B2 Passive & Reported Speech 1 min read صعب

Passive Voice with Reflexive 'Се' (Advanced)

Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Use 'се' with a third-person verb to describe actions where the 'who' doesn't matter, focusing entirely on the process or result.

  • Use only with transitive verbs (verbs that take an object) like 'строя' (build) or 'продавам' (sell).
  • The object of the active sentence becomes the subject: 'Продавам кола' becomes 'Колата се продава'.
  • Place 'се' before the verb, unless the verb starts the sentence: 'Продава се' vs 'Тя се продава'.
📦 Object + се + Verb (3rd Person) ➡️ Done!

Present Tense Passive with 'Се'

Subject (Object of Action) Particle Verb (3rd Person) English Translation
Къщата (The house)
се
строи
The house is being built
Къщите (The houses)
се
строят
The houses are being built
Вестникът (The newspaper)
се
чете
The newspaper is being read
Вестниците (The newspapers)
се
четат
The newspapers are being read
Обядът (Lunch)
се
сервира
Lunch is served
Билетите (The tickets)
се
купуват
The tickets are bought

Clitic Placement Rules

Position Structure Example Note
Mid-sentence
Subject + се + Verb
Колата се продава.
Standard order
Sentence Start
Verb + се
Продава се кола.
Clitic cannot start sentence
Negative
не + се + Verb
Това не се прави.
'Не' precedes 'се'
Future
ще + се + Verb
Ще се строи мост.
'Ще' precedes 'се'

Meanings

A construction used to express the passive voice by adding the reflexive particle 'се' to a transitive verb, shifting focus from the doer to the action or the recipient.

1

General Truths & Rules

Used to state facts, laws, or general observations that apply to everyone.

“През лятото се пие много вода.”

“В библиотеката се пази тишина.”

2

Ongoing Processes

Describes an action currently in progress where the specific agent is unknown or irrelevant.

“Новият мост се строи вече две години.”

“В момента се подготвя нов законопроект.”

3

Commercial & Instructional

Used in business contexts to describe services or instructions.

“Продава се апартамент в центъра.”

“Лекарството се приема три пъти дневно.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Passive Voice with Reflexive 'Се' (Advanced)
Form Structure Example English
Affirmative (Mid)
Subj + се + Verb
Книгата се чете.
The book is being read.
Affirmative (Start)
Verb + се + Subj
Чете се книга.
A book is being read.
Negative
Subj + не + се + Verb
Книгата не се чете.
The book is not being read.
Interrogative
Се + Verb + ли + Subj?
Чете ли се книгата?
Is the book being read?
Future
Subj + ще + се + Verb
Книгата ще се чете.
The book will be read.
Past Imperfect
Subj + се + Verb(impf)
Книгата се четеше.
The book was being read.
Modal
Трябва да се + Verb
Трябва да се чете.
It must be read.

طيف الرسمية

رسمي
Жилището се отдава под наем.

Жилището се отдава под наем. (Real Estate)

محايد
Апартаментът се дава под наем.

Апартаментът се дава под наем. (Real Estate)

غير رسمي
Давам го под наем.

Давам го под наем. (Real Estate)

عامية
Шибам го под наем.

Шибам го под наем. (Real Estate)

The Passive 'Се' Ecosystem

Passive 'Се'

Usage

  • Инструкции Instructions
  • Обяви Ads

Rules

  • Преходни глаголи Transitive verbs
  • Без подлог No agent

Active vs. Passive 'Се'

Active Voice
Той строи къща. He builds a house.
Passive 'Се'
Къщата се строи. The house is being built.

Can I use 'Се' Passive?

1

Is the verb transitive?

YES
Go to next step
NO
Use Impersonal construction
2

Is the agent unknown/irrelevant?

YES
Use 'Се' Passive
NO
Use Active voice

Common Passive Verbs

💰

Commerce

  • продава се
  • купува се
  • предлага се
📢

Communication

  • говори се
  • казва се
  • твърди се

أمثلة حسب المستوى

1

Продава се кола.

A car is for sale.

2

Тук се говори английски.

English is spoken here.

3

Как се пише това?

How is this written?

4

Бирата се пие студена.

Beer is drunk cold.

1

В магазина не се пуши.

Smoking is not allowed in the shop.

2

Къде се купуват билети?

Where are tickets bought?

3

Обядът се сервира в един часа.

Lunch is served at one o'clock.

4

Тази песен се пее от всички.

This song is sung by everyone.

1

Проектът ще се завърши до петък.

The project will be finished by Friday.

2

В България се яде много кисело мляко.

A lot of yogurt is eaten in Bulgaria.

3

Тези обувки се произвеждат в Италия.

These shoes are produced in Italy.

4

Проблемът се обсъжда в момента.

The problem is being discussed right now.

1

Законът се прилага еднакво за всички граждани.

The law is applied equally to all citizens.

2

Новините се съобщават на всеки час.

The news is reported every hour.

3

Решението се взема след дълги преговори.

The decision is made after long negotiations.

4

Тази теория се подкрепя от много учени.

This theory is supported by many scientists.

1

Въпросът се разглежда от различни гледни точки.

The issue is being examined from various perspectives.

2

Предполага се, че авторът е бил анонимен.

It is assumed that the author was anonymous.

3

Данните се обработват автоматично от системата.

The data is processed automatically by the system.

4

Смята се, че това е най-старата сграда в града.

It is considered that this is the oldest building in the city.

1

Конституционните промени се налагат от новите реалности.

Constitutional changes are necessitated by the new realities.

2

В поезията му се долавя известна носталгия.

A certain nostalgia is perceived in his poetry.

3

Изборът се обуславя от икономически фактори.

The choice is conditioned by economic factors.

4

Твърди се, че преговорите са в задънена улица.

It is claimed that the negotiations are at a deadlock.

سهل الخلط

Passive Voice with Reflexive 'Се' (Advanced) مقابل True Reflexive vs. Passive 'Се'

Both use 'се'. Learners struggle to know if the subject is doing the action to itself or if the action is being done to it.

Passive Voice with Reflexive 'Се' (Advanced) مقابل Impersonal 'Се' vs. Passive 'Се'

Impersonal 'се' (e.g., 'Спи ми се') uses 'се' but with a dative pronoun and often intransitive verbs.

Passive Voice with Reflexive 'Се' (Advanced) مقابل Passive 'Се' vs. 'Съм' + Participle

Learners use them interchangeably, but they have different aspects.

أخطاء شائعة

Се продава кола.

Продава се кола.

The clitic 'се' cannot start a sentence.

Аз се продавам кола.

Продавам кола.

Don't use 'се' if you are the one doing the action (Active voice).

Къщата се строя.

Къщата се строи.

The verb must be in the 3rd person to match the object (house).

Това се правиш.

Това се прави.

Using 2nd person instead of 3rd person.

Къщите се строи.

Къщите се строят.

The verb must agree in number with the plural subject 'къщите'.

Не се пуши тук.

Тук не се пуши.

While grammatically okay, the word order is less natural for a sign.

Обядът се е сервира.

Обядът се сервира.

Adding an extra 'е' (is) which is not needed in the 'се' passive.

Аз се спя.

Спи ми се.

Trying to use 'се' passive with an intransitive verb like 'sleep'.

Книгата се е прочела.

Книгата е прочетена.

Using 'се' for a completed result instead of the participle passive.

Проблемът се решиха.

Проблемът се реши.

Mismatch between singular subject and plural verb.

Твърди се от Иван.

Иван твърди, че...

The 'се' passive rarely takes an agent with 'от' (by). Use active voice instead.

أنماط الجُمل

В ___ се ___ много ___.

Как се ___ на български ___?

Очаква се да ___.

Твърди се, че ___.

Real World Usage

Texting common

Какво се прави довечера?

Job Interviews very common

Как се оценява успехът във вашата фирма?

Social Media constant

Това видео се споделя навсякъде!

Travel very common

Къде се намира най-близката аптека?

Food Delivery Apps occasional

Поръчката се подготвя.

News Headlines constant

Очаква се повишение на цените.

🎯

The 'By' Rule

Avoid using 'от' (by) with the 'се' passive. If you need to mention who did it, use the active voice or the 'съм' + participle passive.
⚠️

No 'Се' at the Start

If you start a sentence with the verb, 'се' must follow it. 'Продава се', NOT 'Се продава'.
💡

Think 'Process'

Use 'се' when you want to emphasize that an action is ongoing or happens regularly.
💬

Polite Requests

Using the passive 'се' can make requests sound less direct and more polite. 'Как се попълва това?' sounds softer than 'Как да попълня това?'

Smart Tips

Look for 'се'. It's the fastest way to identify what is being offered without knowing the owner.

Аз продавам апартамент. Продава се апартамент.

Replace 'Ние направихме' (We did) with 'Направи се' (It was done) to sound more professional.

Ние анализирахме данните. Данните се анализираха.

Always look at the object that became the subject. If it's plural, the verb MUST be plural.

Билетите се купува. Билетите се купуват.

Don't use 'То е казано'. Use 'Казва се' or 'Говори се'.

То е казано, че ще вали. Казва се, че ще вали.

النطق

pro-DA-va se

Clitic Stress

The particle 'се' is never stressed. The stress always falls on the verb.

se-STRO-i

Liaison

In fast speech, 'се' blends with the following verb.

Declarative Passive

Къщата се строи. ↘

A neutral statement of fact.

احفظها

وسيلة تذكّر

SE stands for 'Subject Erased' — the person doing it disappears!

ربط بصري

Imagine a construction site where the workers are invisible ghosts. You see the bricks moving and the wall rising, but no people. That's 'Къщата се строи'.

Rhyme

When the doer is out of sight, use 'се' to make it right!

Story

A man walks past a shop and sees a sign 'Продава се'. He doesn't care who the owner is; he only cares about the car. The 'се' focuses his eyes on the car, not the person.

Word Web

сепродавастроиговориказвапишеправиизползва

تحدٍّ

Look around your room and name 3 things using the passive 'се' (e.g., 'Лаптопът се използва', 'Прозорецът се отваря').

ملاحظات ثقافية

Official documents heavily use the 'се' passive to avoid personal responsibility. 'Беше решено' (It was decided) sounds more authoritative than 'Ние решихме' (We decided).

Handwritten signs on trees or poles almost always use 'Продава се' or 'Търси се' (Wanted). It's the standard 'classified' language.

Bulgarian scholars avoid using 'I' or 'We'. They prefer 'В това изследване се разглежда...' (In this study, X is examined).

The reflexive passive evolved from the Proto-Indo-European middle voice, which Bulgarian preserved through the reflexive particle 'се' (from Old Church Slavonic 'сѧ').

بدايات محادثة

Какво се строи в твоя квартал в момента?

Как се прави традиционна баница?

Какви езици се говорят в твоята страна?

Как се приема новината за новите данъци в обществото?

مواضيع للكتابة اليومية

Опишете как се празнува Коледа във вашата страна, като използвате само пасивен залог.
Напишете обява за продажба на стара кола или апартамент.
Напишете кратко есе за това как се променя климатът и какви мерки се предприемат.

أخطاء شائعة

Incorrect

صحيح


Incorrect

صحيح


Incorrect

صحيح


Incorrect

صحيح

Test Yourself

Fill in the correct form of the verb in the passive 'се' present tense.

Тук ___ (продава) пресни плодове.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: се продават
The subject 'плодове' is plural, so the verb must be 'продават'.
Choose the correct sentence. اختيار متعدد

Which sentence is grammatically correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Нов мост се строи.
'Се' cannot start the sentence, and it usually precedes the verb in the middle of a sentence.
Find the error in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Къщата се е построена миналата година.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: се е
You cannot mix 'се' with the past passive participle. It should be 'Къщата беше построена' or 'Къщата се построи'.
Change the active sentence to passive 'се'. Sentence Transformation

Хората пият много кафе в този офис.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: В този офис се пие много кафе.
'Кафе' is singular, so 'се пие' is correct.
Match the active verb with its passive 'се' meaning. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: строя -> се строи
All are correct examples of transitive verbs becoming passive.
Is the following rule true or false? True False Rule

The 'се' passive can be used with the verb 'вървя' (to walk).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
'Вървя' is intransitive; you cannot form a passive from it.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

- Извинете, как ___ до центъра? - С автобус номер 10.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: се стига
'Как се стига' is the standard way to ask for directions.
Sort the verbs into 'Transitive' (can be passive) and 'Intransitive' (cannot). Grammar Sorting

Verbs: ям, спя, купувам, тичам

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Transitive: ям, купувам
You can eat something or buy something, but you just sleep or run.

Score: /8

تمارين تطبيقية

8 exercises
Fill in the correct form of the verb in the passive 'се' present tense.

Тук ___ (продава) пресни плодове.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: се продават
The subject 'плодове' is plural, so the verb must be 'продават'.
Choose the correct sentence. اختيار متعدد

Which sentence is grammatically correct?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Нов мост се строи.
'Се' cannot start the sentence, and it usually precedes the verb in the middle of a sentence.
Find the error in the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Къщата се е построена миналата година.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: се е
You cannot mix 'се' with the past passive participle. It should be 'Къщата беше построена' or 'Къщата се построи'.
Change the active sentence to passive 'се'. Sentence Transformation

Хората пият много кафе в този офис.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: В този офис се пие много кафе.
'Кафе' is singular, so 'се пие' is correct.
Match the active verb with its passive 'се' meaning. Match Pairs

Match the following:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: строя -> се строи
All are correct examples of transitive verbs becoming passive.
Is the following rule true or false? True False Rule

The 'се' passive can be used with the verb 'вървя' (to walk).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: False
'Вървя' is intransitive; you cannot form a passive from it.
Complete the dialogue. Dialogue Completion

- Извинете, как ___ до центъра? - С автобус номер 10.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: се стига
'Как се стига' is the standard way to ask for directions.
Sort the verbs into 'Transitive' (can be passive) and 'Intransitive' (cannot). Grammar Sorting

Verbs: ям, спя, купувам, тичам

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Transitive: ям, купувам
You can eat something or buy something, but you just sleep or run.

Score: /8

الأسئلة الشائعة (8)

No, only with transitive verbs (verbs that take a direct object).

'Продавам' means 'I sell' (Active), while 'Продава се' means 'It is being sold' (Passive).

In Bulgarian, clitics like 'се' cannot occupy the first position in a sentence.

'Се' focuses on the process, while 'съм' + participle focuses on the result.

It is neutral and used in all registers, but very common in formal writing.

Yes, e.g., 'Къщата се строеше' (The house was being built).

Usually, you don't. If you must, use the active voice instead.

No, it can also be reflexive ('I wash myself') or reciprocal ('We see each other').

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

Se pasivo / Se impersonal

Bulgarian clitic placement is stricter than Spanish.

French moderate

Le pronominal à sens passif

French often prefers the 'on' construction or the formal passive.

German moderate

Passiv mit 'man' or 'sich'

German 'man' is a pronoun, while Bulgarian 'се' is a particle.

Japanese low

Passive suffix -(r)areru

Japanese passive often implies the subject is 'adversely affected' by the action.

Arabic partial

Form VII (Inchoative/Passive)

Arabic uses internal vowel changes (Mabni lil-majhul) for the standard passive.

Chinese none

被 (bèi) construction

Chinese passive almost always requires an agent or a sense of 'unpleasantness', unlike the neutral Bulgarian 'се'.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

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