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B2 adjective 8分钟阅读

명목상

myeongmoksang
例句 명목상 30秒了解
解析 명목상 in your Level:
The concept of 'in name only' is too abstract for A1 learners. At this level, focus on concrete nouns, verbs, and basic adjectives. Explanations would involve very simple descriptions of objects and actions, without complex nuances.
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A2 learners can understand simple descriptions of situations. While 'in name only' is still a bit advanced, one could introduce it through very basic examples like 'This is a toy car, but it doesn't move.' The Korean equivalent would be too complex for direct teaching, focusing instead on simple descriptive sentences.
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At the B1 level, learners can grasp more complex sentence structures and abstract concepts. '명목상' could be introduced by explaining it means something is called by a name but doesn't actually work that way. For example, 'This is a king's crown, but he is not a real king.' The Korean word would be presented with simple, clear examples focusing on the contrast.
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B2 learners can understand and use a wider range of vocabulary and more complex grammatical structures. '명목상' fits well at this level as it describes nuanced situations. Learners can understand the distinction between official titles and actual power or function. Explanations would focus on political, economic, or social contexts where this distinction is important.
C1 learners can understand subtle nuances in language and use sophisticated vocabulary. '명목상' would be used in complex analytical texts, such as academic articles, editorials, or detailed reports. Explanations would delve into the socio-political implications and the precise contexts where '명목상' adds critical depth.
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C2 learners have near-native proficiency. They would encounter '명목상' in highly specialized or literary contexts, understanding its full range of connotations and its use in sophisticated argumentation or critique. Explanations would focus on its stylistic function and its role in advanced discourse.
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例句

명목상 30秒了解

  • Describes something that exists in title but not in reality.
  • Highlights a gap between appearance and substance.
  • Means 'in name only' or 'nominally'.
  • Used when a formal designation doesn't match the actual situation.

The Korean adjective '명목상' (myeongmok-sang) translates to 'in name only' or 'nominal' in English. It describes a situation where something exists in title or in appearance but lacks the substance, reality, or actual power that one would expect from its name. Think of it as a label that doesn't fully reflect what's going on underneath.

Core Meaning
Something that is officially recognized or called by a certain name, but does not function or exist in that capacity in reality.
Usage Contexts
You'll often hear '명목상' used in discussions about politics, economics, social structures, and even personal relationships where there's a discrepancy between the official status and the actual situation. For instance, a country might have a '명목상' leader who holds no real power, or a company might have a '명목상' department that doesn't perform any actual functions. It highlights a contrast between appearance and reality.

그는 명목상 회사 대표이지만, 실제 결정권은 사장에게 있다.

He is the representative of the company in name only, but the actual decision-making power lies with the CEO.

이 법은 명목상으로는 모든 시민을 보호하지만, 실제로는 그렇지 않다.

This law, nominally, protects all citizens, but in reality, it does not.
Nuance
It's important to distinguish '명목상' from words that simply mean 'officially'. '명목상' specifically implies a deficiency or lack of genuine substance behind the official title. It often carries a tone of criticism or observation of a flawed system or situation.

그는 명목상으로는 부자이지만, 실제로는 빚이 많다.

He is a rich person in name only, but in reality, he has a lot of debt.

'명목상' is typically used as an adverbial modifier, often preceding the noun it modifies or appearing in a clause that describes the true state of affairs. It functions to qualify a statement, highlighting the difference between the official designation and the practical reality. Understanding its placement and the context it creates is key to using it correctly.

Sentence Structure
'명목상' often appears before a noun or a descriptive phrase that it is qualifying. It can also be used at the beginning of a sentence to set up a contrast.

그 제도는 명목상 존재하지만, 실질적인 혜택은 거의 없다.

The system exists in name only, but there are almost no practical benefits.
Emphasis on Contrast
The word is most effective when it sets up a clear contrast. You'll often find it paired with phrases that describe the actual situation, using words like '실제로' (actually), '실질적으로' (substantially), or '그러나' (however).

그 회사는 명목상 독립 기업이지만, 실제로는 모회사에 종속되어 있다.

The company is nominally independent, but in reality, it is subordinate to the parent company.

이 계약은 명목상으로는 상호 합의에 의한 것이지만, 강압적인 분위기였다.

This contract is, in name only, based on mutual agreement, but the atmosphere was coercive.
Adverbial Function
As an adverb, '명목상' modifies verbs or adjectives, providing additional information about the manner or extent of something. It often answers the question 'how?' or 'to what extent?' in a qualified sense.

정부는 명목상으로는 지원을 약속했지만, 실제로는 아무런 조치도 취하지 않았다.

The government promised support nominally, but in fact, took no action.

'명목상' is a word commonly found in more formal or analytical contexts. You'll encounter it frequently in news reports, academic discussions, political commentary, legal documents, and economic analyses. It's the kind of word that sophisticated speakers use to add precision and nuance to their arguments, especially when pointing out discrepancies.

News and Media
Journalists often use '명목상' to describe situations where official policies or statements don't align with the on-the-ground reality. For example, a news report might discuss a country's '명목상' democratic institutions while detailing how they are undermined in practice.

국제 사회는 명목상 평화를 추구하지만, 실제로는 갈등이 계속되고 있다.

The international community pursues peace in name only, but in reality, conflicts continue.
Academic and Legal Settings
In academic papers and legal briefs, precision is paramount. '명목상' is used to distinguish between legal titles, official designations, and actual operational realities. A contract might be valid '명목상', but its enforceability in practice might be questionable.

이 조항은 명목상으로는 의무 사항이지만, 실제로는 권고 사항에 가깝다.

This clause is, nominally, mandatory, but in reality, it's closer to a recommendation.
Political Discourse
Politicians and analysts use '명목상' to critique government actions or policies. They might say a policy is '명목상' effective but fails to achieve its intended goals in reality, or that a certain official is a '명목상' leader without any real authority.

그 정책은 명목상으로는 효과적이지만, 실제로는 부작용이 더 크다.

That policy is effective in name only, but in reality, the side effects are greater.

그 위원회는 명목상으로만 존재하고, 실제 회의는 거의 열리지 않는다.

The committee exists nominally, and actual meetings are rarely held.

Learners might sometimes misuse '명목상' by confusing it with words that simply indicate an official status without the implication of lacking substance. It's crucial to understand that '명목상' specifically points to a deficiency or a gap between appearance and reality.

Confusing with '공식적인' (Official)
A common mistake is to use '명목상' when '공식적인' (gongsikjeogin - official) would be more appropriate. '공식적인' simply means something is recognized or sanctioned by an authority. '명목상' implies that the official status is not matched by actual power or reality.

Incorrect: 그들은 명목상 결혼했다. (They married in name only.)

This implies a lack of genuine marital substance. If they simply meant they had a formal wedding ceremony, '공식적으로' (officially) would be better.
Overusing '명목상' for Minor Discrepancies
'명목상' implies a significant difference between the name and the reality. Using it for very minor discrepancies might sound unnatural or overly critical.

Incorrect: 이 펜은 명목상 파란색이다. (This pen is in name only blue.)

Unless there's a specific reason why its blueness is questionable (e.g., it's supposed to be blue ink but it's black), this is an inappropriate use. Simply stating '이 펜은 파란색이다' (This pen is blue) is sufficient.
Ignoring the Contrast
'명목상' is most effective when it highlights a contrast. If you use it without an implied or stated counterpoint (the actual situation), the meaning can be lost.

Incorrect: 나는 명목상 학생이다. (I am a student in name only.)

This statement lacks context. It's better to explain *why* you are a student in name only, e.g., '나는 명목상 학생이지만, 실제로는 휴학 중이다.' (I am a student in name only, but I am actually on leave.)

Incorrect: 이 음식은 명목상 맛있다. (This food is in name only delicious.)

This is illogical. Deliciousness is a subjective experience, not usually a nominal title. Unless there's a very specific context (e.g., a dish named 'Delicious' that is actually terrible), this is incorrect.

While '명목상' (myeongmok-sang) is quite specific, several other Korean words can convey related meanings, though with different nuances. Choosing the right word depends on the exact shade of meaning you wish to express.

명목상 (Myeongmok-sang) vs. 형식상 (Hyeongsik-sang)
형식상 (hyeongsik-sang) means 'formally' or 'in terms of form'. It's very close to '명목상', but often emphasizes the adherence to rules or procedures rather than the lack of substance. '명목상' strongly implies a lack of reality, while '형식상' might just mean something is done according to protocol, even if it's not fully effective.

명목상: 그는 명목상 팀장이지만, 아무도 그의 지시를 따르지 않는다. (He is the team leader in name only, but no one follows his orders.)

Emphasizes the lack of actual leadership power.

형식상: 형식상으로는 모든 절차를 따랐다. (We followed all procedures formally.)

Emphasizes that the steps were completed according to the rules, regardless of their effectiveness.
명목상 (Myeongmok-sang) vs. 실질적으로 (Siljiljeok-euro)
실질적으로 (siljiljeok-euro) means 'substantially', 'actually', or 'in reality'. This is not a synonym but rather a word that often appears in contrast to '명목상'. When '명목상' is used, '실질적으로' is often implied or explicitly stated to describe the true situation.

명목상 & 실질적으로: 명목상으로는 독립적인 회사지만, 실질적으로는 자회사이다. (Nominally an independent company, but substantially a subsidiary.)

Highlights the stark difference between the title and the actual status.
명목상 (Myeongmok-sang) vs. 이름뿐인 (Ireumppunin)
이름뿐인 (ireumppunin) is an adjective that literally means 'only in name'. It's a very direct translation and often interchangeable with '명목상', especially in informal contexts. '명목상' feels slightly more formal and analytical.

명목상: 이 상은 명목상 최고의 영예이다. (This award is, nominally, the highest honor.)

Implies the award's prestige is not reflected in its actual impact or recognition.

이름뿐인: 그는 이름뿐인 지도자이다. (He is a leader in name only.)

A more direct and perhaps slightly less formal way to say the same thing.
명목상 (Myeongmok-sang) vs. 허울뿐인 (Heoulppunin)
허울뿐인 (heoulppunin) means 'mere facade', 'empty show', or 'all show and no substance'. This adjective is very similar to '명목상' and '이름뿐인' and emphasizes the superficiality or emptiness of something that appears significant. It often carries a stronger sense of disappointment or disillusionment.

명목상: 이 법안은 명목상으로만 존재하고 실제로는 집행되지 않는다. (This bill exists nominally but is not actually enforced.)

Highlights the lack of practical application despite the law's existence.

허울뿐인: 그의 칭찬은 허울뿐인 것이었다. (His praise was mere facade.)

Implies the praise was insincere and without genuine feeling or intent.
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按水平分级的例句

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1

이것은 장난감 집이지만, 아무도 살지 않아요.

This is a toy house, but no one lives there.

Focus on simple contrast: noun + '이지만' (but) + description of reality.

2

그는 이름만 왕이에요.

He is a king in name only.

Using '이름만' (only in name) as a simpler alternative for A2 learners.

3

이것은 지도인데, 실제 길은 아니에요.

This is a map, but it's not a real road.

Simple contrast between representation and reality.

4

그것은 그림인데, 진짜 꽃이 아니에요.

That is a painting, but it's not a real flower.

Distinguishing between an image and the real thing.

5

이것은 그냥 의자예요. 진짜 왕좌가 아니에요.

This is just a chair. It's not a real throne.

Using simple words like '그냥' (just) and '진짜' (real) to show contrast.

6

그는 보이는 것과 달라요.

He is different from what he appears.

Introducing the idea of appearance vs. reality.

7

이것은 모양만 자동차예요.

This is a car in shape only.

Using '모양만' (in shape only) for a concrete example.

8

그것은 그림인데, 진짜 음식이 아니에요.

That is a picture, but not real food.

Contrasting representation with reality.

1

그는 명목상 대표이지만, 실질적인 권력은 없다.

He is the representative in name only, but he has no actual power.

Introducing '명목상' with a clear contrast using '실질적인 권력은 없다'.

2

이 법은 명목상 모든 사람을 보호한다.

This law, nominally, protects everyone.

Using '명목상' with a statement of official function.

3

그것은 명목상 학교이지만, 학생들은 거의 오지 않는다.

It is a school in name only, but very few students come.

Highlighting the discrepancy between the name 'school' and the reality of low attendance.

4

그 계약은 명목상 유효하다.

That contract is valid nominally.

Using '명목상' in a legal/business context.

5

그녀는 명목상 팀장이지만, 실제로는 다른 사람이 리드한다.

She is the team leader in name only, but someone else actually leads.

Emphasizing a formal title without actual authority.

6

이 제도는 명목상 존재한다.

This system exists in name only.

Describing a system that is recognized but not functional.

7

그것은 명목상 축제였지만, 아무도 즐기지 않았다.

It was a festival in name only, but no one enjoyed it.

Contrasting the festive name with the lack of actual celebration.

8

그 나라는 명목상 민주주의 국가이다.

That country is nominally a democracy.

Using '명목상' in a political context to suggest a gap between the ideal and reality.

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정부는 명목상으로는 지원을 약속했지만, 실제로는 아무런 조치도 취하지 않았다.

The government promised support nominally, but in fact, took no action.

Using '명목상' to highlight a broken promise or lack of follow-through.

2

그 회사는 명목상 독립 기업이지만, 실제로는 모회사에 종속되어 있다.

The company is nominally independent, but in reality, it is subordinate to the parent company.

Illustrating a situation where official independence is contradicted by actual control.

3

이 조항은 명목상으로는 의무 사항이지만, 실제로는 권고 사항에 가깝다.

This clause is, nominally, mandatory, but in reality, it's closer to a recommendation.

Applying '명목상' to legal or regulatory contexts to point out a lack of true obligation.

4

국제 사회는 명목상 평화를 추구하지만, 실제로는 갈등이 계속되고 있다.

The international community pursues peace in name only, but in reality, conflicts continue.

Using '명목상' to critique international relations or diplomatic efforts.

5

그는 명목상으로는 수십억 달러의 자산을 소유하고 있지만, 대부분은 부채로 묶여 있다.

He owns billions of dollars in assets nominally, but most of it is tied up in debt.

Describing a situation of apparent wealth that is not substantial.

6

이 제도는 명목상으로는 모든 시민을 보호하지만, 실제로는 그렇지 않다.

This law, nominally, protects all citizens, but in reality, it does not.

Critiquing legislation or social policies for their ineffectiveness.

7

그들은 명목상으로만 동맹 관계를 유지하고 있다.

They maintain their alliance in name only.

Describing a relationship that lacks genuine commitment or cooperation.

8

그 상은 명목상 최고 권위를 자랑하지만, 실제로는 영향력이 미미하다.

The award boasts the highest authority nominally, but its actual influence is negligible.

Highlighting the disparity between the prestige of an award and its actual impact.

1

그 정치 체제는 명목상으로는 민주주의 원칙을 따르지만, 실제로는 권위주의적 통제가 만연하다.

That political system, nominally, adheres to democratic principles, but in reality, authoritarian control is rampant.

Using '명목상' in sophisticated political analysis to describe a facade of democracy.

2

회사는 명목상으로는 직원의 복지를 최우선으로 한다고 발표했지만, 실제로는 감원 압박이 심화되고 있다.

The company announced nominally that employee welfare is its top priority, but in reality, pressure for layoffs is intensifying.

Analyzing corporate statements versus actual corporate practices.

3

그 협약은 명목상으로는 모든 당사국에게 이익이 되도록 설계되었으나, 실질적으로는 특정 국가에게만 유리하게 작용하고 있다.

The agreement was designed, nominally, to benefit all parties, but in practice, it disproportionately favors certain nations.

Critiquing international agreements for hidden biases.

4

그의 리더십은 명목상으로는 확고했지만, 내부적으로는 상당한 반발에 직면해 있었다.

His leadership was, nominally, firm, but internally, it faced considerable backlash.

Describing a leader who projects strength but lacks genuine internal support.

5

이 기술은 명목상으로는 혁신적인 발전을 약속했지만, 실제 구현에는 많은 기술적 난관이 존재한다.

This technology, nominally, promised innovative advancements, but numerous technical hurdles exist in its actual implementation.

Discussing technological promises versus practical limitations.

6

그 자선 단체는 명목상으로는 소외 계층을 돕는다고 주장하지만, 그들의 재정 운영은 불투명하다.

The charity claims nominally to help the marginalized, but its financial operations are opaque.

Questioning the true impact and transparency of an organization.

7

그 결정은 명목상으로는 투명한 절차를 거친 것처럼 보였으나, 비판적인 시각에서는 의혹이 제기되었다.

The decision appeared, nominally, to have gone through a transparent process, but critical perspectives raised suspicions.

Analyzing the appearance of fairness versus underlying doubts.

8

그 예술 작품은 명목상으로는 고전주의 양식을 따르지만, 그 표현 방식은 매우 현대적이다.

The artwork, nominally, follows classical styles, but its mode of expression is highly modern.

Highlighting a blend of traditional form and avant-garde execution.

1

그 제국은 명목상으로는 하나의 통일된 국가였으나, 내부적으로는 수많은 종족과 문화의 복잡한 얽힘으로 인해 불안정했다.

The empire, nominally, was a single unified nation, but internally, it was unstable due to the complex entanglement of numerous ethnicities and cultures.

Using '명목상' in a historical context to describe a superficially unified entity with underlying fragmentation.

2

그의 연설은 명목상으로는 화합과 단결을 역설했지만, 그 기저에는 미묘한 분열 조장이 깔려 있었다.

His speech, nominally, advocated for harmony and unity, but subtle incitement of division lay beneath the surface.

Analyzing rhetoric for hidden agendas and subtle manipulation.

3

그 법률은 명목상으로는 시민의 자유를 신장시키기 위한 것이었으나, 실제로는 통제와 감시를 강화하는 수단으로 악용될 소지가 다분했다.

The law, nominally, was intended to enhance citizens' freedom, but in reality, it was highly susceptible to being misused as a tool to strengthen control and surveillance.

Critiquing legislation for its potential for misuse and the subversion of its stated purpose.

4

그 예술가는 명목상으로는 전통적인 기법을 답습하는 듯 보였으나, 그의 작품은 기존의 미학적 틀을 전복하려는 의도가 엿보였다.

The artist, nominally, seemed to be following traditional techniques, but his works betrayed an intention to subvert existing aesthetic frameworks.

Discussing artistic intent and the subversion of tradition.

5

그 사회 계약은 명목상으로는 상호 합의에 기반한 것이었지만, 실제로는 권력 구조의 불평등을 공고히 하는 기능을 수행했다.

The social contract, nominally, was based on mutual agreement, but in practice, it served to solidify the inequalities of the power structure.

Analyzing social structures and the critique of seemingly equitable agreements.

6

그 기업의 윤리 강령은 명목상으로는 매우 엄격했지만, 실제 운영에서는 끊임없이 그 경계를 넘나들었다.

The company's code of ethics, nominally, was very strict, but in actual operations, it constantly blurred those boundaries.

Examining the gap between stated ethical principles and actual business practices.

7

그의 학문적 업적은 명목상으로는 상당한 것으로 평가되었으나, 방법론적 엄밀성의 결여로 인해 비판을 면치 못했다.

His academic achievements were, nominally, considered significant, but due to a lack of methodological rigor, they could not escape criticism.

Critiquing academic work based on substance rather than superficial acclaim.

8

그 문화적 재현은 명목상으로는 원본의 충실한 모방을 표방했으나, 본질적으로는 왜곡과 자기 투영의 산물이었다.

The cultural representation, nominally, claimed to be a faithful imitation of the original, but in essence, it was a product of distortion and self-projection.

Analyzing representations for their authenticity and the biases they reveal.

近义词

형식상 겉모양의 이름뿐인 표면상의

反义词

실질적 실제적 사실상의
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