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A2 noun 11 دقيقة للقراءة

代理

daili
أمثلة 代理 في 30 ثانية
الشرح 代理 in your Level:
At the A1 level, you should think of '代理' (dàilǐ) simply as a 'helper company' or a 'travel agent.' You might see this word on signs in the city. If you see '旅游代理' (lǚyóu dàilǐ), it means 'Travel Agency.' At this stage, you don't need to worry about the complex grammar. Just remember that it refers to a place or person that does things for you, like buying tickets or helping with a visa. It is a noun that helps you identify services you might need while traveling in China.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
At the A2 level, you begin to use '代理' (dàilǐ) to describe roles in business and daily life. You should understand that it can be a person (代理人 - dàilǐrén) or a company (代理商 - dàilǐshāng). You can use it in simple sentences like '他是我的代理' (He is my agent). You also start to see it in technology, such as '代理服务器' (proxy server). At this level, the focus is on recognizing the word in common contexts like shopping, traveling, and basic office work.
At the B1 level, you should be able to distinguish between '代理' (dàilǐ) and '代表' (dàibiǎo). You understand that 代理 implies acting on someone's behalf to perform a task or manage business, while 代表 is about representing a group's identity. You can use 代理 as a verb: '公司代理了这个品牌' (The company acts as the agent for this brand). You also start to use common phrases like '总代理' (general agent) and understand the concept of '代理费' (agency fee) in negotiations.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
At the B2 level, you use '代理' (dàilǐ) in professional and legal contexts with confidence. you can discuss '法律代理' (legal representation) and '代理权' (power of attorney). You understand the nuances of '表见代理' (apparent agency) in business law. Your sentences become more complex, such as '由于我无法亲自到场，我授权他作为我的法定代理人' (Since I cannot be there in person, I authorize him as my legal representative). You are comfortable using the word in technical IT discussions and business contract negotiations.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
At the C1 level, you master the stylistic and formal uses of '代理' (dàilǐ). You can use it in academic or high-level business reports to describe market distribution strategies, such as '独家代理' (exclusive agency) versus '多重代理' (multiple agency). You understand the historical and etymological roots of the word. You can also use it metaphorically in political science to discuss '代理人战争' (proxy wars) and analyze the implications of agency theory in corporate governance.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
At the C2 level, '代理' (dàilǐ) is a tool for precise legal and philosophical discourse. You can navigate the complexities of international trade law regarding agency agreements. You can debate the ethical implications of '代理孕母' (surrogacy) or the technical intricacies of reverse proxy configurations in network architecture. You use the word with native-like precision, choosing it over synonyms to convey exact legal statuses and responsibilities in the most formal documents or high-stakes negotiations.
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل
أمثلة

代理 في 30 ثانية

  • 代理 (dàilǐ) means agent, agency, or proxy. It is used when one person or entity acts on behalf of another in business, law, or technology.
  • As a verb, it means 'to act as an agent.' As a noun, it refers to the person (代理人) or company (代理商) performing the role.
  • Common contexts include travel agencies (旅游代理), sales distributors (总代理), and computer network settings (代理服务器).
  • It differs from 代表 (representative) because it focuses on performing tasks and managing affairs rather than just symbolizing a group.

The Chinese term 代理 (dàilǐ) is a versatile and essential word that bridges the gap between everyday errands and complex legal or technical systems. At its core, the word is composed of two characters: 代 (dài), meaning 'to replace' or 'to substitute,' and 理 (lǐ), meaning 'to manage,' 'to handle,' or 'to govern.' When fused together, they create a concept that describes the act of one person or entity managing affairs on behalf of another. This isn't just a simple replacement; it implies a level of authority and responsibility granted by the original party. You will encounter this word in a myriad of contexts, ranging from the business world where a company acts as a local distributor for a global brand, to the technical world where a computer server acts as an intermediary for your internet traffic.

Commercial Context
In business, 代理 refers to an agency or a dealership. For instance, if a company in Shanghai sells German cars, that company is the 代理商 (dàilǐshāng) or sales agent. This role is crucial in global trade as it allows brands to penetrate foreign markets without establishing a direct presence immediately.
Legal Context
Legally, it refers to the relationship of agency. A 代理人 (dàilǐrén) is a legal representative who can sign contracts or make decisions that are legally binding for the principal. This is common in court cases or when managing the estates of individuals who cannot do so themselves.
Technical Context
In computing, 代理 is the standard term for a 'proxy.' A 代理服务器 (dàilǐ fúwùqì) is a proxy server. Just as a human agent acts for a person, the proxy server acts for your computer, hiding your IP address or bypassing regional restrictions.

这家公司是耐克在中国的一级代理。
(Zhè jiā gōngsī shì Nàikè zài Zhōngguó de yījí dàilǐ.)
This company is Nike's primary agent in China.

Whether you are booking a flight through a 旅游代理 (travel agency) or setting up a 代理记账 (bookkeeping agency) for your new startup, the word 代理 emphasizes the delegation of power. It is an A2-level word because while its basic meaning is simple, its applications are vast and necessary for anyone moving beyond basic survival Chinese into professional or technical interactions. It teaches learners about the structure of Chinese verbs that can also function as nouns without changing form, a common feature in Mandarin grammar that simplifies vocabulary acquisition once the root concept is mastered.

Using 代理 (dàilǐ) correctly requires understanding its dual nature as both a verb ('to act as an agent') and a noun ('agent' or 'agency'). In its verbal form, it often follows the pattern 'A 代理 B' (A acts as an agent for B). In its noun form, it is frequently modified by adjectives or other nouns to specify the type of agency involved. This section explores the grammatical structures that will help you use this word fluently in various scenarios, from formal business meetings to casual conversations about technology.

As a Verb (Action)
When used as a verb, it describes the process of representing someone. Example: '他代理我处理这件法律事务' (He is representing me in this legal matter). Here, '代理' functions as the main action, showing the delegation of duty from the speaker to the legal professional.
As a Noun (Entity)
As a noun, it refers to the agent or the agency itself. Example: '我们需要找一家可靠的代理' (We need to find a reliable agency). It can also be combined with suffixes like -商 (shāng, merchant) or -人 (rén, person) to be more specific: 代理商 (distributor/agent) or 代理人 (representative).

如果你不能亲自出席，可以委托代理人。
(Rúguǒ nǐ bùnéng qīnzì chūxí, kěyǐ wěituō dàilǐrén.)
If you cannot attend in person, you can appoint a representative.

One of the most common mistakes for English speakers is confusing '代理' with '代表' (dàibiǎo - to represent/representative). While they overlap, '代表' is more about 'standing for' a group or an idea (like a delegate at a UN conference), whereas '代理' is about 'acting for' or 'performing duties for' someone else, usually in a commercial or legal capacity. Think of 代理 as 'doing the work' on behalf of another, while 代表 is 'being the face' of another. This distinction is vital in professional settings where precision in roles and responsibilities is required.

In summary, the flexibility of 代理 allows it to fit into many sentence patterns. Whether you are discussing international trade (总代理 - general agent), legal issues (法律代理 - legal agency), or internet settings (设置代理 - set up a proxy), the core logic remains the same: one entity acting as a conduit for another. Mastering these patterns will significantly improve your ability to handle administrative and business tasks in a Chinese-speaking environment.

If you live in or travel to China, or work with Chinese companies, you will hear 代理 (dàilǐ) constantly. It is not a word confined to textbooks; it is a pulse in the marketplace. From the neon signs of travel agencies on city streets to the fine print of a software license agreement, this word is everywhere. Understanding the specific 'habitats' of this word will help you recognize it in the wild and respond appropriately.

At the Airport or Train Station
You will see '票务代理' (piàowù dàilǐ) signs. These are ticketing agencies. While many people book online now, these physical or authorized online agents are still a major part of the travel infrastructure, especially for complex international routes or group bookings.
In the Tech World
If you are trying to access a website and it's blocked, or if you're setting up a corporate VPN, you will encounter '代理服务器' (dàilǐ fúwùqì). IT support will ask you, '你的代理设置好了吗？' (Is your proxy set up?). This is perhaps the most common way younger generations use the word daily.
In the Business District
Walk through any office building and you'll see plaques for '代理记账' (accounting agency) or '知识产权代理' (intellectual property agency). These firms handle the specialized paperwork that small businesses might not have the expertise to do themselves.

我想找一家代理公司来帮我申请签证。
(Wǒ xiǎng zhǎo yī jiā dàilǐ gōngsī lái bāng wǒ shēnqǐng qiānzhèng.)
I want to find an agency to help me apply for a visa.

In popular culture and news, 代理 is often heard in discussions about '代理人战争' (proxy wars) or '代理孕母' (surrogacy - literally 'proxy pregnant mother'). These are more advanced concepts, but they show how the root meaning of 'doing something on someone else's behalf' extends into political and social spheres. By keeping an ear out for this word in these varied settings, you will begin to appreciate the logical consistency of the Chinese language and how a single word can connect diverse aspects of modern life.

Learning 代理 (dàilǐ) comes with a few pitfalls that can lead to confusion or awkward phrasing. Because English has several words for 'agent' (representative, broker, proxy, distributor, deputy), students often use 代理 in places where a more specific Chinese word is required. This section highlights the most frequent errors and provides clear guidance on how to avoid them, ensuring your Chinese sounds natural and professional.

Mistake 1: 代理 vs. 代表 (dàibiǎo)
This is the most common error. Remember: 代表 is to represent as a symbol or a voice (e.g., 'I represent the students'). 代理 is to act on behalf of someone to perform a task (e.g., 'I am the agent selling this car'). If you are just 'standing in' for someone to say hello, use 代表. If you are 'doing their job' for a period, use 代理.
Mistake 2: 代理 vs. 经纪人 (jīngjìrén)
In English, we call a real estate agent an 'agent.' However, in Chinese, a real estate agent is usually a 经纪人 or 中介 (zhōngjiè). Using 代理 for a real estate agent might be understood but sounds like you are talking about a large-scale distribution company rather than the person showing you apartments.
Mistake 3: Incorrect Verb Usage
Students often forget that 代理 can be a verb. Instead of saying 'He acts as my agent,' they might try to construct complex sentences like '他是我的代理人来做这个事.' While grammatically okay, '他代理我做这个事' is more concise and native-sounding.

❌ 我代表这个产品。
(Incorrect: I represent this product - implies you are the personification of it.)
✅ 我代理这个产品。
(Correct: I am the agent for this product - implies you sell/manage it.)

Another subtle mistake involves the word '代理商' (dàilǐshāng). Some learners use it to refer to a single person working at a company. However, '商' refers to the business entity. If you are talking about the individual human being who is your contact, '代理人' is more appropriate. Paying attention to these suffixes (-人 vs -商) will greatly enhance your precision. By avoiding these common traps, you will demonstrate a deeper understanding of Chinese social and professional hierarchies, making your communication much more effective.

To truly master 代理 (dàilǐ), it's essential to understand its synonyms and how it differs from them. Chinese has a rich vocabulary for roles involving mediation, representation, and substitution. Choosing the right word depends on the level of formality, the industry, and the specific nature of the relationship. This section compares 代理 with its closest neighbors to help you build a more nuanced vocabulary.

中介 (zhōngjiè) - Intermediary/Broker
While 代理 acts *on behalf* of one party, a 中介 acts *between* two parties to facilitate a deal. A real estate agent is a 中介 because they bring a buyer and seller together. A 代理 might only represent the seller's interests in a long-term capacity.
代表 (dàibiǎo) - Representative/Delegate
As discussed previously, 代表 is about being the 'face' or the 'voice' of a group. You represent a country, a team, or an idea. 代理 is about the 'action' or the 'power' to conduct business. You wouldn't '代理' a country at the Olympics; you '代表' it.
代办 (dàibàn) - To handle on someone's behalf
代办 is more focused on the specific task being done. It's often used for administrative chores. For example, '代办签证' (to handle visa processing). It's less about the 'status' of being an agent and more about the 'service' of doing the paperwork.
经纪 (jīngjì) - Broker/Agent (Entertainment/Finance)
This term is specific to certain industries like talent management (演艺经纪 - talent agent) or insurance (保险经纪 - insurance broker). It implies a more personal, career-managing relationship than the broader 代理.

虽然他是房屋中介，但他今天作为我的代理人签署合同。
(Suīrán tā shì fángwū zhōngjiè, dàn tā jīntiān zuòwéi wǒ de dàilǐrén qiānshǔ hétóng.)
Although he is a real estate broker, today he is signing the contract as my legal agent.

When deciding which word to use, ask yourself: Am I facilitating a deal between two people (中介)? Am I standing in as a symbol for a group (代表)? Am I performing a specific administrative task (代办)? Or am I legally and commercially empowered to act as the other party (代理)? In professional Chinese, using the term '代理' indicates a structured, often long-term relationship involving the transfer of authority. It is the most robust and formal of these terms, making it indispensable for business communication. By understanding these distinctions, you move from basic fluency to professional competence.

دليل النطق

UK /daɪ liː/
US /daɪ liː/
The emphasis is usually slightly more on the first syllable 'dài' due to the fourth tone's strength.
يتقافى مع
爱 (ài) 外 (wài) 快 (kuài) 起 (qǐ) 你 (nǐ) 米 (mǐ) 买 (mǎi) 卖 (mài)
أخطاء شائعة
  • Pronouncing 'dài' with a flat tone (1st tone) instead of falling (4th tone).
  • Pronouncing 'lǐ' as 'lì' (falling) instead of the dipping 3rd tone.
  • Confusing 'dài' with 'tài'.
  • Confusing 'lǐ' with 'nǐ'.
  • Mumbling the tones, which can make it sound like 'dāilì' (to stay/mechanical).
سجّل مجاناً لقراءة الشرح الكامل

أمثلة حسب المستوى

1

我去旅游代理订票。

I go to the travel agency to book tickets.

Simple noun usage: 旅游 (travel) + 代理 (agency).

2

他是我的代理。

He is my agent.

Using 代理 as a simple noun meaning 'agent'.

3

这里有代理吗？

Is there an agency here?

Basic question structure with '有...吗'.

4

请找代理商。

Please find the distributor.

Using the specific noun 代理商 (distributor/business agent).

5

代理在那儿。

The agent is over there.

Locational sentence using '在'.

6

我想做代理。

I want to be an agent.

Verb '做' (to be/to do) + noun '代理'.

7

代理费多少钱？

How much is the agency fee?

Compound noun: 代理 (agency) + 费 (fee).

8

这是代理公司。

This is an agency company.

Simple 'A is B' structure.

1

这家店代理很多品牌。

This shop acts as an agent for many brands.

Using 代理 as a verb meaning 'to represent/sell for'.

2

我需要设置代理服务器。

I need to set up a proxy server.

Technical term: 代理服务器 (proxy server).

3

你可以委托代理人。

You can appoint a representative.

Verb 委托 (to entrust) + noun 代理人 (agent).

4

他是这个区的总代理。

He is the general agent for this district.

Title: 总代理 (General Agent).

5

我们签了代理合同。

We signed an agency contract.

Compound noun: 代理合同 (agency contract).

6

代理商不在这里。

The distributor is not here.

Negative sentence with '不'.

7

请出示代理证明。

Please show the agency certificate.

Formal request with '请出示'.

8

他代理我参加会议。

He is attending the meeting on my behalf.

Verb pattern: A 代理 B + Action.

1

为了扩大市场，他们正在招募省级代理。

To expand the market, they are recruiting provincial agents.

Specific term: 省级代理 (provincial agent).

2

如果你不能来，可以找人代办，也就是代理你的事务。

If you can't come, you can find someone to handle it for you, which means acting as your agent.

Explaining 代理 by connecting it to the verb 代办.

3

这家公司拥有该产品的独家代理权。

This company has the exclusive agency rights for this product.

Complex noun: 独家代理权 (exclusive agency rights).

4

由于网络限制，我必须使用代理才能上网。

Due to network restrictions, I must use a proxy to get online.

Using 代理 as a shorthand for proxy server.

5

法律代理人在法庭上为他辩护。

The legal agent defended him in court.

Specific role: 法律代理人 (legal agent/lawyer).

6

我们正在谈代理费的比例问题。

We are discussing the issue of the agency fee percentage.

Abstract noun: 比例问题 (percentage issue).

7

他是通过代理公司找到这份工作的。

He found this job through an agency.

Prepositional phrase: 通过... (through...).

8

请问你们是否代理海外业务？

May I ask if you handle overseas business as an agent?

Formal question structure: 是否 (whether or not).

1

在没有授权的情况下，这种代理行为是无效的。

In the absence of authorization, this act of agency is invalid.

Legal terminology: 授权 (authorization), 无效 (invalid).

2

公司决定取消他的代理资格，因为他违反了合同。

The company decided to revoke his agency status because he breached the contract.

Noun phrase: 代理资格 (agency qualification/status).

3

该代理商负责在整个东南亚地区的售后服务。

The distributor is responsible for after-sales service in the entire Southeast Asia region.

Verb 负责 (be responsible for) + 售后服务 (after-sales service).

4

设置反向代理可以提高网站的访问速度和安全性。

Setting up a reverse proxy can improve website access speed and security.

Technical term: 反向代理 (reverse proxy).

5

我们需要明确代理人的权利和义务范围。

We need to clarify the scope of the agent's rights and obligations.

Legal pairing: 权利 (rights) and 义务 (obligations).

6

他作为保险代理人，已经在这个行业工作了十年。

As an insurance agent, he has worked in this industry for ten years.

Industry-specific: 保险代理人 (insurance agent).

7

代理记账公司可以帮助初创企业节省成本。

Bookkeeping agencies can help startups save costs.

Business service: 代理记账 (bookkeeping agency).

8

如果被代理人死亡，代理关系通常会自动终止。

If the principal dies, the agency relationship usually terminates automatically.

Legal term: 被代理人 (principal - the person being represented).

1

表见代理在商业交易中是一个非常复杂的法律概念。

Apparent agency is a very complex legal concept in commercial transactions.

Advanced legal term: 表见代理 (apparent agency/agency by estoppel).

2

由于地缘政治因素，这两个大国正在进行代理人战争。

Due to geopolitical factors, these two major powers are fighting a proxy war.

Political term: 代理人战争 (proxy war).

3

通过代理协议，该企业成功规避了直接进入市场的风险。

Through an agency agreement, the enterprise successfully bypassed the risks of direct market entry.

Business strategy: 规避风险 (bypass/avoid risk).

4

代理理论在现代公司治理中扮演着核心角色。

Agency theory plays a central role in modern corporate governance.

Academic term: 代理理论 (agency theory).

5

某些国家对于代理孕母的合法性仍存在巨大争议。

There is still huge controversy over the legality of surrogacy in some countries.

Societal term: 代理孕母 (surrogate mother).

6

该软件支持多种代理协议，包括HTTP和SOCKS5。

The software supports multiple proxy protocols, including HTTP and SOCKS5.

Advanced technical context.

7

我们必须重新评估代理商渠道的绩效指标。

We must re-evaluate the performance indicators of the agent channels.

Corporate jargon: 绩效指标 (performance indicators/KPIs).

8

法定代理人必须在保护未成年人利益的前提下行使权力。

A legal guardian/agent must exercise power under the premise of protecting the minor's interests.

Legal term: 法定代理人 (legal representative/guardian).

1

代理行为的效力归属问题是民法典中的核心议题之一。

The issue of the attribution of the effects of agency acts is one of the core topics in the Civil Code.

Highly formal legal language: 效力归属 (attribution of effects).

2

在全球化背景下，跨国代理法律冲突的协调显得尤为重要。

In the context of globalization, the coordination of legal conflicts in cross-border agency is particularly important.

Academic/Legal context: 法律冲突 (conflict of laws).

3

代理人若超越授权范围行事，其后果可能由其个人承担。

If an agent acts beyond the scope of authorization, the consequences may be borne by them personally.

Conditional structure: 若...可能... (If... then possibly...).

4

隐名代理制度在英美法系与大陆法系之间存在显著差异。

The system of undisclosed agency differs significantly between Common Law and Civil Law systems.

Specialized legal term: 隐名代理 (undisclosed agency).

5

被代理人的追认可以使无权代理行为产生法律效力。

The principal's ratification can make an unauthorized agency act legally effective.

Legal term: 追认 (ratification), 无权代理 (unauthorized agency).

6

在委托代理关系中，信义义务是约束代理人的最高准则。

In a fiduciary agency relationship, the fiduciary duty is the highest criterion constraining the agent.

Legal/Ethical term: 信义义务 (fiduciary duty).

7

通过高层级的代理架构，该集团实现了对离岸资产的隐秘控制。

Through high-level agency structures, the group achieved covert control of offshore assets.

Financial/Investigative context: 隐秘控制 (covert control).

8

代理制度的演进反映了人类分工协作与社会信任机制的深化。

The evolution of the agency system reflects the deepening of human division of labor and social trust mechanisms.

Philosophical/Sociological analysis.

تلازمات شائعة

总代理
代理人
代理商
代理服务器
独家代理
代理费
旅游代理
代理记账
代理权
反向代理

العبارات الشائعة

代理销售

— To sell as an agent. Used when a store sells goods owned by another company.

这家商场代理销售多种进口化妆品。

一级代理

— Primary agent. The first level in a distribution hierarchy.

我们是该厂家的一级代理。

代理合同

— Agency contract. A legal agreement between principal and agent.

双方签署了为期三年的代理合同。

代理处

— Agency office. A physical location where agency services are provided.

他在市中心开了一家房产代理处。

法定代理

— Statutory agency. Representation required or defined by law (e.g., parents for children).

父母是未成年人的法定代理人。

全权代理

— Full power of attorney. Having complete authority to act.

他被授权全权代理这笔交易。

代理品牌

— Represented brand. The brand an agent is authorized to sell.

他们代理的品牌都很有名。

代理职务

— Acting position. Temporarily holding a job for someone else.

他目前代理校长的职务。

广告代理

— Advertising agency. A firm that handles advertising for clients.

我们聘请了一家顶尖的广告代理公司。

代理投票

— Proxy voting. Voting on behalf of another person.

股东可以通过代理投票。

تعبيرات اصطلاحية

"越俎代庖"

— To exceed one's duties and meddle in others' affairs. While not using '代理' directly, it's the conceptual opposite of a proper agency relationship.

你这是越俎代庖，不符合代理规定。

Literary/Formal
"代人受过"

— To take the blame for someone else. A negative form of 'acting for' someone.

他只是在代人受过，并不是真正的负责人。

Common
"代人捉刀"

— To ghostwrite or do work for someone else and let them take the credit.

这篇文章是他请人代人捉刀的。

Literary
"代理人战争"

— Proxy war. A war instigated by a major power which does not itself become involved.

中东地区常被称为代理人战争的战场。

Political
"表见代理"

— Apparent agency. A legal doctrine where a principal is bound by the acts of an agent even without actual authority.

这构成了法律上的表见代理。

Legal
"委托代理"

— Entrusted agency. The standard legal term for an agency relationship created by contract.

双方建立了委托代理关系。

Legal
"无权代理"

— Unauthorized agency. When someone acts as an agent without the principal's permission.

无权代理的后果由行为人承担。

Legal
"复代理"

— Sub-agency. When an agent appoints another agent to perform the duties.

未经同意，代理人不得进行复代理。

Legal
"隐名代理"

— Undisclosed agency. When the agent acts for a principal whose identity is not revealed.

隐名代理在国际贸易中很常见。

Legal
"代理孕母"

— Surrogacy. A woman who carries a child for another person/couple.

代理孕母在某些国家是合法的。

Societal

عائلة الكلمة

الأسماء

代理人 (dàilǐrén) - Agent
代理商 (dàilǐshāng) - Distributor
代理权 (dàilǐquán) - Power of attorney
代理处 (dàilǐchù) - Agency office
总代理 (zǒng dàilǐ) - General agent

الأفعال

代理 (dàilǐ) - To act as an agent
代办 (dàibàn) - To handle on behalf of
代表 (dàibiǎo) - To represent

الصفات

代理的 (dàilǐ de) - Acting/Proxy
法定代理的 (fǎdìng dàilǐ de) - Statutory agency related

مرتبط

委托 (wěituō) - Entrust
授权 (shòuquán) - Authorize
中介 (zhōngjiè) - Intermediary
经纪 (jīngjì) - Broker
代销 (dàixiāo) - Sell on commission
سجّل مجاناً لرؤية جميع الأمثلة

أصل الكلمة

The term 代理 is a modern compound. '代' (dài) dates back to ancient Chinese, originally depicting a person standing next to an arrow with a string, suggesting 'replacement' or 'succession.' '理' (lǐ) originally referred to the veins in jade, leading to the meaning of 'to process,' 'to manage,' or 'to put in order.'

المعنى الأصلي: To manage affairs in place of another.

Sino-Tibetan (Mandarin Chinese)
سجّل مجاناً للنصائح والملاحظات

محتوى ذو صلة

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