祈る in 30 Sekunden
- 祈る (inoru) means to pray or wish earnestly.
- It is used in both religious and formal social contexts.
- The common patterns are '~を祈る' and '~ように祈る'.
- It is a key word for expressing sincerity and goodwill in Japan.
The Japanese verb 祈る (inoru) is a profound and versatile word that translates to 'to pray' or 'to wish' in English. While it is deeply rooted in religious contexts, such as offering prayers at a Shinto shrine or a Buddhist temple, its usage extends far into secular life, representing earnest desires for the well-being of others or the successful outcome of an event. In the Japanese worldview, 祈る signifies a connection between the individual and a higher power, or simply the projection of one's strongest hopes into the universe. It is an intransitive verb when used in the sense of 'offering a prayer' but often takes an object with the particle を when specifying what one is praying for. Understanding 祈る requires recognizing the cultural weight of sincerity (誠実) and the social etiquette of wishing others well, which is a cornerstone of Japanese communication. Whether you are standing before an altar or writing a formal letter to a business partner, 祈る serves as a bridge between the physical world and the realm of hope.
- Spiritual Context
- Used when visiting shrines (jinja) or temples (otera) to ask for health, safety, or prosperity from the deities (kami) or Buddha.
- Social Context
- Used in formal letters (aisatsu) to express hopes for the recipient's continued health and success, often appearing as 'ご健勝をお祈り申し上げます'.
- Interpersonal Context
- Used between friends or family to express genuine hope for someone's recovery from illness or success in an exam.
合格を心から祈っています。
神に平和を祈る。
静かに手を合わせて祈った。
あなたの幸せを祈ります。
無事を祈るばかりだ。
The verb is conjugated as a regular Godan verb (Type 1). The stem is 祈り (inori), which is also the noun form meaning 'prayer'. When you see someone bowing at a shrine, they are performing the act of 祈る. This word captures the essence of Japanese spirituality—not necessarily tied to a specific dogma, but to a general feeling of gratitude and hope directed toward the unknown or the divine. It is a word of pure intention.
Grammatically, 祈る is straightforward but requires attention to particles. The most common structure is [Target] を祈る (to pray for [Target]). For example, '世界平和を祈る' (To pray for world peace). Another common pattern is [Verb/Clause] ように祈る (To pray that [something happens]). This 'youni' structure is essential for expressing specific outcomes, such as '雨が降らないように祈る' (I pray that it doesn't rain). In this context, 祈る acts as a verb of mental state, similar to 'think' or 'believe', but with a much higher emotional and spiritual intensity.
- Pattern: [Noun] を祈る
- Used for direct objects like success, health, or peace. Example: 成功を祈っています。
- Pattern: [Verb-Plain] ように祈る
- Used to pray for a specific event to occur or not occur. Example: 早く治るように祈っています。
- Pattern: [Deity] に祈る
- Used to indicate to whom the prayer is directed. Example: 神に祈る。
皆様の健康を祈って、乾杯しましょう。
彼女の幸せを祈ることしかできない。
In formal settings, particularly at the end of a speech or a letter, you will often encounter 'お祈りします' or the even more humble 'お祈り申し上げます'. This is not necessarily religious; it is a standard way to say 'I wish you well'. For instance, '今後のご活躍をお祈り申し上げます' (I pray for/wish you continued success in your future endeavors) is a standard closing for a rejection letter or a farewell note. It provides a polite, soft landing for the recipient, showing that despite the current situation, the speaker harbors no ill will and genuinely hopes for the other person's future happiness.
The sounds of 祈る are ubiquitous in Japanese society, though often in varied registers. On New Year's Day (Hatsumode), millions of people visit shrines and temples to 祈る for a good year ahead. You will hear parents saying '合格を祈っているよ' to their children before entrance exams, a high-stakes moment in Japanese life. In the media, during times of natural disasters like earthquakes or typhoons, news anchors and citizens alike will use the phrase '無事を祈ります' (I pray for everyone's safety). This collective 'inoru' creates a sense of national solidarity.
初詣で家族の健康を祈りました。
Another common place is in the 'rejection' emails from companies to job applicants. These are famously called 'Inori-mail' (お祈りメール) because they invariably end with the phrase '今後のご活躍をお祈り申し上げます'. While the sentiment is technically 'praying for your success', it has become a bit of a cynical term among job seekers, representing the polite but firm 'no'. Despite this, the word itself retains its sanctity in other contexts. In hospital rooms, visitors might say 'お早い回復をお祈りしています' to show support. In literature and songs, 祈る is often used to describe a deep, silent longing or a plea to the heavens when human effort has reached its limit. It is the word used when you have done everything you can and must now leave the rest to fate.
- Shrines/Temples
- Hear: '家内安全を祈る' (Praying for family safety).
- Business Emails
- Hear: '貴社の益々のご発展をお祈り申し上げます' (Praying for your company's further development).
One of the most frequent mistakes learners make is confusing 祈る (inoru) with 願う (negau). While both can mean 'to wish' or 'to hope', 祈る is more formal, spiritual, and often directed toward an external power or a general sense of fate. 願う is more personal, internal, and can sometimes feel like a demand or a strong personal desire. You '祈る' for world peace, but you might '願う' for a new car. Using 祈る for trivial personal desires can sound overly dramatic or even slightly strange unless you are actually at a shrine.
× ケーキが食べられるように祈る。
○ ケーキが食べたいと願う。
Another common error is the misuse of the particle. Learners sometimes use と (to) instead of ように (youni) when expressing a wish for a specific outcome. While '〜と祈る' is grammatically possible in some literary contexts to quote a specific prayer, '〜ように祈る' is the standard way to express 'praying that...'. For example, '合格するように祈る' is much more natural than '合格すると祈る'.
Lastly, be careful with the level of formality. In casual conversation, constantly using '祈っています' can sound a bit stiff. Sometimes, using '〜といいな' (It would be good if...) or '願っているよ' is more appropriate for close friends. However, when in doubt, 祈る is rarely offensive because of its inherently positive and sincere connotation. Just remember that it carries a certain weight; it is a word of the heart, not just a casual 'I hope so'.
There are several words that overlap with 祈る, and choosing the right one depends on the context and the 'target' of your wish. 願う (negau) is the closest synonym, used for broad desires and hopes. 拝む (ogamu), on the other hand, focuses on the physical act of worship—bowing and pressing hands together—rather than the mental state of praying. If you are literally bowing to a statue, you are 'ogamu'.
- 祈る vs. 願う
- 祈る is spiritual/formal/external; 願う is personal/emotional/internal. You 祈る for a friend's health; you 願う for a better job.
- 祈る vs. 拝む
- 祈る is the prayer itself (the words/thoughts); 拝む is the physical action of worship. You can 祈る without 拝む, but you usually 拝む while you 祈る.
- 念じる (nenjiru)
- This means to pray silently or to fix one's mind on a wish. It's more intense and focused than a general 祈る, often used when someone is concentrating very hard for a specific result (like a sports player before a shot).
勝利を心の中で強く念じた。
For more academic or formal contexts, 祈念する (kinen suru) is used. This is essentially the same as 祈る but in a formal Sino-Japanese compound (suru-verb) form. You will see this in official speeches or plaques at monuments. For example, '平和を祈念して' (In prayer for peace). Understanding these nuances allows you to express your hopes with the exact level of intensity and formality required by the situation.
How Formal Is It?
Wusstest du?
The 'noru' part of 'inoru' is the same 'noru' found in 'norito' (Shinto ritual prayers). It emphasizes the power of the spoken word.
Aussprachehilfe
- Pronouncing the 'r' as an English 'r'. It should be a light tap.
- Elongating the 'o' too much. It's a short vowel.
- Confusing the pitch accent with 'inoru' (if it had a different accent, which it doesn't, but learners often flat-line it).
Schwierigkeitsgrad
The Kanji 祈 is relatively simple and common.
The Kanji has a few strokes (8), but is easy to remember.
Pronunciation is very straightforward for English speakers.
Easy to recognize in formal and informal speech.
Was du als Nächstes lernen solltest
Voraussetzungen
Als Nächstes lernen
Fortgeschritten
Wichtige Grammatik
Verb + ように + 祈る
合格するように祈る。
Noun + を + 祈る
平和を祈る。
Humble Form: お + 祈り + します
ご健勝をお祈りします。
Continuous Form: 〜て + いる
いつも祈っています。
Noun Form: 祈り
祈りを捧げる。
Beispiele nach Niveau
神様に祈ります。
I pray to God.
Basic polite form: inorimasu.
毎日祈っています。
I am praying every day.
Continuous form: te-imasu.
友達のために祈る。
I pray for my friend.
Dictionary form used in casual speech.
平和を祈りましょう。
Let's pray for peace.
Volitional form: mashou.
ここで祈ってください。
Please pray here.
Request form: te-kudasai.
母はいつも祈る。
My mother always prays.
Simple present habitual.
何を祈りましたか？
What did you pray for?
Past tense question.
心をこめて祈る。
Pray with all your heart.
Adverbial phrase + verb.
成功を祈っています。
I'm praying for your success.
Noun + o + inotteiru.
早く治るように祈る。
I pray that you get well soon.
Verb + youni + inoru.
家族の健康を祈りました。
I prayed for my family's health.
Past polite form.
合格を祈ってください。
Please pray for my passing (the exam).
Specific noun object.
幸せを祈って、乾杯！
Praying for happiness, cheers!
Te-form used as a connective.
静かに祈りましょう。
Let's pray quietly.
Adverb + volitional.
彼は神に祈らなかった。
He did not pray to God.
Negative past form.
みんなで無事を祈った。
We all prayed for safety.
Group action + past tense.
世界が平和になるように祈っています。
I am praying that the world becomes peaceful.
Clause + youni + inotteimasu.
あなたの夢が叶うことを祈る。
I pray that your dreams come true.
Noun clause + o + inoru.
事故がないように祈りましょう。
Let's pray that there are no accidents.
Negative clause + youni.
彼は心の中でそっと祈った。
He prayed softly in his heart.
Prepositional phrase + adverb.
ご健勝をお祈りします。
I pray for your continued good health.
Humble prefix 'o' + inori.
雨が降らないように祈るしかない。
There is nothing to do but pray it doesn't rain.
Shika nai (nothing but).
新年の幸せを祈って初詣に行く。
I go to the first shrine visit of the year to pray for happiness.
Te-form showing purpose.
無事に届くように祈ってください。
Please pray that it arrives safely.
Adverbial clause + request.
今後のご活躍をお祈り申し上げます。
I pray for your continued success in the future.
Very humble: o-inori moushiagemasu.
犠牲者の冥福を祈って黙祷した。
We offered a silent prayer for the repose of the victims' souls.
Specific religious/formal vocabulary.
ただただ成功を祈るばかりです。
I am doing nothing but praying for success.
Bakari (nothing but).
神に祈りを捧げる。
To offer a prayer to God.
Noun form 'inori' as an object.
不運が続かないように祈る思いだ。
I feel like praying that the bad luck doesn't continue.
Inoru omoi (feeling of praying).
復興を祈ってイベントを開催する。
We will hold an event to pray for the reconstruction.
Te-form indicating motivation.
彼女はただ、子供の無事を祈り続けた。
She just continued to pray for her child's safety.
Verb stem + tsuzukeru (continue).
航海の安全を祈って鐘を鳴らす。
Ring the bell to pray for the safety of the voyage.
Purpose + action.
悠久の平和を祈念して記念碑を建てる。
Erect a monument in prayer for eternal peace.
Kinen suru (formal/academic synonym).
祈るような気持ちで結果を待つ。
Wait for the results with a prayerful feeling.
Inoru youna (prayer-like).
人知を超えた力に祈らざるを得ない。
One cannot help but pray to a power beyond human knowledge.
Zaru o enai (cannot help but).
万事、好転することを祈るのみである。
I only pray that everything takes a turn for the better.
Nomi de aru (is only).
古の人は豊作を祈って踊った。
Ancient people danced to pray for a bountiful harvest.
Historical context.
切に祈る。
To pray fervently/earnestly.
Setsu ni (fervently) + verb.
彼の回復を祈る声が全国から届いた。
Voices praying for his recovery arrived from all over the country.
Inoru koe (voices that pray).
静寂の中で、己の罪を祈る。
In the silence, pray for one's own sins.
Introspective usage.
惨禍の再発なきを祈って止まない。
I never cease to pray that such a tragedy never recurs.
Te-yamanai (never cease to).
万物の霊長として、調和を祈る責務がある。
As the pinnacle of creation, we have a duty to pray for harmony.
Highly formal/philosophical.
祈るという行為は、人間の根源的な欲求である。
The act of praying is a fundamental human desire.
Noun phrase as subject.
その詩は、失われた愛への祈りに満ちていた。
The poem was filled with a prayer for a lost love.
Inori (noun) + ni michiru.
天命を待ちつつ、勝利を祈る。
Waiting for heaven's decree while praying for victory.
Tsutsu (while) + verb.
言霊が宿ると信じ、吉報を祈る。
Believing that spirits dwell in words, I pray for good news.
Cultural concept 'Kotodama'.
深淵なる闇の中で、一筋の光を祈る。
In the deep abyss of darkness, pray for a single ray of light.
Metaphorical/Literary.
国家の安泰を祈願する儀式が執り行われた。
A ritual was held to pray for the stability of the nation.
Kigan suru (formal ritualistic prayer).
Häufige Kollokationen
Häufige Phrasen
— A very formal way to say 'I wish/pray for...'. Used in business emails.
ご活躍をお祈り申し上げます。
— A slang term for a job rejection email, because they always end with 'inoru'.
またお祈りメールが届いた。
— A feeling as if one is praying; being very desperate or hopeful.
祈るような気持ちで画面を見た。
— To pray with hands pressed together.
仏壇の前で手を合わせて祈る。
— To pray from the bottom of one's heart.
合格を心から祈っています。
— There is nothing left to do but pray.
今はただ祈るばかりだ。
— To pray for certain victory.
チームの必勝を祈る。
— To pray for a safe childbirth.
神社で安産を祈った。
— To pray to meet again.
いつかの再会を祈っています。
— To pray for safety.
工事の安全を祈る。
Wird oft verwechselt mit
Negau is more for personal desires; Inoru is more for formal/spiritual prayers.
Iwau means to celebrate an event that already happened or is happening; Inoru is for the future.
Ogamu is the physical act of worship; Inoru is the mental/verbal act of praying.
Redewendungen & Ausdrücke
— Praying to God only when in trouble. Similar to 'Danger past, God forgotten'.
普段は何もしないのに、試験前だけ祈るなんて苦しい時の神頼みだ。
Common— Work and earn rather than just praying; emphasize action over passive wishing.
祈るより稼げという言葉もある。
Proverbial— A prayer is answered or heard by the heavens.
ついに祈りが通じて雨が降った。
Common— To offer up a prayer (formal/poetic).
静かに祈りを捧げた。
Formal— To spend all one's time in prayer (often due to grief).
彼女は悲しみの中で祈りに暮れた。
Literary— To pray to the heavens/sky.
天に祈るような思いだ。
Literary— To pray so hard that one's folded hands grip tightly.
祈る手に力が入った。
Descriptive— With a prayerful heart (used as an adverb).
祈る思いで手術の結果を待つ。
Common— The belief that prayers reach their destination.
きっと祈りは届くと信じている。
Inspirational— A silent prayer.
彼は無言の祈りを捧げた。
LiteraryLeicht verwechselbar
Both mean 'to wish'.
Inoru is spiritual/formal; Negau is personal/emotional.
平和を祈る vs. ケーキを食べたいと願う。
Similar sound.
Inoru is to pray for the future; Iwau is to celebrate.
成功を祈る vs. 誕生日を祝う。
Used in same settings.
Inoru is the internal prayer; Ogamu is the external bowing.
神に祈る vs. 初日の出を拝む。
Means 'to desire'.
Nozomu is more like 'to expect' or 'to desire' a specific condition.
平和を祈る vs. 平和を望む (similar, but Nozomu is more passive/expectant).
Both involve mental focus.
Nenjiru is much more focused and silent; Inoru can be vocal and general.
勝利を念じる (intense focus).
Satzmuster
神様に祈ります。
I pray to God.
[Noun]を祈っています。
成功を祈っています。
[Verb-Plain]ように祈る。
雨が降らないように祈る。
ご[Noun]をお祈り申し上げます。
ご多幸をお祈り申し上げます。
祈るような気持ちで[Verb]。
祈るような気持ちで待つ。
[Noun]なきを祈って止まない。
再発なきを祈って止まない。
心から[Noun]を祈る。
心から平和を祈る。
みんなで[Noun]を祈りましょう。
みんなで無事を祈りましょう。
Wortfamilie
Substantive
Verben
Adjektive
Verwandt
So verwendest du es
High, especially in formal writing and religious/cultural contexts.
-
Using 'to' instead of 'youni'.
→
Goukaku suru youni inoru.
While 'to' can be used for direct quotes, 'youni' is the standard for the content of a prayer.
-
Confusing 'inoru' with 'iwau'.
→
Seikou o inoru (Pray for success).
Iwau is to celebrate; Inoru is to pray/wish. Don't tell someone you are 'celebrating' their future exam!
-
Using 'inoru' for trivial selfish wishes.
→
Okane ga hoshii to negau.
Inoru sounds a bit too 'holy' for wanting money or a burger. Use negau or hoshii.
-
Forgetting the 'o' particle.
→
Heiwa o inoru.
Even though it's a mental act, 'inoru' takes the 'o' particle for the object of the prayer.
-
Using the wrong formality in business.
→
O-inori moushiagemasu.
Just 'inoru' or 'inorimasu' is too casual for a formal business letter.
Tipps
Using 'Youni'
Always pair 'youni' with the dictionary form of a verb when you want to say 'I pray that...'. For example: 'Katsu (win) youni inoru'.
Shrine Etiquette
When you 'inoru' at a shrine, remember the '2 bows, 2 claps, 1 bow' rule. It's the physical side of the verb.
Email Closings
Memorize 'Gokatsuyaku o oinori moushiagemasu'. It's a magic phrase that makes your business Japanese sound perfect.
Noun Form
The noun 'Inori' is used in many song titles and book titles. It's a very beautiful, poetic word.
Inoru vs Negau
If it's for someone else, use 'Inoru'. If it's for yourself and not at a shrine, 'Negau' is often safer.
Showing Support
Saying 'Inotteiru yo' is a great way to show empathy without being intrusive.
The Left Side
The left part of 祈 (礻) represents a sacrificial altar, which helps you remember its religious meaning.
Kotodama
Japanese people historically believed words have power. 'Inoru' is the ultimate expression of this 'Kotodama'.
Pitch Accent
Remember to start high on 'I' and go low for 'no-ru'. It distinguishes it from other similar sounding words.
Sincerity
When writing 'inoru', try to write the kanji clearly. It's a word that conveys your 'Kokoro' (heart).
Einprägen
Eselsbrücke
Think of 'Inoru' as 'In-Your-Room'. You pray 'In-Your-Room' silently when you want something to happen.
Visuelle Assoziation
Imagine someone standing at a Japanese shrine (Jinja) with their hands together, bowing. That action is 'inoru'.
Word Web
Herausforderung
Try to say 'I pray for your health' in Japanese to a friend or teacher today using the '~o inotteimasu' pattern.
Wortherkunft
The word 'inoru' comes from the Old Japanese 'inoru'. It is thought to be related to 'i' (breath/spirit) and 'noru' (to declare/speak).
Ursprüngliche Bedeutung: Originally, it meant to speak to the spirits or deities, literally 'declaring one's spirit'.
JaponicKultureller Kontext
While generally positive, be aware that 'inoru' can be used in funeral contexts (冥福を祈る), so use it solemnly in those cases.
In English, 'pray' is often religious, while 'wish' is secular. In Japanese, 'inoru' covers both, but 'negau' is often closer to the secular 'wish'.
Im Alltag üben
Kontexte aus dem Alltag
New Year's Day
- 初詣で祈る
- 一年の無事を祈る
- お守りを買って祈る
- 神様に祈る
Business Closing
- ご活躍をお祈りします
- ご発展をお祈りします
- ご健勝をお祈りします
- 成功をお祈り申し上げます
Hospital Visit
- 回復を祈る
- お大事にと祈る
- 手術の成功を祈る
- 早く良くなるよう祈る
Exams/Sports
- 合格を祈る
- 勝利を祈る
- 健闘を祈る
- ベストを尽くせるよう祈る
Disasters/Tragedies
- 平和を祈る
- 無事を祈る
- 冥福を祈る
- 復興を祈る
Gesprächseinstiege
"初詣では何を祈りましたか？ (What did you pray for at the first shrine visit?)"
"大切な試験の前に、どこかで祈りますか？ (Do you pray somewhere before an important exam?)"
"友達の成功を祈る時、何と言いますか？ (What do you say when you pray for a friend's success?)"
"世界平和のために何を祈るべきだと思いますか？ (What do you think we should pray for world peace?)"
"「お祈りメール」をもらったことがありますか？ (Have you ever received an 'Inori-mail'?)"
Tagebuch-Impulse
今日、誰かのために祈ったことを書いてください。 (Write about something you prayed for someone today.)
あなたが一番心から祈っている夢は何ですか？ (What is the dream you are praying for most sincerely?)
神社や寺で祈る時、どんな気持ちになりますか？ (How do you feel when you pray at a shrine or temple?)
「祈る」と「願う」の違いについて、自分の考えを書いてください。 (Write your thoughts on the difference between 'inoru' and 'negau'.)
もし一つだけ祈りが叶うなら、何を祈りますか？ (If only one prayer could come true, what would you pray for?)
Häufig gestellte Fragen
10 FragenIt sounds a bit too dramatic. For small personal desires, 'negau' or '~tai' (want to) is better. 'Inoru' is usually for important things like health or success.
No, it is used by everyone in Japan, even those who aren't religious, especially in formal letters and at New Year's.
'Inoru' is the verb (to pray), and 'inori' is the noun (prayer). Example: 'Inoru' (I pray) vs. 'Inori o sageru' (I offer a prayer).
It's a polite Japanese custom to wish someone well even when rejecting them. It has led to the slang 'Inori-mail'.
'Inotteiru yo!' is the most natural way to say this to a friend.
Yes, usually 'o' for the object (peace, success) or 'youni' for a specific outcome.
No, 'inoru' is almost always for positive things. For bad things, use 'norou' (to curse).
Yes, Japanese Christians use 'inoru' to mean 'to pray' just like in other contexts.
It means 'Prayer for Certain Victory', often seen on headbands or at shrines before sports matches.
Yes, but like many Japanese 'u' sounds at the end of words, it can be very short or slightly whispered in some dialects, though usually clear in 'inoru'.
Teste dich selbst 105 Fragen
Write 'I pray for your success' in polite Japanese.
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Translate: 'I pray that it doesn't rain.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Write the very formal business closing: 'I pray for your continued success.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Write 'I pray to God every day.'
Well written! Good try! Check the sample answer below.
Say 'I'm praying for you' casually to a friend.
Read this aloud:
Du hast gesagt:
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Say 'Let's pray for peace' politely.
Read this aloud:
Du hast gesagt:
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Listen to the phrase: 'Kenko o inotteimasu'. What is being prayed for?
Listen to: 'Goukaku o inoru'. What is the goal?
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Summary
The verb 祈る is your go-to word for expressing deep, sincere wishes for success, health, or peace. Whether you are at a shrine or writing a formal email, it shows you truly care. Example: 成功を祈っています (I am praying for your success).
- 祈る (inoru) means to pray or wish earnestly.
- It is used in both religious and formal social contexts.
- The common patterns are '~を祈る' and '~ように祈る'.
- It is a key word for expressing sincerity and goodwill in Japan.
Using 'Youni'
Always pair 'youni' with the dictionary form of a verb when you want to say 'I pray that...'. For example: 'Katsu (win) youni inoru'.
Shrine Etiquette
When you 'inoru' at a shrine, remember the '2 bows, 2 claps, 1 bow' rule. It's the physical side of the verb.
Email Closings
Memorize 'Gokatsuyaku o oinori moushiagemasu'. It's a magic phrase that makes your business Japanese sound perfect.
Noun Form
The noun 'Inori' is used in many song titles and book titles. It's a very beautiful, poetic word.
Verwandte Inhalte
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還暦
B1Kanreki ist die traditionelle japanische Feier zum 60. Geburtstag.
〜くらい
B1Dieses Wort bedeutet 'ungefähr' oder 'bis zu dem Punkt, an dem'. Es wird verwendet, um eine Annäherung oder einen Grad auszudrücken.
認め合う
B1Sich gegenseitig anerkennen; die gegenseitige Geltung bestätigen.
知人
B1Acquaintance.
顔見知り
A2Jemand, den man vom Sehen kennt, aber nicht persönlich. Eine Person, deren Gesicht vertraut ist, ohne eine enge Beziehung zu haben.
甘える
B1Sich verwöhnen lassen, schmeicheln; sich auf die Freundlichkeit und Nachsicht anderer verlassen, oft in engen Beziehungen.
活発な
B1Aktiv; lebhaft; schwungvoll. 'Ein lebhaftes Kind.' (活発な子) 'Aktive Vulkantätigkeit.' (活発な火山活動)
思春期
B1Die Pubertät; der Zeitraum der körperlichen Geschlechtsreifung.
養子
B1Ein Adoptivkind, das rechtlich in eine neue Familie aufgenommen wurde.
養親
B2Adoptivvater oder Adoptivmutter. Eine Person, die ein Kind rechtlich als das eigene annimmt.
