Idiom غير رسمي 5 دقيقة للقراءة

take a leap in the dark

To do something risky or uncertain without knowing the outcome.

في 15 ثانية

  • Making a risky decision.
  • Outcome is completely unknown.
  • Requires courage and faith.
  • Used for big life changes.

المعنى

لفعل شيء محفوف بالمخاطر أو غير مؤكد دون معرفة النتيجة. يتضمن اتخاذ قرار كبير أو بدء شيء جديد عندما لا يكون لديك أي فكرة عما سيحدث بعد ذلك، مما يحمل شعوراً بالجرأة والضعف والأمل.

أمثلة رئيسية

3 من 11
1

Texting a friend about a career change

I finally quit my boring office job to start my own bakery! It's totally `a leap in the dark`, but I'm so excited!

I finally quit my boring office job to start my own bakery! It's totally a leap in the dark, but I'm so excited!

<svg class="w-5 h-5" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M14.828 14.828a4 4 0 01-5.656 0M9 10h.01M15 10h.01M21 12a9 9 0 11-18 0 9 9 0 0118 0z"/></svg>
2

Instagram caption for a travel vlog

Packed my bags and bought a one-way ticket to Peru. No plan, just pure adventure! #LeapInTheDark #TravelGoals

Packed my bags and bought a one-way ticket to Peru. No plan, just pure adventure! #LeapInTheDark #TravelGoals

<svg class="w-5 h-5" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M14.828 14.828a4 4 0 01-5.656 0M9 10h.01M15 10h.01M21 12a9 9 0 11-18 0 9 9 0 0118 0z"/></svg>
3

Job interview (Zoom call)

Starting this new venture without established funding was `a significant leap in the dark`, but our market research indicated a strong potential.

Starting this new venture without established funding was a significant leap in the dark, but our market research indicated a strong potential.

<svg class="w-5 h-5" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M21 13.255A23.931 23.931 0 0112 15c-3.183 0-6.22-.62-9-1.745M16 6V4a2 2 0 00-2-2h-4a2 2 0 00-2 2v2m4 6h.01M5 20h14a2 2 0 002-2V8a2 2 0 00-2-2H5a2 2 0 00-2 2v10a2 2 0 002 2z"/></svg>
🌍

خلفية ثقافية

The phrase taps into a fundamental human experience: confronting the unknown. Historically, venturing into uncharted territories, literal darkness, or societal change required immense bravery. This idiom captures that primal fear and the courage needed to overcome it. It reflects a cultural appreciation for bold action, even when the path forward is unclear. It’s about facing the void and hoping for the best.

🎯

Embrace the Unknown!

This phrase isn't just about risk; it's about the courage to act *despite* uncertainty. Use it when you want to highlight bravery in the face of the unknown.

⚠️

Don't Oversell Minor Risks

Using `leap in the dark` for everyday choices like picking a movie makes you sound overly dramatic. Save it for truly significant, uncertain decisions!

في 15 ثانية

  • Making a risky decision.
  • Outcome is completely unknown.
  • Requires courage and faith.
  • Used for big life changes.

What It Means

This phrase is all about bravery mixed with blind faith. When you take a leap in the dark, you're doing something really uncertain. You don't have a plan B, C, or D. It’s like jumping without a parachute, but you *hope* there’s water below. You're committing to an action, but the result is a complete mystery. It carries a sense of boldness but also vulnerability.

Origin Story

The imagery here is pretty straightforward, right? Think about ancient times. Before good lighting, stepping into an unlit room or a cave was literally a leap in the dark. You had no clue what monsters, holes, or treasures awaited. This literal act of stepping into the unknown, where danger or surprise was possible, became a metaphor for any risky decision. It’s a primal fear and a primal act, making the idiom stick around for centuries. It’s older than your grandpa’s favorite armchair, probably!

How To Use It

Use this when you're talking about a big, uncertain move. It could be starting a business, moving to a new country, or even asking someone out when you're not sure of their feelings. It's best said when you acknowledge the risk involved. You're not bragging; you're stating a fact about the situation's uncertainty. Think of it as admitting, 'I have no clue how this will turn out, but here I go!'

Real-Life Examples

  • My friend quit his stable job to become a freelance artist. He said it was a leap in the dark, but he felt he had to try.
  • Moving to a new city without a job lined up? That sounds like a leap in the dark to me!
  • Investing all your savings into a startup with no guarantee of success is definitely taking a leap in the dark.
  • She decided to confess her feelings, knowing it could either lead to a relationship or total awkwardness. A true leap in the dark!

When To Use It

Use take a leap in the dark when the stakes are high and the outcome is unknown. It fits situations where you're making a significant change or commitment. Think about major life decisions: career changes, big moves, or even starting a challenging new project. It’s also great for when you want to emphasize the courage it took to proceed despite the uncertainty. It makes the decision sound dramatic and significant, which it often is!

When NOT To Use It

Avoid this phrase for minor decisions. Ordering pizza is not a leap in the dark, unless you accidentally ordered anchovies and are terrified of fish. Don't use it for things with predictable outcomes. If you're following a recipe exactly, you're not taking a leap in the dark. It’s also too strong for situations where you have a solid backup plan. If you know *exactly* what will happen, the 'dark' part is missing, isn't it?

Common Mistakes

Learners sometimes use it when something is just slightly inconvenient or mildly uncertain. It loses its punch! Also, confusing it with simply being reckless is a common slip-up. It implies a *conscious* decision to proceed despite the unknown, not just a careless action. Remember, it's a bold step into the unknown, not a stumble into a puddle.

  • ✗ I took a leap in the dark when I chose vanilla ice cream.
  • ✓ I took a leap in the dark when I decided to travel the world with no itinerary.

Similar Expressions

  • Bite the bullet: This means facing a difficult or unpleasant situation with courage. It’s about enduring hardship, not necessarily venturing into the unknown.
  • Cross your fingers: This is more about hoping for good luck, rather than actively doing something risky.
  • Go out on a limb: Similar, this means taking a risk, often by expressing an opinion that might be unpopular or unsupported. It’s about vulnerability.
  • Roll the dice: This implies leaving something to chance, often with less personal agency than take a leap in the dark.

Memory Trick

💡

Picture yourself blindfolded at the edge of a diving board. You can't see the water (the dark). You have to jump (leap) to find out if you'll land safely or splash awkwardly. That blind jump is the essence of taking a leap in the dark. If you can visualize that, you've got it!

Quick FAQ

Q. Is it always a negative thing?

A. Not at all! While it highlights uncertainty, it often implies courage and a willingness to pursue opportunities that others might shy away from due to fear. It's about embracing the unknown for potential reward.

Q. Can it be used for small decisions?

A. Generally, no. It implies a significant risk or commitment. Using it for minor choices makes the phrase lose its impact and might sound a bit dramatic or even silly. Stick to bigger, life-altering moments for this one.

ملاحظات الاستخدام

This idiom is best used in informal to neutral contexts. It highlights a significant risk with an unknown outcome, often implying bravery. Avoid it in very formal settings or for minor, predictable decisions, as it can sound overly dramatic or misplaced.

🎯

Embrace the Unknown!

This phrase isn't just about risk; it's about the courage to act *despite* uncertainty. Use it when you want to highlight bravery in the face of the unknown.

⚠️

Don't Oversell Minor Risks

Using `leap in the dark` for everyday choices like picking a movie makes you sound overly dramatic. Save it for truly significant, uncertain decisions!

💬

Rooted in Primal Fear

The idiom's power comes from our ancient, instinctual fear of the dark and unknown. It resonates because confronting uncertainty is a universal human experience.

💡

Balance Risk with Hope

While it highlights uncertainty, the 'leap' implies action and hope for a positive outcome. It's not just about fearing the worst, but daring to aim for the best.

أمثلة

11
#1 Texting a friend about a career change
<svg class="w-5 h-5" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M14.828 14.828a4 4 0 01-5.656 0M9 10h.01M15 10h.01M21 12a9 9 0 11-18 0 9 9 0 0118 0z"/></svg>

I finally quit my boring office job to start my own bakery! It's totally `a leap in the dark`, but I'm so excited!

I finally quit my boring office job to start my own bakery! It's totally a leap in the dark, but I'm so excited!

Shows enthusiasm despite the risk.

#2 Instagram caption for a travel vlog
<svg class="w-5 h-5" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M14.828 14.828a4 4 0 01-5.656 0M9 10h.01M15 10h.01M21 12a9 9 0 11-18 0 9 9 0 0118 0z"/></svg>

Packed my bags and bought a one-way ticket to Peru. No plan, just pure adventure! #LeapInTheDark #TravelGoals

Packed my bags and bought a one-way ticket to Peru. No plan, just pure adventure! #LeapInTheDark #TravelGoals

Uses the phrase in a hashtag for dramatic effect.

#3 Job interview (Zoom call)
<svg class="w-5 h-5" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M21 13.255A23.931 23.931 0 0112 15c-3.183 0-6.22-.62-9-1.745M16 6V4a2 2 0 00-2-2h-4a2 2 0 00-2 2v2m4 6h.01M5 20h14a2 2 0 002-2V8a2 2 0 00-2-2H5a2 2 0 00-2 2v10a2 2 0 002 2z"/></svg>

Starting this new venture without established funding was `a significant leap in the dark`, but our market research indicated a strong potential.

Starting this new venture without established funding was a significant leap in the dark, but our market research indicated a strong potential.

Acknowledges risk professionally, balanced with data.

#4 Discussing a risky investment
<svg class="w-5 h-5" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M14.828 14.828a4 4 0 01-5.656 0M9 10h.01M15 10h.01M21 12a9 9 0 11-18 0 9 9 0 0118 0z"/></svg>

Investing in that startup felt like `taking a leap in the dark`, but I believed in their vision.

Investing in that startup felt like taking a leap in the dark, but I believed in their vision.

Explains the motivation behind the risky choice.

Mistake: Using for minor decision خطأ شائع
<svg class="w-5 h-5" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M14.828 14.828a4 4 0 01-5.656 0M9 10h.01M15 10h.01M21 12a9 9 0 11-18 0 9 9 0 0118 0z"/></svg>

✗ I took a leap in the dark when I ordered the spicy curry.

I took a leap in the dark when I ordered the spicy curry.

Ordering food is usually not a major, uncertain decision.

Mistake: Confusing with simple uncertainty خطأ شائع
<svg class="w-5 h-5" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M14.828 14.828a4 4 0 01-5.656 0M9 10h.01M15 10h.01M21 12a9 9 0 11-18 0 9 9 0 0118 0z"/></svg>

✗ I'm taking a leap in the dark because I don't know if it will rain.

I'm taking a leap in the dark because I don't know if it will rain.

Weather uncertainty isn't usually a deliberate 'leap'.

#7 Movie review discussion
<svg class="w-5 h-5" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M14.828 14.828a4 4 0 01-5.656 0M9 10h.01M15 10h.01M21 12a9 9 0 11-18 0 9 9 0 0118 0z"/></svg>

The director's decision to film entirely in black and white for a comedy was `a real leap in the dark`, but it paid off brilliantly!

The director's decision to film entirely in black and white for a comedy was a real leap in the dark, but it paid off brilliantly!

Highlights a creative, risky choice in arts.

#8 Friend giving advice
<svg class="w-5 h-5" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M14.828 14.828a4 4 0 01-5.656 0M9 10h.01M15 10h.01M21 12a9 9 0 11-18 0 9 9 0 0118 0z"/></svg>

Moving abroad without knowing the language? That's definitely `taking a leap in the dark`, but maybe it's the adventure you need.

Moving abroad without knowing the language? That's definitely taking a leap in the dark, but maybe it's the adventure you need.

Acknowledges the risk while validating the friend's desire for adventure.

#9 Explaining a business strategy
<svg class="w-5 h-5" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M21 13.255A23.931 23.931 0 0112 15c-3.183 0-6.22-.62-9-1.745M16 6V4a2 2 0 00-2-2h-4a2 2 0 00-2 2v2m4 6h.01M5 20h14a2 2 0 002-2V8a2 2 0 00-2-2H5a2 2 0 00-2 2v10a2 2 0 002 2z"/></svg>

Launching a product in an untested market requires us to `take a leap in the dark`, but the potential rewards are substantial.

Launching a product in an untested market requires us to take a leap in the dark, but the potential rewards are substantial.

Used in a professional context to describe market entry risk.

#10 Emotional conversation
<svg class="w-5 h-5" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M4.318 6.318a4.5 4.5 0 000 6.364L12 20.364l7.682-7.682a4.5 4.5 0 00-6.364-6.364L12 7.636l-1.318-1.318a4.5 4.5 0 00-6.364 0z"/></svg>

Asking him to move in with me felt like `the biggest leap in the dark` of my life, but I couldn't imagine not trying.

Asking him to move in with me felt like the biggest leap in the dark of my life, but I couldn't imagine not trying.

Expresses the emotional weight and vulnerability of a major relationship step.

#11 Humorous anecdote
<svg class="w-5 h-5" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M14.828 14.828a4 4 0 01-5.656 0M9 10h.01M15 10h.01M21 12a9 9 0 11-18 0 9 9 0 0118 0z"/></svg>

I decided to try cooking Thanksgiving dinner for the first time. It was `a total leap in the dark` – let's just say we ordered pizza later!

I decided to try cooking Thanksgiving dinner for the first time. It was a total leap in the dark – let's just say we ordered pizza later!

Uses humor to describe a failed attempt at a risky endeavor.

اختبر نفسك

Fill in the blank with the correct phrase.

✓ صحيح! ✗ ليس تمامًا. الإجابة الصحيحة: a leap in the dark

The sentence describes starting a business with no experience, which is uncertain and risky, fitting the meaning of 'a leap in the dark'.

Find and fix the error in the sentence.

✓ صحيح! ✗ ليس تمامًا. الإجابة الصحيحة:

The correct idiom is 'take a leap in the dark', not 'take a jump in the dark'.

Choose the sentence that uses the idiom correctly.

Which sentence correctly uses 'take a leap in the dark'?

✓ صحيح! ✗ ليس تمامًا. الإجابة الصحيحة: He is taking a leap in the dark by investing his life savings.

Investing life savings is a significant risk with an uncertain outcome, making it a suitable context for 'take a leap in the dark'.

Translate this sentence into English.

✓ صحيح! ✗ ليس تمامًا. الإجابة الصحيحة:

The French phrase 'un saut dans l'inconnu' is the equivalent of the English idiom 'a leap in the dark', referring to a risky, uncertain action.

🎉 النتيجة: /4

وسائل تعلم بصرية

Formality Spectrum: `Take a Leap in the Dark`

Very Casual

Chatting with close friends, texting.

OMG, moving without a job? Total leap in the dark!

Informal

Everyday conversations, social media posts.

Starting this new business is a leap in the dark, but worth it.

Neutral/Slightly Formal

Professional discussions, explaining a risky decision.

The initial investment was a leap in the dark, based on projections.

Formal

Rarely used in very formal settings.

The expedition represented a leap in the dark for geographical science.

When Do You `Take a Leap in the Dark`?

Risky Decisions
🎨

Career Change

Quitting my job to pursue art.

🌍

Relocation

Moving to a new city alone.

🚀

Business Venture

Launching an unproven product.

❤️

Relationships

Confessing deep feelings.

💰

Major Investment

Putting savings into a startup.

💡

Creative Projects

Trying a radical new style.

Idioms of Risk: `Leap in the Dark` vs. Others

Take a Leap in the Dark
Meaning Action with unknown outcome; emphasizes uncertainty.
Vibe Brave but vulnerable; requires faith.
Example Starting a business with no savings.
Bite the Bullet
Meaning Face a difficult or unpleasant situation.
Vibe Resolute; facing hardship head-on.
Example Accepting a pay cut without complaining.
Roll the Dice
Meaning Leave something to chance; gamble.
Vibe Carefree; accepting fate.
Example Investing randomly in stocks.

Usage Contexts for `Leap in the Dark`

🏠

Personal Life

  • Moving cities
  • Starting a family
  • Confessing love
💼

Professional Life

  • Career change
  • Launching a startup
  • Major investment
🎭

  • Artistic risks
  • Travel without plans
  • Bold experiments
💬

Figurative Usage

  • Describing past risks
  • Warning about uncertainty
  • Emphasizing courage

بنك التمارين

4 تمارين
Fill in the blank with the correct phrase. Fill Blank beginner

Starting a new business with no prior experience felt like ___.

✓ صحيح! ✗ ليس تمامًا. الإجابة الصحيحة: a leap in the dark

The sentence describes starting a business with no experience, which is uncertain and risky, fitting the meaning of 'a leap in the dark'.

Find and fix the error in the sentence. Error Fix intermediate

اعثر على الخطأ وأصلحه:

She decided to take a giant jump in the dark about her career.

✓ صحيح! ✗ ليس تمامًا. الإجابة الصحيحة: She decided to take a giant leap in the dark about her career.

The correct idiom is 'take a leap in the dark', not 'take a jump in the dark'.

Choose the sentence that uses the idiom correctly. Choose intermediate

Which sentence correctly uses 'take a leap in the dark'?

✓ صحيح! ✗ ليس تمامًا. الإجابة الصحيحة: He is taking a leap in the dark by investing his life savings.

Investing life savings is a significant risk with an uncertain outcome, making it a suitable context for 'take a leap in the dark'.

Translate this sentence into English. ترجمة advanced

Il a décidé de faire un saut dans l'inconnu pour lancer son entreprise.

تلميحات: The French 'saut dans l'inconnu' directly translates to 'jump into the unknown'., Consider the English idiom for a risky, uncertain action.

✓ صحيح! ✗ ليس تمامًا. الإجابة الصحيحة: He decided to take a leap in the dark to launch his business.

The French phrase 'un saut dans l'inconnu' is the equivalent of the English idiom 'a leap in the dark', referring to a risky, uncertain action.

🎉 النتيجة: /4

دروس فيديو

ابحث عن دروس فيديو على يوتيوب لهذه العبارة.

الأسئلة الشائعة

18 أسئلة

It means to do something that involves a significant risk or uncertainty, where you don't know what the outcome will be. You're essentially making a decision or taking an action without a clear understanding of the consequences, hoping for the best.

It's generally neutral but often carries a connotation of bravery or boldness. While it highlights the risk and uncertainty, it can also imply courage in facing the unknown, especially if the action is taken for a good reason or a potential reward.

Sure! Imagine someone quits their stable job to start their own business without any savings. That's a classic 'leap in the dark' because they have no guarantee of success and are facing significant financial uncertainty.

Use it when discussing major decisions with uncertain outcomes. Think about career changes, big investments, moving to a new place without a plan, or starting a challenging project. It's best for situations where the risk is substantial and the result is genuinely unknown.

Yes, avoid using it for minor decisions or situations with predictable outcomes. For instance, ordering food or following a simple recipe isn't a 'leap in the dark'. It sounds exaggerated and out of place in such contexts.

'Take a leap in the dark' is about venturing into the unknown with uncertain results, often proactively. 'Bite the bullet,' on the other hand, means facing an unavoidable, unpleasant situation with stoicism and courage, usually something you have to endure rather than initiate.

The phrase likely originates from the literal act of stepping into complete darkness, like an unlit room or cave, where one couldn't see potential dangers or obstacles. This primal fear of the unknown translated into a metaphor for any risky, uncertain action.

It's generally considered informal or neutral. While you might find it in some professional contexts to describe a risky strategy, it's usually avoided in highly formal academic papers or official documents. Stick to more direct language in very formal settings.

Absolutely! People often use it humorously to describe a slightly risky or uncertain decision that didn't turn out perfectly, like trying a new recipe that ends up being a disaster. The humor comes from acknowledging the risk and the perhaps predictable, funny outcome.

A common mistake is using it for situations that aren't truly uncertain or risky enough. For example, saying 'I took a leap in the dark when I chose vanilla ice cream' minimizes the idiom's meaning of significant risk and unknown consequences.

Yes, you might hear 'take a *giant* leap in the dark' for extra emphasis, or simply 'a leap in the dark' used as a noun phrase. The core meaning remains consistent across these variations, focusing on the uncertainty and risk involved.

The idiom taps into a universal human experience of confronting the unknown, which is culturally significant across many societies. It reflects a value placed on courage and initiative, even when the path forward is unclear, resonating with narratives of exploration and brave endeavors.

Definitely. Asking someone out when you're unsure of their feelings, or confessing deep emotions, is often described as 'taking a leap in the dark'. It highlights the vulnerability and uncertainty involved in emotional risks.

The word 'leap' suggests a sudden, decisive, and often significant jump or action. It implies moving forward boldly, rather than cautiously inching along. Combined with 'in the dark,' it paints a picture of a decisive move into complete uncertainty.

Yes, 'a shot in the dark' refers to a guess or attempt made with very little information or chance of success, like guessing an answer on a test. 'A leap in the dark' involves a more deliberate action or decision, often with higher stakes, where the outcome is unknown.

Imagine standing blindfolded at the edge of a cliff. You have to jump (leap) without seeing where you'll land (in the dark). This visual helps connect the action (leap) with the uncertainty (dark).

Yes, absolutely. Developing a completely new technology or product without a clear market or established precedent is a prime example of 'taking a leap in the dark'. It involves significant investment and unknown future success.

The 'dark' represents the lack of knowledge, information, or predictability about the future. It signifies the unknown consequences, potential dangers, or unexpected outcomes associated with the action being taken.

عبارات ذات صلة

🔗

bite the bullet

related topic

To face a difficult or unpleasant situation with courage and stoicism.

Both phrases involve facing difficult situations, but 'bite the bullet' focuses on enduring hardship, while 'leap in the dark' emphasizes venturing into the unknown.

🔗

go out on a limb

related topic

To take a risk, often by expressing an opinion or taking a stance that is not supported by others.

This phrase is similar as it involves taking a risk, but it specifically relates to expressing potentially unpopular or unsupported ideas.

🔗

roll the dice

related topic

To take a chance or gamble on something, leaving the outcome to fate.

Both involve risk, but 'roll the dice' implies a more passive acceptance of chance, whereas 'leap in the dark' suggests a more active, albeit uncertain, decision.

🔗

cross your fingers

related topic

To hope for good luck or a positive outcome.

While 'leap in the dark' involves action despite uncertainty, 'cross your fingers' is purely about hoping for a favorable result without necessarily taking a significant risk.

🔗

take a shot in the dark

related topic

To make a guess or attempt with little information or chance of success.

This is closely related but implies a guess or attempt rather than a significant decision or action like 'leap in the dark'.

🔗

jump into the fray

related topic

To become involved in a conflict or situation suddenly and energetically.

Both involve a sudden action, but 'jump into the fray' focuses on entering a chaotic or competitive situation, not necessarily one of unknown outcome.

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