter-lived than 'दुश्मनी'.
Example: 'पड़ोसियों के बीच ज़मीन को लेकर झगड़ा हो गया।' (Padosiyon ke beech zameen ko lekar jhagda ho gaya.) - There was a quarrel between the neighbors over land.
Difference: 'झगड़ा' or 'कलह' are temporary conflicts, while 'दुश्मनी' suggests a more entrenched state of hostility.

'Hostility' (शत्रुता) is a very close synonym and often interchangeable with 'दुश्मनी'.

'Rivalry' (प्रतिद्वंद्विता) is about competition, not necessarily deep hatred.

How Formal Is It?

趣味小知识

The word 'enemy' in English also has ancient roots, tracing back to Proto-Indo-European. However, 'दुश्मनी' directly entered Hindi through Persian, reflecting historical linguistic influences in the Indian subcontinent.

发音指南

UK /dʊʃ.mə.ni/
US /dʊʃ.mə.ni/
The primary stress falls on the first syllable: DUSH-ma-ni.
押韵词
kahaani (story) zabani (verbal) kahani (story) rawani (flow) diljani (heartfelt) paani (water) jawani (youth) maani (respected)
常见错误
  • Pronouncing the 'u' as in 'flute' instead of the short 'u' as in 'put'.
  • Misplacing the stress on the second or third syllable.
  • Pronouncing 'sh' as 's'.

难度评级

阅读 3/5

At the A2 CEFR level, reading texts containing 'दुश्मनी' will likely be straightforward, focusing on simple sentence structures and common contexts. Learners might encounter it in short stories, dialogues, or descriptive passages about relationships. The complexity will increase with higher CEFR levels, where it might appear in more nuanced literary analyses or historical accounts.

写作 3/5

For A2 learners, writing with 'दुश्मनी' will involve using it in simple sentences to describe states of opposition. More advanced learners can use it to construct narratives about conflicts, explain causes and effects, and employ it in formal or informal writing styles, demonstrating a growing command of its usage.

口语 3/5

Speaking with 'दुश्मनी' at A2 level involves basic descriptions of negative relationships. As learners progress, they can engage in more complex discussions about conflicts, express opinions on rivalries, and use the word confidently in various social and formal settings, reflecting an increasing fluency.

听力 3/5

Listening comprehension of 'दुश्मनी' at A2 will be aided by clear context. Learners will be able to identify its meaning in dialogues and simple narratives. With higher CEFR levels, they will be able to understand its nuances in faster speech, diverse accents, and complex discussions involving historical or political contexts.

接下来学什么

前置知识

दुश्मन (dushman - enemy) नफरत (nafrat - hatred) लड़ाई (ladai - fight/conflict) गुस्सा (gussa - anger) दोस्त (dost - friend)

接下来学习

शत्रुता (shatruta - hostility) वैमनस्य (vaimanasya - animosity) प्रतिद्वंद्विता (pratidvandvita - rivalry) बैर (bair - grudge) समझौता (samjhauta - compromise/agreement)

高级

असंतोष (asantosh - dissatisfaction) विरोध (virodh - opposition) अविश्वास (avishwas - mistrust) सद्भाव (sadbhav - goodwill) शांति (shanti - peace)

需要掌握的语法

Formation of abstract nouns with '-ई' (-i) suffix.

'दुश्मन' (enemy - noun) becomes 'दुश्मनी' (enmity - abstract noun). Similarly, 'मित्र' (friend) becomes 'मित्रता' (friendship).

Use of postpositions like 'के बीच' (ke beech - between) and 'से' (se - from/with) with nouns indicating relationships.

दो लोगों के बीच दुश्मनी है। (There is enmity between two people.) उसकी मुझसे दुश्मनी है। (He has enmity with me.)

Adjective agreement with feminine nouns.

'दुश्मनी' is a feminine noun. Therefore, adjectives modifying it take the feminine form, e.g., 'गहरी दुश्मनी' (gehri dushmani - deep enmity), not 'गहरा दुश्मनी'.

Verbs used with 'दुश्मनी' like 'करना' (karna - to do), 'होना' (hona - to be/happen), 'खत्म करना' (khatm karna - to end).

हमें दुश्मनी नहीं करनी चाहिए। (We should not make enmity.) उनकी दुश्मनी खत्म हो गई। (Their enmity ended.)

Phrasal verbs involving 'दुश्मनी', like 'दुश्मनी मोल लेना' (dushmani mol lena - to invite enmity).

बिना वजह दुश्मनी मोल लेना ठीक नहीं। (It is not right to invite enmity without reason.)

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按水平分级的例句

1

वे दोस्त नहीं हैं।

They are not friends.

Simple statement of non-friendship.

2

वह अच्छा नहीं है।

He is not good.

Basic negative description.

3

यह बुरा है।

This is bad.

Simple negative evaluation.

4

मुझे वह पसंद नहीं।

I don't like that.

Expressing dislike.

5

उनमें लड़ाई है।

They have a fight.

Indicating conflict.

6

वे साथ नहीं खेलते।

They don't play together.

Describing lack of shared activity.

7

यह सच नहीं है।

This is not true.

Denying truth.

8

वह मेरा दुश्मन है।

He is my enemy.

Identifying an enemy.

1

मेरे पड़ोसी के साथ मेरी दुश्मनी है।

I have enmity with my neighbor.

'के साथ' (ke saath) - with; 'मेरी दुश्मनी है' (meri dushmani hai) - I have enmity.

2

यह दुश्मनी पुरानी है।

This enmity is old.

'पुरानी' (purani) - old; modifies 'दुश्मनी'.

3

वे एक-दूसरे से बात नहीं करते क्योंकि उनकी दुश्मनी है।

They don't talk to each other because they have enmity.

'क्योंकि' (kyonki) - because; connects the reason to the action.

4

हमें दुश्मनी नहीं करनी चाहिए।

We should not make enmity.

'नहीं करनी चाहिए' (nahi karni chahiye) - should not do.

5

यह दुश्मनी खत्म होनी चाहिए।

This enmity should end.

'खत्म होनी चाहिए' (khatm honi chahiye) - should end.

6

बच्चों की दुश्मनी जल्दी भूल जाती है।

Children's enmity is forgotten quickly.

'जल्दी' (jaldi) - quickly; 'भूल जाती है' (bhool jaati hai) - is forgotten.

7

उनकी दुश्मनी बहुत गहरी है।

Their enmity is very deep.

'गहरी' (gehri) - deep; intensifies 'दुश्मनी'.

8

यह दुश्मनी क्यों शुरू हुई?

Why did this enmity start?

'क्यों' (kyon) - why; 'शुरू हुई' (shuru hui) - started.

1

दोनों परिवारों के बीच पुरानी दुश्मनी के कारण कोई मेल नहीं था।

Due to the old enmity between the two families, there was no reconciliation.

'के कारण' (ke karan) - due to; 'मेल नहीं था' (mel nahi tha) - there was no reconciliation.

2

हमें अपने व्यक्तिगत मतभेदों को दुश्मनी में नहीं बदलना चाहिए।

We should not let our personal differences turn into enmity.

'मतभेदों' (matbhedon) - differences; 'में बदलना चाहिए' (mein badalna chahiye) - should change into.

3

उसने जानबूझकर मुझसे दुश्मनी मोल ली।

He deliberately invited enmity from me.

'जानबूझकर' (jaanboojhkar) - deliberately; 'दुश्मनी मोल ली' (dushmani mol li) - invited enmity.

4

राजनीतिक दुश्मनी अक्सर समाज को बांट देती है।

Political enmity often divides society.

'राजनीतिक' (rajnitik) - political; 'बांट देती है' (baant deti hai) - divides.

5

क्या उनकी दुश्मनी अब दोस्ती में बदल सकती है?

Can their enmity now turn into friendship?

'बदल सकती है' (badal sakti hai) - can change.

6

छोटी सी बात पर इतनी बड़ी दुश्मनी ठीक नहीं है।

Such a big enmity over a small matter is not right.

'इतनी बड़ी' (itni badi) - this big; 'ठीक नहीं है' (theek nahi hai) - is not right.

7

उसकी दुश्मनी का कोई खास कारण नहीं था।

There was no specific reason for his enmity.

'कोई खास कारण नहीं था' (koi khaas karan nahi tha) - there was no specific reason.

8

हमें दुश्मनी की आग को बुझाना चाहिए।

We should extinguish the fire of enmity.

'आग को बुझाना चाहिए' (aag ko bujhana chahiye) - should extinguish the fire.

1

ऐतिहासिक दुश्मनी के कारण दोनों देशों के बीच तनाव बना हुआ है।

Due to historical enmity, tension persists between the two countries.

'ऐतिहासिक' (aitihasik) - historical; 'तनाव बना हुआ है' (tanaav bana hua hai) - tension persists.

2

उसने अपनी महत्वाकांक्षाओं को पूरा करने के लिए जानबूझकर दुश्मनी मोल ली।

He deliberately invited enmity to fulfill his ambitions.

'महत्वाकांक्षाओं' (mahatvakankshaon) - ambitions; 'पूरा करने के लिए' (poora karne ke liye) - to fulfill.

3

यह एक गंभीर मामला है, जहाँ व्यक्तिगत दुश्मनी राष्ट्रीय हितों को प्रभावित कर रही है।

This is a serious matter where personal enmity is affecting national interests.

'गंभीर मामला' (gambhir mamla) - serious matter; 'राष्ट्रीय हितों' (rashtriya hiton) - national interests.

4

समाज में व्याप्त दुश्मनी को दूर करने के लिए आपसी समझदारी आवश्यक है।

Mutual understanding is necessary to remove the enmity prevalent in society.

'व्याप्त' (vyapt) - prevalent; 'आपसी समझदारी' (aapsi samajhdari) - mutual understanding; 'आवश्यक है' (aavashyak hai) - is necessary.

5

उनकी पुरानी दुश्मनी के बावजूद, उन्होंने एक साझा लक्ष्य के लिए मिलकर काम किया।

Despite their old enmity, they worked together for a common goal.

'के बावजूद' (ke bawajood) - despite; 'साझा लक्ष्य' (sajha lakshya) - common goal.

6

यह कहना गलत नहीं होगा कि उनकी दुश्मनी एक-दूसरे को बेहतर बनाने में सहायक रही है।

It would not be wrong to say that their enmity has helped in making each other better.

'यह कहना गलत नहीं होगा कि' (yeh kehna galat nahi hoga ki) - it would not be wrong to say that; 'सहायक रही है' (sahayak rahi hai) - has been helpful.

7

साहित्य में अक्सर पात्रों की गहन दुश्मनी को दर्शाया जाता है।

In literature, the deep enmity of characters is often depicted.

'साहित्य में' (sahitya mein) - in literature; 'गहन' (gahan) - deep; 'दर्शाया जाता है' (darshaya jaata hai) - is depicted.

8

दुश्मनी को खत्म करने के लिए क्षमा और संवाद ही एकमात्र रास्ते हैं।

Forgiveness and dialogue are the only ways to end enmity.

'क्षमा' (kshama) - forgiveness; 'संवाद' (samvaad) - dialogue; 'एकमात्र रास्ते' (ekmatra raaste) - only ways.

1

साम्राज्यवादी शक्तियों के बीच की दुश्मनी ने उपनिवेशों के लिए एक अस्थिर वातावरण तैयार किया।

The enmity between imperialist powers created an unstable environment for the colonies.

'साम्राज्यवादी' (samrajyavadi) - imperialist; 'उपनिवेशों' (upniveshon) - colonies; 'अस्थिर वातावरण' (asthir vatavaran) - unstable environment.

2

उनकी व्यक्तिगत दुश्मनी ने पूरे संगठन के लिए गंभीर संकट उत्पन्न कर दिया।

Their personal enmity created a severe crisis for the entire organization.

'संगठन' (sangathan) - organization; 'गंभीर संकट' (gambhir sankat) - severe crisis; 'उत्पन्न कर दिया' (utpann kar diya) - created.

3

धार्मिक कट्टरता अक्सर गहरी दुश्मनी को बढ़ावा देती है, जिससे सामाजिक सद्भाव को खतरा होता है।

Religious fanaticism often fosters deep enmity, endangering social harmony.

'धार्मिक कट्टरता' (dharmik kattarta) - religious fanaticism; 'बढ़ावा देती है' (badhava deti hai) - fosters/promotes; 'सामाजिक सद्भाव' (samajik sadbhav) - social harmony.

4

यह शोध इस बात की पड़ताल करता है कि कैसे सांस्कृतिक पूर्वाग्रहें पीढ़ी-दर-पीढ़ी दुश्मनी को कायम रखती हैं।

This research explores how cultural biases perpetuate enmity from generation to generation.

'शोध' (shodh) - research; 'पड़ताल करता है' (padtaal karta hai) - explores/investigates; 'सांस्कृतिक पूर्वाग्रहें' (sanskritik purvagrahatein) - cultural biases; 'कायम रखती हैं' (kayam rakhti hain) - perpetuate.

5

राजनीतिक एजेंडे के तहत, व्यक्तिगत दुश्मनी को अक्सर राष्ट्रीय एकता के लिए खतरे के रूप में पेश किया जाता है।

Under political agendas, personal enmity is often presented as a threat to national unity.

'राजनीतिक एजेंडे' (rajnitik ajende) - political agendas; 'राष्ट्रीय एकता' (rashtriya ekta) - national unity; 'खतरे के रूप में पेश किया जाता है' (khatre ke roop mein pesh kiya jaata hai) - is presented as a threat.

6

उनकी सार्वजनिक दुश्मनी ने अनजाने में दोनों पक्षों के समर्थकों के बीच विभाजन को गहरा कर दिया।

Their public enmity inadvertently deepened the division between the supporters of both sides.

'सार्वजनिक' (sarvajanik) - public; 'अनजाने में' (anjaane mein) - inadvertently; 'विभाजन को गहरा कर दिया' (vibhajan ko gehra kar diya) - deepened the division.

7

इतिहास गवाह है कि कैसे क्षमा की भावना ने सदियों पुरानी दुश्मनी को समाप्त किया है।

History is a witness to how the spirit of forgiveness has ended centuries-old enmity.

'इतिहास गवाह है' (itihaas gawah hai) - history is a witness; 'क्षमा की भावना' (kshama ki bhavna) - spirit of forgiveness; 'सदियों पुरानी' (sadiyon purani) - centuries-old.

8

भले ही उनकी दुश्मनी जगजाहिर थी, पर उनके बीच एक अव्यक्त सम्मान का भाव भी था।

Even though their enmity was public knowledge, there was also an unspoken sense of respect between them.

'भले ही' (bhale hi) - even though; 'जगजाहिर थी' (jajagahir thi) - was public knowledge; 'अव्यक्त सम्मान' (avyakt samman) - unspoken respect.

1

अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संबंधों में, अक्सर राजनीतिक लाभ के लिए व्यक्तिगत दुश्मनी को एक रणनीतिक उपकरण के रूप में इस्तेमाल किया जाता है।

In international relations, personal enmity is often used as a strategic tool for political gain.

'अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संबंधों' (antarrashtriya sambandhon) - international relations; 'राजनीतिक लाभ' (rajnitik laabh) - political gain; 'रणनीतिक उपकरण' (ranneetik upkaran) - strategic tool.

2

साहित्यिक आलोचना में, पात्रों के बीच की जटिल और बहुस्तरीय दुश्मनी का विश्लेषण उनके मनोविज्ञान को समझने की कुंजी है।

In literary criticism, analyzing the complex and multi-layered enmity between characters is key to understanding their psychology.

'साहित्यिक आलोचना' (sahityik aalochana) - literary criticism; 'जटिल और बहुस्तरीय' (jatil aur bahustariya) - complex and multi-layered; 'मनोविज्ञान' (manovigyan) - psychology; 'कुंजी' (kunji) - key.

3

युगों से चली आ रही जातीय दुश्मनी को समाप्त करने के लिए केवल कानूनी प्रावधान पर्याप्त नहीं हैं; इसके लिए गहन सांस्कृतिक पुनर्मूल्यांकन की आवश्यकता है।

Legal provisions alone are not sufficient to end ethnic enmity that has persisted for ages; it requires a profound cultural re-evaluation.

'युगों से चली आ रही' (yugon se chali aa rahi) - that has persisted for ages; 'जातीय' (jatiya) - ethnic; 'कानूनी प्रावधान' (kanooni pravadhan) - legal provisions; 'पर्याप्त नहीं हैं' (paryapt nahi hain) - are not sufficient; 'गहन सांस्कृतिक पुनर्मूल्यांकन' (gahan sanskritik punarmulyankan) - profound cultural re-evaluation.

4

कलात्मक अभिव्यक्ति में, कई बार कलाकार अपनी व्यक्तिगत या सामाजिक दुश्मनी को व्यक्त करने के लिए प्रतीकात्मक भाषा का प्रयोग करते हैं।

In artistic expression, artists often use symbolic language to convey their personal or social enmity.

'कलात्मक अभिव्यक्ति' (kalatmak abhivyakti) - artistic expression; 'प्रतीकात्मक भाषा' (prateekatmak bhasha) - symbolic language.

5

राष्ट्रों के बीच की राजनीतिक और आर्थिक दुश्मनी अक्सर अप्रत्यक्ष संघर्षों और प्रचार युद्धों को जन्म देती है।

Political and economic enmity between nations often gives rise to proxy conflicts and propaganda wars.

'आर्थिक' (aarthik) - economic; 'अप्रत्यक्ष संघर्षों' (apratyaksh sangharshon) - proxy conflicts; 'प्रचार युद्धों' (prachār yuddhon) - propaganda wars; 'जन्म देती है' (janm deti hai) - gives rise to.

6

यह एक अकादमिक बहस है कि क्या व्यक्तिगत दुश्मनी को सार्वभौमिक मानवीय मूल्यों के समक्ष गौण माना जाना चाहिए।

It is an academic debate whether personal enmity should be considered secondary to universal human values.

'अकादमिक बहस' (akademic bahas) - academic debate; 'सार्वभौमिक मानवीय मूल्यों' (sarvabhoumik manviya mulyon) - universal human values; 'गौण' (gaun) - secondary.

7

समाजशास्त्रीय दृष्टिकोण से, किसी समुदाय के भीतर की दुश्मनी को सामाजिक संरचना और शक्ति असंतुलन के प्रतिबिंब के रूप में देखा जा सकता है।

From a sociological perspective, enmity within a community can be seen as a reflection of social structure and power imbalances.

'समाजशास्त्रीय दृष्टिकोण से' (samajshastriya drishtikon se) - from a sociological perspective; 'सामाजिक संरचना' (samajik sanrachana) - social structure; 'शक्ति असंतुलन' (shakti asantulan) - power imbalances; 'प्रतिबिंब' (pratibimb) - reflection.

8

दीर्घकालिक दुश्मनी का मनोवैज्ञानिक प्रभाव अक्सर व्यक्तियों के आत्म-सम्मान और सामाजिक जुड़ाव को गंभीर रूप से बाधित करता है।

The psychological impact of long-term enmity often severely hinders individuals' self-esteem and social connectivity.

'दीर्घकालिक' (deerghkalik) - long-term; 'मनोवैज्ञानिक प्रभाव' (manovigyanik prabhav) - psychological impact; 'आत्म-सम्मान' (aatm-samman) - self-esteem; 'सामाजिक जुड़ाव' (samajik judav) - social connectivity; 'बाधित करता है' (badhit karta hai) - hinders.

近义词

शत्रुता वैमनस्य प्रतिद्वंद्विता नाराजगी मनमुटाव बैर द्वेष झगड़ा

反义词

दोस्ती भाईचारा मेलजोल शांति

常见搭配

गहरी दुश्मनी
पुरानी दुश्मनी
दुश्मनी मोल लेना
दुश्मनी खत्म करना
दुश्मनी निभाना
दुश्मनी का बदला
राजनीतिक दुश्मनी
व्यक्तिगत दुश्मनी
दुश्मनी का बीज बोना
दुश्मनी की आग

常用短语

दुश्मनी करना

— To make enmity, to become enemies.

हमें किसी से भी दुश्मनी नहीं करनी चाहिए। (We should not make enmity with anyone.)

दुश्मनी होना

— To have enmity, for enmity to exist.

उन दोनों के बीच दुश्मनी है। (There is enmity between those two.)

दुश्मनी पालना

— To harbor enmity, to keep enmity alive.

पुरानी दुश्मनी पालना अच्छी बात नहीं है। (It is not good to harbor old enmity.)

दुश्मनी निभाना

— To maintain enmity, to continue the feud.

वह अपनी दुश्मनी आज तक निभा रहा है। (He is still maintaining his enmity till this day.)

दुश्मनी खत्म करना

— To end enmity, to make peace.

वे अपनी दुश्मनी खत्म करना चाहते हैं। (They want to end their enmity.)

दुश्मनी का बदला लेना

— To take revenge for enmity.

उसने अपनी दुश्मनी का बदला ले लिया। (He took revenge for his enmity.)

जानबूझकर दुश्मनी मोल लेना

— To deliberately invite enmity or make an enemy.

हमें बेवजह किसी से दुश्मनी मोल नहीं लेनी चाहिए। (We should not deliberately invite enmity from anyone without reason.)

दुश्मनी की जड़ें गहरी होना

— For the roots of enmity to be deep (meaning the enmity is long-standing and hard to resolve).

उनकी दुश्मनी की जड़ें बहुत गहरी हैं। (The roots of their enmity are very deep.)

दुश्मनी को भूल जाना

— To forget the enmity.

समय के साथ, वे अपनी दुश्मनी भूल गए। (With time, they forgot their enmity.)

दुश्मनी की आग भड़काना

— To incite or fuel enmity.

कुछ लोग दुश्मनी की आग भड़काते हैं। (Some people incite the fire of enmity.)

容易混淆的词

दुश्मनी vs दुश्मन (dushman)

'दुश्मन' is the noun for 'enemy' (the person). 'दुश्मनी' is the abstract noun for 'enmity' or 'hostility' (the state or feeling). You have a 'दुश्मन', and you share 'दुश्मनी'.

दुश्मनी vs लड़ाई (ladai)

'लड़ाई' refers to a fight, quarrel, or battle, which can be a single event or a prolonged conflict. 'दुश्मनी' is the underlying state of hostility that might lead to 'लड़ाई'.

दुश्मनी vs नाराजगी (narazgi)

'नाराजगी' means displeasure or annoyance, which is a much milder feeling than 'दुश्मनी'. 'दुश्मनी' implies a deeper, more sustained animosity.

习语与表达

"दुश्मनी का बदला लेना"

— To take revenge for enmity.

उसने सालों पुरानी दुश्मनी का बदला ले लिया। (He took revenge for the years-old enmity.)

Common
"दुश्मनी मोल लेना"

— To invite enmity, to make an enemy of oneself.

बिना किसी कारण के किसी से दुश्मनी मोल लेना मूर्खता है। (It is foolish to invite enmity from someone without any reason.)

Common
"दुश्मनी की आग बुझाना"

— To extinguish the fire of enmity; to resolve a conflict and bring peace.

हमें आपसी बातचीत से दुश्मनी की आग बुझानी चाहिए। (We should extinguish the fire of enmity through mutual conversation.)

Figurative, common
"दुश्मनी का बीज बोना"

— To sow the seeds of enmity; to initiate or cause enmity.

उसके कड़वे शब्दों ने दोनों समुदायों के बीच दुश्मनी का बीज बो दिया। (His bitter words sowed the seeds of enmity between the two communities.)

Figurative, less common
"दुश्मनी निभाना"

— To continue to hold a grudge or maintain enmity.

वह अपनी दुश्मनी आज तक निभा रहा है, जो ठीक नहीं है। (He is still maintaining his enmity till this day, which is not right.)

Common, implies persistence
"दुश्मनी की जड़ें गहरी होना"

— For the roots of enmity to be deep; the enmity is long-standing and difficult to resolve.

उनकी पीढ़ियों से चली आ रही दुश्मनी की जड़ें बहुत गहरी हैं। (The roots of their enmity, which has been going on for generations, are very deep.)

Figurative, common
"दुश्मनी को दोस्ती में बदलना"

— To turn enmity into friendship; to reconcile and become friends.

यह एक चमत्कार ही था कि उनकी दुश्मनी दोस्ती में बदल गई। (It was nothing short of a miracle that their enmity turned into friendship.)

Common
"दुश्मनी की हवा चलना"

— For an atmosphere of enmity to prevail; for hostility to spread.

जब से नेता भड़काऊ भाषण दे रहे हैं, तब से दुश्मनी की हवा चल रही है। (Since the leaders have been giving provocative speeches, an atmosphere of enmity has been prevailing.)

Figurative, common
"दुश्मनी का अंत"

— The end of enmity; resolution of conflict.

सभी चाहते हैं कि इस पुरानी दुश्मनी का अंत हो। (Everyone wants an end to this old enmity.)

Common
"दुश्मनी की कीमत चुकाना"

— To pay the price for enmity; to suffer the consequences of hostility.

युद्धों में देश अक्सर अपनी दुश्मनी की कीमत चुकाते हैं। (In wars, countries often pay the price for their enmity.)

Figurative, common

容易混淆

दुश्मनी vs शत्रुता (shatruta)

Both 'दुश्मनी' and 'शत्रुता' mean hostility or enmity.

'दुश्मनी' can be more personal and informal, often used for individual or family feuds. 'शत्रुता' is generally more formal and can refer to larger-scale conflicts between groups, communities, or nations. While often interchangeable, 'शत्रुता' carries a slightly more formal and grave tone.

बच्चों की आपस में थोड़ी दुश्मनी हो सकती है, लेकिन देशों के बीच शत्रुता गंभीर होती है। (Children can have a little enmity amongst themselves, but enmity between countries is serious.)

दुश्मनी vs वैमनस्य (vaimanasya)

Both words describe a state of ill will or animosity.

'वैमनस्य' emphasizes the internal feeling of hatred or ill will. 'दुश्मनी' encompasses the feeling as well as the resulting state of opposition and conflict. You can feel 'वैमनस्य' towards someone without necessarily engaging in overt 'दुश्मनी'.

उसके मन में मेरे लिए वैमनस्य है, लेकिन वह मुझसे सीधी दुश्मनी नहीं करता। (He has animosity towards me in his heart, but he doesn't directly engage in enmity with me.)

दुश्मनी vs प्रतिद्वंद्विता (pratidvandvita)

Both can involve competition and opposition.

'प्रतिद्वंद्विता' is primarily about rivalry or competition, often in a sporting, business, or political context, and doesn't necessarily imply deep hatred. 'दुश्मनी' is a much stronger term, indicating active dislike, animosity, and a desire to harm the other party.

खेल में प्रतिद्वंद्विता अच्छी है, लेकिन दुश्मनी खतरनाक हो सकती है। (Rivalry in sports is good, but enmity can be dangerous.)

दुश्मनी vs झगड़ा (jhagda)

Both relate to conflict.

'झगड़ा' refers to a quarrel, argument, or fight, which can be temporary and often arises from a specific incident. 'दुश्मनी' is a more sustained state of hostility that underlies or leads to multiple 'झगड़े'. A 'झगड़ा' can happen between friends, but 'दुश्मनी' implies a more fundamental break in the relationship.

उनका झगड़ा तो रोज़ होता है, लेकिन उनकी गहरी दुश्मनी नहीं है। (They quarrel daily, but they don't have deep enmity.)

दुश्मनी vs नफरत (nafrat)

Both are negative emotions/states.

'नफरत' is the emotion of hatred. 'दुश्मनी' is the state or relationship of being enemies, often fueled by 'नफरत'. You can feel 'नफरत' without necessarily being in a state of 'दुश्मनी', and 'दुश्मनी' implies more than just hatred; it involves active opposition.

उसकी नफरत इतनी गहरी थी कि उसने मुझसे दुश्मनी कर ली। (His hatred was so deep that he developed enmity with me.)

句型

A2

Subject + के बीच + (Adjective) + दुश्मनी + है।

दोनों पड़ोसियों के बीच पुरानी दुश्मनी है। (There is old enmity between the two neighbors.)

A2

यह दुश्मनी + (Time/Reason) + से है।

यह दुश्मनी सालों से है। (This enmity has been for years.)

B1

Subject + ने + Object + से + दुश्मनी + मोल ली।

उसने जानबूझकर मुझसे दुश्मनी मोल ली। (He deliberately invited enmity from me.)

B1

हमें + दुश्मनी + [Verb Phrase] + चाहिए।

हमें दुश्मनी खत्म करनी चाहिए। (We should end enmity.)

B2

Adjective + दुश्मनी + ने + [Consequence] + उत्पन्न किया।

राजनीतिक दुश्मनी ने गंभीर संकट उत्पन्न किया। (Political enmity caused a severe crisis.)

B2

Subject + की + Adjective + दुश्मनी + के बावजूद + [Outcome] + हुआ।

उनकी गहरी दुश्मनी के बावजूद, उन्होंने समझौता किया। (Despite their deep enmity, they reached a compromise.)

C1

Subject + (Context) + में + Adjective + दुश्मनी + [Action/Effect] + है।

ऐतिहासिक संदर्भ में, यह दुश्मनी राष्ट्रों के बीच तनाव का कारण रही है। (In a historical context, this enmity has been the cause of tension between nations.)

C1

यह [Noun] है कि + Subject + की + Adjective + दुश्मनी + [Action/Effect] + है।

यह चिंता का विषय है कि उनकी व्यक्तिगत दुश्मनी संगठन को कमजोर कर रही है। (It is a matter of concern that their personal enmity is weakening the organization.)

词族

名词

दुश्मन (dushman - enemy)
दुश्मनी (dushmani - enmity)

相关

शत्रु (shatru - enemy, more formal)
वैरी (vairi - enemy, often in literature)
प्रतिद्वंद्वी (pratidvandvi - rival)
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如何使用

frequency

Common, especially in contexts of conflict and negative relationships.

常见错误
  • Using 'दुश्मनी' for a temporary argument. → For a temporary disagreement, use 'झगड़ा' (jhagda - quarrel) or 'बहस' (bahas - debate/argument).

    'दुश्मनी' implies a sustained state of hostility and ill will, not a brief dispute. Using it for minor arguments diminishes its impact and can sound like an exaggeration.

  • Confusing 'दुश्मन' (enemy) with 'दुश्मनी' (enmity). → Use 'दुश्मन' for the person (e.g., 'वह मेरा दुश्मन है।') and 'दुश्मनी' for the state or feeling (e.g., 'उनकी दुश्मनी है।').

    'दुश्मन' is the individual who opposes you, while 'दुश्मनी' is the relationship or feeling of opposition itself. This is a common confusion for beginners.

  • Incorrectly forming phrases, e.g., 'मैं दुश्मनी करता हूँ'. → Common phrases are 'दुश्मनी करना' (to make enmity), 'दुश्मनी मोल लेना' (to invite enmity), or 'दुश्मनी निभाना' (to maintain enmity).

    Direct translation of verbs can lead to errors. 'दुश्मनी करना' is acceptable, but phrases like 'दुश्मनी मोल लेना' are more idiomatic and specific. 'मैं दुश्मनी करता हूँ' sounds unnatural.

  • Using 'दुश्मनी' when a milder term like 'नाराजगी' or 'वैमनस्य' is more appropriate. → Use 'नाराजगी' (narazgi - annoyance/displeasure) for mild negative feelings, or 'वैमनस्य' (vaimanasya - ill will) for a deeper internal feeling of dislike.

    'दुश्मनी' is a strong word. Overusing it for less intense situations can make your communication sound overly dramatic or insincere.

  • Ignoring grammatical agreement. → 'दुश्मनी' is a feminine noun, so adjectives modifying it must be in the feminine form (e.g., 'गहरी दुश्मनी', not 'गहरा दुश्मनी').

    Failure to agree adjectives with the gender of the noun is a common grammatical error. Ensuring gender agreement is crucial for correct Hindi.

小贴士

Understand the Intensity

Remember that 'दुश्मनी' signifies a strong, often prolonged, state of hostility and dislike. It's more than a casual disagreement. Try to gauge the depth of the negative feeling in the context before using the word.

Use with Appropriate Verbs

Pay attention to common verb phrases associated with 'दुश्मनी', such as 'दुश्मनी करना' (to make enmity), 'दुश्मनी होना' (to have enmity), 'दुश्मनी खत्म करना' (to end enmity), and 'दुश्मनी मोल लेना' (to invite enmity). Using these correctly will make your Hindi sound more natural.

Choose the Right Word

While 'दुश्मनी' is a common word, consider synonyms like 'शत्रुता' (formal hostility) or 'वैमनस्य' (ill will) for more nuanced expression, depending on the formality and context.

Connect to 'Disharmony'

Link the sound of 'दुश्मनी' to the English word 'disharmony'. Both imply a lack of peace and a state of opposition, helping you remember its negative connotation.

Role-Playing Scenarios

Imagine yourself in a situation involving conflict. Practice describing the 'दुश्मनी' between characters or discussing how to resolve it. This active practice will solidify your understanding.

Cultural Significance

Understand that in many cultures, including Indian culture, 'दुश्मनी' is seen as detrimental to social harmony. While it exists, there's often an idealization of reconciliation and peace.

Don't Overuse for Minor Issues

Avoid using 'दुश्मनी' for trivial disagreements. If two friends had a small argument and made up quickly, it's not 'दुश्मनी'. Use milder terms like 'नाराजगी' (annoyance) or 'मनमुटाव' (misunderstanding) instead.

Focus on Stress

Remember that the stress in 'दुश्मनी' falls on the first syllable: DUSH-ma-ni. Practicing this rhythm will improve your pronunciation.

Learn Related Words

Expand your vocabulary by learning related words like 'दुश्मन' (enemy), 'शत्रु' (enemy - formal), and antonyms like 'दोस्ती' (friendship) and 'भाईचारा' (brotherhood).

Watch and Listen

Watch Hindi movies or listen to news reports where conflicts are discussed. You'll frequently hear 'दुश्मनी' used in various contexts, helping you understand its natural usage.

记住它

记忆技巧

Imagine a person named 'Dushyant' who is always trying to make enemies. His 'dushmani' is famous! Or, think of 'dush' as 'bad' and 'mani' as 'money' – someone who uses bad money to make enemies.

视觉联想

Visualize two people with angry faces, throwing objects at each other across a broken bridge. The bridge represents the broken relationship of 'दुश्मनी'.

Word Web

Opposite: दोस्ती (friendship) Related: दुश्मन (enemy) Feeling: नफरत (hatred) Action: लड़ना (to fight) Context: परिवार (family) Context: राजनीति (politics) Consequence: दुख (sadness) Synonym: शत्रुता (hostility)

挑战

Try to use 'दुश्मनी' in three sentences describing hypothetical conflicts between fictional characters. Focus on showing the cause or effect of this enmity.

词源

The word 'दुश्मनी' (dushmani) is derived from the Sanskrit word 'दुश्मन' (dushman), which itself originates from Persian. In Persian, 'दुश्मन' (dushman) means 'enemy'. The suffix '-ई' (-i) is a common Hindi suffix used to form abstract nouns, similar to '-y' or '-ness' in English.

原始含义： Enemy

Indo-Aryan, ultimately from Persian

文化背景

The term 'दुश्मनी' carries a strong negative connotation. It should be used carefully, especially when discussing real-life conflicts, to avoid exacerbating tensions or appearing insensitive.

In English-speaking cultures, terms like 'feud', 'rivalry', 'animosity', and 'hostility' are used. 'Enmity' is a direct equivalent but might be considered more formal.

The classic Bollywood movie 'Sholay' features a legendary enmity between the characters Jai-Veeru and Gabbar Singh, which drives much of the plot. The historical enmity between certain royal families in India is often depicted in epic tales and historical dramas. Stories of village feuds, where families hold grudges for generations, are common in folklore and literature.

在生活中练习

真实语境

Personal feuds between neighbors or acquaintances.

  • उनके बीच पुरानी दुश्मनी है। (There is old enmity between them.)
  • यह दुश्मनी छोटी सी बात पर शुरू हुई। (This enmity started over a small matter.)
  • हमें दुश्मनी नहीं करनी चाहिए। (We should not make enmity.)

Family disputes and rivalries.

  • परिवारों के बीच दुश्मनी पीढ़ी दर पीढ़ी चलती है। (Enmity between families runs from generation to generation.)
  • उसकी दुश्मनी का कारण क्या है? (What is the reason for his enmity?)
  • वे अपनी दुश्मनी खत्म करना चाहते हैं। (They want to end their enmity.)

Political conflicts and national rivalries.

  • दोनों देशों के बीच राजनीतिक दुश्मनी है। (There is political enmity between the two countries.)
  • यह दुश्मनी कब खत्म होगी? (When will this enmity end?)
  • ऐतिहासिक दुश्मनी के कारण तनाव है। (There is tension due to historical enmity.)

Literary and cinematic plots involving conflict.

  • फिल्म में गहरी दुश्मनी दिखाई गई है। (Deep enmity is shown in the film.)
  • पात्रों की दुश्मनी कहानी का मुख्य हिस्सा है। (The enmity of the characters is the main part of the story.)
  • यह दुश्मनी प्रेम में बदल गई। (This enmity turned into love.)

Discussions about past grievances or historical conflicts.

  • उस दुश्मनी को अब भूल जाना चाहिए। (That enmity should be forgotten now.)
  • क्या तुम उस पुरानी दुश्मनी को याद करते हो? (Do you remember that old enmity?)
  • दुश्मनी की आग को बुझाना ज़रूरी है। (It is important to extinguish the fire of enmity.)

对话开场白

"Have you ever witnessed or heard about a long-standing enmity between people?"

"In movies, we often see intense enmity. What do you think drives such deep hatred?"

"Is it possible for enmity to turn into friendship? Can you think of an example?"

"What are the consequences of harboring enmity for a long time?"

"How can societies overcome historical enmities and build peace?"

日记主题

Describe a fictional scenario where two characters have a deep enmity. What caused it, and how might it be resolved?

Reflect on the difference between a simple disagreement and true enmity. When does a conflict become 'दुश्मनी'?

Imagine a world without enmity. What would be different?

Write about a time you observed or experienced a situation where 'दुश्मनी' played a significant role.

How can individuals and communities work towards healing past enmities and fostering understanding?

常见问题

10 个问题

'दुश्मन' (dushman) is a noun referring to an enemy – a person or group that opposes or hates another. 'दुश्मनी' (dushmani) is also a noun, but it refers to the state or feeling of enmity, hostility, or animosity between people or groups. Think of 'दुश्मन' as the actor and 'दुश्मनी' as the action or the relationship state.

Generally, yes. 'दुश्मनी' implies a significant level of dislike and opposition, often with a history. While it can be used somewhat informally in casual conversation among friends to describe a strong disagreement, its core meaning is serious. It's not typically used for minor arguments or fleeting annoyances.

Yes, enmity can be resolved. Phrases like 'दुश्मनी खत्म करना' (to end enmity) or 'दुश्मनी को भूल जाना' (to forget enmity) are used. Resolution often involves dialogue, forgiveness, and mutual understanding, though deeply rooted enmities can be hard to overcome.

Common causes include misunderstandings, personal insults, betrayal, competition for resources or power, historical grievances, and ideological differences. In families, it might stem from property disputes or perceived disrespect. In politics, it can arise from opposing ideologies or power struggles.

Primarily, 'दुश्मनी' is used for relationships between sentient beings, especially humans. While one might metaphorically say a dog has 'दुश्मनी' with the mailman, it's more common to describe a strong dislike or territorial behavior. It's not typically used for inanimate objects.

'Rivalry' (प्रतिद्वंद्विता - pratidvandvita) implies competition, often in a structured way (like in sports or business), and doesn't necessarily involve deep hatred. 'दुश्मनी' is a more intense state of hostility and animosity, where the opposition is often personal and deeply felt.

The plural form is 'दुश्मनियाँ' (dushmaniyaan). This can refer to multiple instances of enmity or different types of enmities.

Yes, common idiomatic expressions include 'दुश्मनी मोल लेना' (to invite enmity), 'दुश्मनी की आग बुझाना' (to extinguish the fire of enmity), and 'दुश्मनी निभाना' (to maintain enmity).

Try to create sentences describing hypothetical conflicts, write short stories involving characters with enmity, or use it in role-playing scenarios where you need to express strong opposition or resolve a conflict.

The word 'दुश्मनी' comes from the Persian word 'dushman', meaning 'enemy', with the Hindi suffix '-ई' (-i) added to form the abstract noun for enmity.

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