A1 Pronouns 1 min read سهل

Nominative Personal Pronouns

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Grammar Rule in 30 Seconds

Nominative pronouns are the subjects of your sentences; use them to identify who is performing the action.

  • Use 'já' for 'I' and 'ty' for 'you' (singular, informal).
  • Use 'on/ona/ono' for 'he/she/it' respectively.
  • Use 'my/vy/oni' for 'we/you(plural)/they'.
Pronoun (Subject) + Verb (Action) = Complete Sentence

Nominative Personal Pronouns

Person Singular Plural
1st
já (I)
my (we)
2nd
ty (you)
vy (you)
3rd
on/ona/ono (he/she/it)
oni/ony/ona (they)

Meanings

Nominative personal pronouns function as the subject of a sentence, indicating who or what is performing the verb's action.

1

Subject identification

Identifying the person or thing performing the action.

“Já jsem Petr.”

“Ty jsi student.”

Reference Table

Reference table for Nominative Personal Pronouns
Form Structure Example
Affirmative
Pronoun + Verb
Já jsem doma.
Negative
Pronoun + Ne-Verb
Já nejsem doma.
Question
Pronoun + Verb?
Jsi ty doma?
Omitted
Verb only
Jsem doma.
Formal
Vy + Verb
Vy jste učitel.
Plural
My/Vy/Oni + Verb
My jsme šťastní.

طيف الرسمية

رسمي
Přijdete?

Přijdete? (Invitation)

محايد
Přijdeš?

Přijdeš? (Invitation)

غير رسمي
Dojdeš?

Dojdeš? (Invitation)

عامية
Dorazíš?

Dorazíš? (Invitation)

Pronoun Categories

Nominative Pronouns

Singular

  • já I
  • ty you

Plural

  • my we
  • vy you

أمثلة حسب المستوى

1

Já jsem student.

I am a student.

2

Ty jsi v Praze.

You are in Prague.

3

Ona je učitelka.

She is a teacher.

4

My jsme přátelé.

We are friends.

1

Vy jste velmi milý.

You are very kind.

2

Oni studují češtinu.

They are studying Czech.

3

Ono to není pravda.

It is not true.

4

Já nechci jít.

I don't want to go.

1

Zatímco já pracuji, oni odpočívají.

While I work, they are resting.

2

Ony jsou v knihovně.

They (women) are in the library.

3

Vy byste měli přijít včas.

You should arrive on time.

4

My jsme to věděli.

We knew it.

1

Je to on, kdo to udělal?

Is it he who did it?

2

Vy, kteří jste zde, poslouchejte.

You who are here, listen.

3

Ona sama to nechtěla.

She herself didn't want it.

4

Oni se rozhodli odejít.

They decided to leave.

1

Von to neřekl, von to jen naznačil.

He didn't say it, he only hinted at it.

2

My, Češi, máme rádi pivo.

We, Czechs, like beer.

3

Ona, ač unavená, pokračovala.

She, although tired, continued.

4

Oni jsou ti, na které čekáme.

They are the ones we are waiting for.

1

Ony, ty staré časy, jsou pryč.

They, those old times, are gone.

2

Já, jenž jsem vše viděl, mohu svědčit.

I, who have seen everything, can testify.

3

Vy, pane, jste se mýlil.

You, sir, were mistaken.

4

Ono se to tak nějak stalo.

It just sort of happened.

سهل الخلط

Nominative Personal Pronouns مقابل Nominative vs Accusative

Learners mix up 'já' (I) and 'mě' (me).

Nominative Personal Pronouns مقابل Ty vs Vy

Learners use 'ty' with strangers.

Nominative Personal Pronouns مقابل Oni vs Ony

Learners use 'oni' for everything.

أخطاء شائعة

✗

Já jíst.

✓

Jím.

You need to conjugate the verb.
✗

On je hezká.

✓

On je hezký.

Gender agreement error.
✗

Ty jsi Petr?

✓

Jsi Petr?

Unnecessary pronoun.
✗

Ona pije káva.

✓

Ona pije kávu.

Missing case ending.
✗

Vy jsi učitel.

✓

Vy jste učitel.

Formal address requires plural verb.
✗

Oni jsou v knihovny.

✓

Oni jsou v knihovně.

Wrong prepositional case.
✗

My jdou domů.

✓

My jdeme domů.

Wrong conjugation.
✗

Ony jsou muži.

✓

Oni jsou muži.

Ony is for women/inanimate.
✗

Já, on a ona jdeme.

✓

My jdeme.

Use 'my' for the group.
✗

Ono je hezký.

✓

Ono je hezké.

Neuter gender agreement.
✗

Já jsem to udělal, ne on.

✓

Udělal jsem to já, ne on.

Word order for emphasis.
✗

Oni, co tam byli, věděli.

✓

Ti, co tam byli, věděli.

Use demonstrative pronoun.
✗

Ona, která přišla, byla šťastná.

✓

Ta, která přišla, byla šťastná.

Demonstrative pronoun needed.

أنماط الجُمل

___ jsem student.

___ jsi v Praze?

___ jsou moji přátelé.

___ jsme to věděli.

Real World Usage

Social Media constant

Já jsem dnes v Praze!

Texting constant

Jsi tam?

Job Interview very common

Vy jste ideální kandidát.

Ordering Food common

Já si dám kávu.

Travel common

My hledáme hotel.

Email common

Vy byste měli vědět...

💡

Drop it!

Don't say 'já' every time. If the verb is 'jsem', it's obvious.
⚠️

Formal 'Vy'

Always use 'Vy' for strangers. It's the safest way to be polite.
🎯

Emphasis

Use the pronoun only when you want to contrast or emphasize.
💬

Gendered Plural

Remember 'oni' for men/mixed and 'ony' for women.

Smart Tips

Drop the pronoun unless you need emphasis.

Já jsem unavený. → Jsem unavený.

Always use 'Vy'.

Ty jsi pan Novák? → Vy jste pan Novák?

Check if the group is all women.

Oni jsou v kuchyni. → Ony jsou v kuchyni.

Use the pronoun to highlight the difference.

Piju kávu, pije čaj. → Já piju kávu, on pije čaj.

النطق

yah

Vowel length

The 'á' in 'já' is long; hold it for twice the duration of a short 'a'.

Question

Jsi ty student? ↑

Rising intonation at the end indicates a question.

احفظها

وسيلة تذكّر

Remember 'J-T-O-O-O' for singular: Já, Ty, On/Ona/Ono.

ربط بصري

Imagine a mirror: 'Já' (I) looking at 'Ty' (you), and 'On' (he) standing behind.

Rhyme

Já and Ty, we are a pair, My and Vy, we're everywhere.

Story

Já (I) went to the store. Ty (you) were there too. On (he) was buying bread, and Ona (she) was buying milk.

Word Web

játyononaonomyvyoni

تحدٍّ

Write 5 sentences about your family using different pronouns.

ملاحظات ثقافية

Using 'Vy' is mandatory for strangers and elders. It shows respect and social distance.

In some Moravian dialects, pronouns might be dropped even more frequently.

In Prague, you might hear 'von' instead of 'on' in casual speech.

Czech pronouns derive from Proto-Slavic roots.

بدايات محادثة

“

Kdo jsi?

“

Kdo je tvůj nejlepší přítel?

“

Co si myslíte o tomto?

“

Kdo jsou lidé, které obdivuješ?

مواضيع للكتابة اليومية

Describe yourself in 5 sentences.
Describe your best friend.
Describe your family members.
Write about a group of people you admire.

أخطاء شائعة

Incorrect

صحيح

Incorrect

صحيح

Incorrect

صحيح

Incorrect

صحيح

Test Yourself

Fill in the correct pronoun.

___ jsem student.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Já
The verb 'jsem' is 1st person singular.
Choose the correct pronoun. اختيار متعدد

___ jsi v Praze?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ty
The verb 'jsi' is 2nd person singular.
Fix the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Oni (ženy) jsou tady.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ony
Use 'ony' for women.
Make it formal. Sentence Transformation

Ty jsi student.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Vy jste student.
Use 'Vy' for formal address.
Match the pronoun to the English. Match Pairs

Match each item on the left with its pair on the right:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: We
My means we.
Choose the correct pronoun. اختيار متعدد

___ jsou moji přátelé.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Oni
Plural masculine/mixed.
Fill in the correct pronoun.

___ je hezké.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ono
Neuter gender.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

___ (I) studuji češtinu.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Já
1st person singular.

Score: /8

تمارين تطبيقية

8 exercises
Fill in the correct pronoun.

___ jsem student.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Já
The verb 'jsem' is 1st person singular.
Choose the correct pronoun. اختيار متعدد

___ jsi v Praze?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ty
The verb 'jsi' is 2nd person singular.
Fix the sentence. Error Correction

Find and fix the mistake:

Oni (ženy) jsou tady.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ony
Use 'ony' for women.
Make it formal. Sentence Transformation

Ty jsi student.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Vy jste student.
Use 'Vy' for formal address.
Match the pronoun to the English. Match Pairs

Match 'my'.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: We
My means we.
Choose the correct pronoun. اختيار متعدد

___ jsou moji přátelé.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Oni
Plural masculine/mixed.
Fill in the correct pronoun.

___ je hezké.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Ono
Neuter gender.
Build a sentence. Sentence Building

___ (I) studuji češtinu.

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: Já
1st person singular.

Score: /8

الأسئلة الشائعة (8)

Yes, but keep it if you want to emphasize who is doing the action.

Use 'ony'.

It is formal singular, but also the standard plural 'you'.

It is the neuter pronoun for things like 'dítě' (child) or 'auto' (car).

It is very rude; always use 'vy'.

Yes, but these are the Nominative ones.

No, 'oni' is for men and mixed groups.

Yes, for emphasis: 'Udělal jsem to já'.

Scaffolded Practice

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

Mastery Progress

Needs Practice

Improving

Strong

Mastered

In Other Languages

Spanish high

Yo, tú, él/ella

Spanish doesn't have a neuter pronoun like 'ono'.

German moderate

Ich, du, er/sie/es

Czech is pro-drop; German is not.

French moderate

Je, tu, il/elle

Czech verb endings are more informative.

Japanese high

Watashi, anata, kare/kanojo

Japanese pronouns don't change based on case.

Arabic moderate

Ana, anta/anti, huwa/hiya

Arabic has dual forms.

Chinese low

Wǒ, nǐ, tā

Chinese pronouns are invariant.

Learning Path

Prerequisites

Connected Grammar

Verb 'být'

Prerequisite

You need it to form basic sentences.

Accusative Case

Builds On

It's the next step for objects.

Gender Agreement

Similar

Pronouns must agree with nouns.

Reflexive Pronouns

Advanced Form

They are essential for many verbs.

Next
The Formal 'Vy' vs Informal 'Ty'
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