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A2 adjective #2,500 最常用 7分钟阅读

citado

At the A1 level, you should know that 'citado' comes from 'citar' (to mention/quote). You will mostly see it in simple sentences describing a book or a person that was mentioned before. It's like saying 'the one we talked about'. Remember it changes: 'o livro citado' (the book) but 'a música citada' (the song). It is a formal way to point back to something already said.
At the A2 level, 'citado' is useful for basic writing. When you write a small paragraph, you can use 'o exemplo citado' to refer to an example you gave in the previous sentence. You should also recognize it in news headlines. It helps you connect ideas without repeating the same words. It's a step up from using just 'este' or 'esse'.
At the B1 level, you start using 'citado' in more complex structures, like the passive voice: 'O autor foi citado por muitos jornalistas'. You also begin to see it in professional contexts, like emails or simple contracts. You should be able to distinguish between 'citado' (quoted/summoned) and 'mencionado' (mentioned), using 'citado' when there is a specific source or authority involved.
At the B2 level, you should use 'citado' fluently in academic and formal discussions. You understand the legal nuance of being 'citado' (served/summoned). You can use variations like 'supracitado' (mentioned above) in reports. You also understand how 'citado' functions in media discourse to imply someone's involvement in a situation without making direct accusations.
At the C1 level, 'citado' is a tool for precision. You use it to manage complex bibliographies and legal arguments. You understand the stylistic difference between 'citado', 'aludido', and 'referenciado'. You can detect subtle tones in a text based on whether an author is 'citado' (given authority) or merely 'mencionado' (briefly noted).
At the C2 level, 'citado' is part of a sophisticated repertoire. You use it in high-level legal, academic, or literary analysis. You are aware of its etymological roots and can use it in archaic or highly formal constructions. You understand its role in 'intertextuality'—how one text 'cites' another to create layers of meaning.
开始练习 例句 笔记与提示

citado 30秒了解

  • Used to refer to something already mentioned.
  • Changes form based on gender and number (citado/a/os/as).
  • Common in academic, legal, and news contexts.
  • Means 'quoted', 'cited', or 'summoned' depending on context.

The Portuguese word citado is a versatile adjective and the past participle of the verb citar. At its core, it describes something or someone that has been specifically mentioned, referred to, or quoted within a text, conversation, or legal proceeding. In an academic context, it refers to a source that provides authority to a statement. In a legal context, it can mean someone who has been officially summoned to appear before a court. Understanding 'citado' requires recognizing its role in identifying specific points of reference that have already been established in a discourse.

Academic Context
Refers to an author or work used as evidence (e.g., 'O autor citado no artigo').
Legal Context
Refers to a defendant or witness officially notified (e.g., 'O réu foi citado').
General Discourse
Simply means 'the aforementioned' or 'the one we talked about'.

"Conforme o exemplo citado anteriormente, a economia está crescendo."

— Translation: As per the example cited previously, the economy is growing.

The word must agree in gender and number with the noun it modifies. For instance, if you are talking about a woman (a mulher), you use citada. If you are talking about multiple documents (os documentos), you use citados. This flexibility makes it a foundational word for formal writing and precise communication in Portuguese. It acts as a linguistic anchor, tying new information to previously mentioned facts.

"As fontes citadas são confiáveis."

Historically, the word derives from the Latin citatus, meaning to set in motion or to summon. This heritage is still visible in the legal 'summoning' aspect of the word. In modern Portuguese, however, its most common use is in journalism and academia to attribute ideas to their original creators. When you see 'citado' in a news report, it usually precedes a quote or a reference to a government official or a study.

"O caso citado pelo juiz mudou a jurisprudência."

Grammar Agreement
O livro citado (Masculine Singular)
A página citada (Feminine Singular)
Os fatos citados (Masculine Plural)

"Nenhum dos nomes citados estava na lista."

"A teoria citada no livro é revolucionária."

Using citado correctly involves understanding its placement and its grammatical agreement. As an adjective, it typically follows the noun it describes, though in very formal or literary contexts, it can occasionally precede it for emphasis. The primary rule is agreement: citado (m.s.), citada (f.s.), citados (m.p.), and citadas (f.p.).

1. Identifying References

In writing, 'citado' is often paired with adverbs like anteriormente (previously), acima (above), or abaixo (below). This helps the reader navigate the text. For example: 'O valor citado acima inclui impostos' (The value cited above includes taxes). This usage is essential for business emails, reports, and academic papers where clarity regarding which data point is being discussed is paramount.

2. The Passive Voice Construction

Because 'citado' is the past participle of 'citar', it is frequently used with the auxiliary verb ser (to be) to form the passive voice. 'Ele foi citado como testemunha' (He was cited/summoned as a witness). In this structure, the focus is on the person or thing receiving the action of being mentioned.

3. Legal Summoning

In legal Portuguese, 'citar' is the act of notifying a defendant of a lawsuit. Therefore, 'o réu citado' refers to a defendant who has been officially served papers. This is a very specific, high-stakes use of the word. If you are translating legal documents, 'citado' often translates to 'served' or 'summoned' rather than just 'quoted'.

4. Academic Attribution

When writing a thesis, you might say: 'Segundo o autor citado...' (According to the cited author...). This demonstrates that you are building upon existing research. It is more formal than saying 'o autor que eu falei' (the author I spoke about).

5. Social and Media Context

In news reports, you will often hear: 'O ministro, citado em delações...' (The minister, mentioned in plea bargains...). Here, 'citado' carries a connotation of being implicated or named in a specific context. It is a neutral way for journalists to report that a name has appeared in documents without necessarily implying guilt.

You will encounter citado in various professional and formal environments. It is less common in very casual, slang-heavy street talk, where people prefer 'falado' or 'mencionado'. However, in any structured environment, it is a staple.

  • The News: Journalists use it constantly to refer to sources. 'O relatório citado pela ONU...' (The report cited by the UN...).
  • Universities: Professors and students use it to discuss bibliography. 'Este conceito foi citado na aula passada.' (This concept was mentioned in the last class).
  • Courts and Law Firms: It is the standard term for official notifications. 'A empresa ainda não foi citada no processo.' (The company hasn't been served in the lawsuit yet).
  • Business Meetings: When referring back to a point made earlier in a presentation. 'Como citado pelo diretor, as metas mudaram.' (As mentioned by the director, the goals have changed).
  • Literature: Authors use it to reference other works or characters mentioned earlier in the narrative.

In Portugal and Brazil, the usage is largely identical, though the legal procedures for being 'citado' may differ. In everyday life, if you are reading a contract, look for 'citado' to understand which clauses or parties are being referenced. If you are watching a talk show, a guest might say, 'O livro que você citou...' (The book you cited/mentioned...).

While citado is straightforward, learners often stumble on a few specific areas. Avoiding these will make your Portuguese sound much more natural and professional.

1. Lack of Agreement

The most common error is forgetting that 'citado' is an adjective. Many learners use the masculine singular form as a default. Incorrect: 'As regras citado'. Correct: 'As regras citadas'. Always check the gender and number of the noun being referred to.

2. Confusing with 'Mencionado'

While often interchangeable, 'citado' implies a more direct or formal reference (like a quote or a legal summons), whereas 'mencionado' is softer and more general. Using 'citado' for a casual mention of a friend might sound overly formal. Casual: 'O amigo que eu mencionei'. Formal/Specific: 'O autor citado'.

3. Misunderstanding the Legal Meaning

In a legal context, 'ser citado' does not just mean someone said your name; it means you have been officially served. Translating 'I was mentioned in the meeting' as 'Fui citado na reunião' is correct, but 'Fui citado pelo juiz' implies a legal summons. Context is key.

4. Spelling with 'S'

Learners sometimes confuse it with 'sitado' (which doesn't exist, but sounds like 'situado' - situated). Remember: Citar comes from Latin citare, always with a 'C'.

5. Overuse

In very informal conversations, using 'citado' too much can make you sound like a textbook. Use 'que eu falei' or 'que você disse' in casual chats with friends.

To enrich your vocabulary, it's helpful to know words that share a semantic field with citado. Each has a slightly different nuance.

  • Mencionado: The closest synonym. It means 'mentioned'. It is slightly less formal than 'citado' and is used when something is referred to briefly without necessarily being quoted.
  • Referido: Means 'referred to'. It is very common in formal writing ('o referido documento') to avoid repeating the name of a document.
  • Aludido: A more sophisticated word meaning 'alluded to'. Use this when the reference was indirect or subtle rather than a direct quote.
  • Supracitado: A compound word (supra + citado) meaning 'above-cited' or 'aforementioned'. It is extremely common in legal and academic texts to refer to something mentioned earlier in the same document.
  • Arrolado: Specifically used in legal contexts to mean 'listed' or 'enlisted', often for witnesses ('testemunha arrolada').
  • Transcrito: Means 'transcribed'. Use this if the 'citado' part is a word-for-word copy of a text.

Choosing between these depends on the level of formality and the directness of the reference. For a standard A2-B1 learner, sticking with 'citado' and 'mencionado' is usually sufficient, but recognizing 'referido' and 'supracitado' will greatly help with reading comprehension.

How Formal Is It?

正式

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非正式

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难度评级

需要掌握的语法

按水平分级的例句

1

O livro citado é bom.

The cited book is good.

Masculine singular agreement.

2

A frase citada é curta.

The quoted phrase is short.

Feminine singular agreement.

3

Eles são os autores citados.

They are the cited authors.

Masculine plural agreement.

4

O nome citado está aqui.

The mentioned name is here.

Used as an adjective.

5

As palavras citadas são bonitas.

The quoted words are beautiful.

Feminine plural agreement.

6

O exemplo citado é fácil.

The cited example is easy.

Common A1 structure.

7

A página citada é a dez.

The cited page is number ten.

Identifying a specific reference.

8

O filme citado é antigo.

The mentioned movie is old.

Adjective following the noun.

1

Conforme o texto citado, o clima mudou.

According to the cited text, the climate changed.

Using 'conforme' with 'citado'.

2

O valor citado não inclui o frete.

The cited value does not include shipping.

Common in commercial contexts.

3

A cidade citada fica no norte.

The mentioned city is in the north.

Geographic reference.

4

Os documentos citados são importantes.

The cited documents are important.

Plural agreement.

5

Ela foi citada na reportagem.

She was mentioned in the report.

Passive voice with 'ser'.

6

O erro citado foi corrigido.

The cited error was corrected.

Past participle as adjective.

7

As fontes citadas são seguras.

The cited sources are reliable.

Feminine plural.

8

O endereço citado está correto?

Is the mentioned address correct?

Interrogative use.

1

O réu foi citado para comparecer ao tribunal.

The defendant was summoned to appear in court.

Legal use of 'citar'.

2

Nenhum dos fatos citados foi comprovado.

None of the cited facts were proven.

Negative construction.

3

A teoria citada pelo professor é complexa.

The theory cited by the professor is complex.

Agent of the passive ('pelo professor').

4

O artigo citado discute a inflação.

The cited article discusses inflation.

Subject of the sentence.

5

As testemunhas citadas não viram o acidente.

The cited witnesses did not see the accident.

Legal/Investigative context.

6

O trecho citado foi retirado de um poema.

The quoted passage was taken from a poem.

Referring to a specific part of a text.

7

O problema citado anteriormente persiste.

The previously cited problem persists.

Using 'anteriormente' for cohesion.

8

O valor citado em contrato deve ser pago.

The value cited in the contract must be paid.

Prepositional phrase 'em contrato'.

1

O autor, amplamente citado na área, lançou um novo livro.

The author, widely cited in the field, released a new book.

Use of adverb 'amplamente'.

2

A jurisprudência citada fundamenta a decisão.

The cited case law supports the decision.

Technical legal vocabulary.

3

O político foi citado em várias delações premiadas.

The politician was mentioned in several plea bargains.

Media/Political context.

4

As obras citadas no rodapé são essenciais.

The works cited in the footnote are essential.

Academic context.

5

O evento citado gerou grande polêmica.

The cited event caused great controversy.

Abstract noun 'evento'.

6

A porcentagem citada refere-se ao lucro líquido.

The cited percentage refers to net profit.

Financial context.

7

O pesquisador foi citado como referência mundial.

The researcher was cited as a world reference.

Passive voice with 'como'.

8

As falhas citadas no relatório são graves.

The flaws cited in the report are serious.

Formal evaluation.

1

O conceito supracitado é a pedra angular da tese.

The aforementioned concept is the cornerstone of the thesis.

Use of 'supracitado'.

2

Embora citado, o autor não foi devidamente analisado.

Although cited, the author was not properly analyzed.

Concessive clause with 'Embora'.

3

A empresa foi citada por edital após várias tentativas.

The company was served by public notice after several attempts.

Specific legal procedure ('por edital').

4

O episódio, embora vagamente citado, é crucial.

The episode, although vaguely cited, is crucial.

Nuance with 'vagamente'.

5

As passagens citadas revelam a intenção do autor.

The cited passages reveal the author's intention.

Literary analysis.

6

O montante citado destoa da realidade financeira.

The cited amount is inconsistent with the financial reality.

Formal verb 'destoar'.

7

O filósofo é frequentemente citado fora de contexto.

The philosopher is frequently cited out of context.

Critical thinking context.

8

A norma citada já foi revogada pelo novo decreto.

The cited norm has already been revoked by the new decree.

Legal/Administrative precision.

1

A hermenêutica do texto citado exige cautela extrema.

The hermeneutics of the cited text require extreme caution.

High-level academic terminology.

2

O réu, devidamente citado, quedou-se inerte.

The defendant, duly served, remained inactive.

Archaic/Formal legal phrasing ('quedou-se inerte').

3

A intertextualidade manifesta-se no fragmento citado.

Intertextuality manifests itself in the cited fragment.

Literary theory.

4

O vício de linguagem citado compromete a clareza.

The cited linguistic vice compromises clarity.

Linguistic analysis.

5

As nuances do termo citado perdem-se na tradução.

The nuances of the cited term are lost in translation.

Abstract linguistic concept.

6

O autor é citado como o epítome do modernismo.

The author is cited as the epitome of modernism.

Advanced vocabulary ('epítome').

7

A cifra citada é meramente ilustrativa.

The cited figure is merely illustrative.

Precise formal adjective 'ilustrativa'.

8

O preceito citado ancora-se em tradições seculares.

The cited precept is anchored in centuries-old traditions.

Metaphorical formal language.

常见搭配

autor citado
exemplo citado
texto citado
réu citado
valor citado
trecho citado
caso citado
acima citado
anteriormente citado
foi citado

常用短语

O autor citado diz que...

Conforme citado acima...

Como já citado...

O valor citado em contrato...

Ser citado em um processo...

O exemplo citado anteriormente...

Os nomes citados na lista...

A fonte citada é...

Não foi citado por ninguém...

O trecho citado do livro...

容易混淆的词

citado vs situado

citado vs citadino

citado vs sentado

习语与表达

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容易混淆

citado vs

citado vs

citado vs

citado vs

citado vs

句型

如何使用

legal

In law, 'citação' is the first notification; 'intimação' is subsequent ones.

nuance

'Citado' is more formal than 'mencionado'.

常见错误
  • Using 'citado' for feminine nouns (e.g., 'a frase citado').
  • Spelling it with an 'S' (sitado).
  • Using it in very informal slang where 'falado' is better.
  • Confusing 'citado' (quoted) with 'situado' (located).
  • Forgetting the plural 's' when referring to multiple items.

小贴士

Agreement is Key

Always match 'citado' with the noun's gender and number.

Formal Writing

Use 'citado' in essays to sound more professional and academic.

Legal Summons

In a legal context, 'citado' means a formal notification has occurred.

Synonym Choice

Use 'referido' for documents and 'citado' for authors or quotes.

Soft C

Remember the 'C' sounds like an 'S', never like a 'K'.

Footnotes

Look for 'citado' in footnotes to find original sources of information.

Email Clarity

Use 'o ponto citado' to clarify which part of a long email you are answering.

News Context

When a name is 'citado' in news, it means they are part of the story's facts.

Latin Roots

Knowing it comes from 'summon' helps remember its legal and authoritative use.

Bibliography

A list of 'obras citadas' is a mandatory part of most academic papers.

记住它

记忆技巧

Think of a 'Citation' on a car or in a paper. It's something 'citado' (cited/summoned).

词源

Latin

文化背景

In Civil Law systems like Brazil/Portugal, 'citação' is the most important act of a process.

Properly using 'citado' shows high literacy and respect for intellectual property.

在生活中练习

真实语境

对话开场白

"Você já leu o livro citado pelo professor?"

"O que você acha do exemplo citado no artigo?"

"Quem foi o autor mais citado na conferência?"

"Você viu que ele foi citado na reportagem de hoje?"

"Aquele caso citado na aula é real?"

日记主题

Escreva sobre um autor que é frequentemente citado em sua área de estudo.

Descreva uma situação em que você foi citado por alguém.

Reflita sobre a importância de verificar as fontes citadas em notícias.

Faça um resumo de um texto e use 'citado' para referenciar as ideias principais.

Imagine que você recebeu um documento legal onde seu nome é citado.

常见问题

10 个问题

Citado é mais formal e geralmente envolve uma referência direta ou citação textual, enquanto mencionado é mais genérico e casual.

Ele concorda em gênero e número com o substantivo: o autor citado, a obra citada, os autores citados, as obras citadas.

Significa ser notificado oficialmente sobre a existência de um processo judicial para apresentar defesa.

Sim, tanto no sentido de ser mencionado em uma conversa quanto no sentido legal de ser convocado.

É um termo formal que significa 'mencionado anteriormente no texto' (supra = acima).

É o particípio passado do verbo citar, funcionando frequentemente como adjetivo.

Sempre com 'C', derivado de citar.

Omitido ou ignorado são os antônimos mais comuns no contexto de referências.

Sim, é excelente para referenciar anexos ou pontos discutidos anteriormente: 'Conforme o valor citado...'

Significa que algo ou alguém foi mencionado brevemente, sem detalhes.

自我测试 180 个问题

/ 180 correct

Perfect score!

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