A1 · Principiante Capítulo 3

Moving and Describing Actions

4 Reglas totales
42 ejemplos
6 min
Reglas en este capítulo Práctica rápida

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the 'how' and 'where' of every action to speak Chinese like a local.

  • Describe the quality of actions using the 'de' particle.
  • Indicate basic movement towards or away from the speaker.
  • Navigate 3D space with complex movement combinations.
Move with purpose and describe actions with precision.

Lo que aprenderás

Hey there! Get ready for a huge leap in your Chinese conversation skills. In this chapter, we're diving deep into how to describe *how well* an action is performed, and *exactly where* movement is headed. Don't worry, even if it sounds a bit complex at first, these concepts are super practical and surprisingly easy to master! First up, we'll unlock the power of «得 (de)» – the Degree Complement. This little particle lets you talk about the quality or extent of an action. Imagine proudly saying

You speak Chinese very well!
or
I eat spicy food quickly.
You'll move beyond just stating an action to truly expressing *how* it's done. Pretty cool, right? Next, we tackle movement with the fundamental «来 (lái)» and «去 (qù).» These simple Directional Complements tell you if an action is moving *towards* you (来) or *away* from you (去). Picture yourself at a train station telling a friend,
My train is coming!
or giving directions:
Go straight from here.
These are the building blocks for navigating any situation involving movement. Finally, we'll combine these basics into Compound Directional Complements, like go up, come down, enter, or exit. Instead of just saying come, you'll be able to specify come upstairs or come inside. By the end of this chapter, you'll be able to describe complex movements and actions with confidence, making your everyday Chinese conversations much more natural and precise. You'll be able to confidently say,
I speak Chinese well!
and give clear directions like a native speaker.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Evaluate performance quality using 'de' (e.g., 'He runs fast').
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Direct people's movement using simple directional markers.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: Describe complex navigation like entering a room or going upstairs.

Guía del capítulo

Overview

Hey there, language adventurers! Get ready to level up your Chinese grammar A1 skills in this exciting chapter. We're diving deep into some truly practical concepts that will drastically improve how you describe actions and movements in Chinese.
This isn't just about memorizing rules; it's about unlocking the ability to express yourself more naturally and precisely, making your everyday conversations far more engaging. By mastering these A1 Chinese structures, you’ll move beyond simple statements to truly paint vivid pictures with your words. Whether you want to compliment someone on their excellent Mandarin or give clear directions, this chapter lays the essential groundwork.
We'll explore the versatile Degree Complement (得), the fundamental Directional Complements (来/去), and finally, combine them into powerful Compound Directional Complements. These elements are crucial for reaching conversational fluency and are core to the CEFR A1 level for Chinese learners.

How This Grammar Works

This chapter focuses on three key areas to help you describe actions and movement. First, the Degree Complement (得 de) allows you to express *how well* an action is performed. The basic structure is: Verb + 得 + Adjective/Adverbial Phrase.
For example, 他说汉语说得很好。 (Tā shuō Hànyǔ shuō de hěn hǎo. – He speaks Chinese very well.) Notice how the verb 说 (shuō – to speak) is repeated when there's an object (汉语 – Hànyǔ – Chinese). If there's no object, it's simply Verb + 得 + Adjective, like 他跑得很快。 (Tā pǎo de hěn kuài.
– He runs very fast.)
Next, we encounter the fundamental Simple Directional Complements (来 lái / 去 qù). These little powerhouses tell you if an action is moving *towards* the speaker's location (来) or *away* from the speaker's location (去). The structure is straightforward: Verb + 来 / 去.
For instance, if you're inside a room and want someone to enter, you'd say 你进来。 (Nǐ jìn lái. – You come in.) If you're leaving a room, you might say 我出去了。 (Wǒ chū qù le. – I went out.) It's all about your perspective!
Finally, we combine these ideas into Compound Directional Complements (复合趋向补语 fùhé qūxiàng bǔyǔ). These describe movement with more specific directions like up, down, in, or out, always ending with 来 or 去. The structure is: Verb + Directional Word (e.g., 上 shàng – up, 下 xià – down, 进 jìn – in, 出 chū – out, 回 huí – back, 过 guò – over) + 来 / 去.
So, 他上楼来了。 (Tā shàng lóu lái le. – He came upstairs.) means he moved *up* and *towards* the speaker. Conversely, 她走下去了。 (Tā zǒu xià qù le.
– She walked down.) indicates she moved *down* and *away* from the speaker. These Chinese compound directions add incredible precision to your descriptions of movement.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: 他很好地说汉语。 (Tā hěn hǎo de shuō Hànyǔ. – He very well speaks Chinese.)
✓ Correct: 他说汉语说得很好。 (Tā shuō Hànyǔ shuō de hěn hǎo. – He speaks Chinese very well.) OR 他汉语说得很好。 (Tā Hànyǔ shuō de hěn hǎo. – His Chinese speaking is very good.)
*Explanation:* When using the Degree Complement (得), if the verb has an object, you must either repeat the verb after the object (Verb + Object + Verb + 得 + Adjective) or place the object before the verb (Object + Verb + 得 + Adjective). You cannot simply place an adverbial phrase directly before the verb like in English.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: (Speaker *inside* a room, sees friend *outside*, says) 你出去！ (Nǐ chū qù! – You go out!)
✓ Correct: (Speaker *inside* a room, sees friend *outside*, says) 你进来！ (Nǐ jìn lái! – You come in!)
*Explanation:* The choice between 来 (lái) and 去 (qù) depends on the speaker's location. 来 indicates movement *towards* the speaker, while 去 indicates movement *away* from the speaker. If the speaker is inside, and wants someone outside to enter, the movement is *towards* the speaker, hence 进来.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 他上楼。 (Tā shàng lóu. – He went upstairs.)
✓ Correct: 他上楼去了。 (Tā shàng lóu qù le. – He went upstairs.) OR 他上楼来了。 (Tā shàng lóu lái le. – He came upstairs.)
*Explanation:* When using Compound Directional Complements, you almost always need to include 来 (lái) or 去 (qù) at the end to indicate the direction relative to the speaker and complete the directional meaning. 上楼 by itself usually describes the action of ascending a building rather than a completed movement to a specific destination relative to the speaker.

Real Conversations

A

A

你中文说得真好！ (Nǐ Zhōngwén shuō de zhēn hǎo! – You speak Chinese really well!)
B

B

谢谢！我学得很努力。 (Xièxie! Wǒ xué de hěn nǔlì. – Thank you! I study very hard.)
A

A

小明，你什么时候过来？ (Xiǎo Míng, nǐ shénme shíhou guò lái? – Xiaoming, when are you coming over?)
B

B

我马上就过去，你等我一下。 (Wǒ mǎshàng jiù guò qù, nǐ děng wǒ yīxià. – I'll go over right away, wait for me a moment.)
A

A

老师，我可以进来吗？ (Lǎoshī, wǒ kěyǐ jìn lái ma? – Teacher, may I come in?)
B

B

请进来吧。 (Qǐng jìn lái ba. – Please come in.)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the main difference between 说得很好 (shuō de hěn hǎo) and 很好地说 (hěn hǎo de shuō)?

说得很好 uses the Degree Complement (得) to describe *how* an action is performed, emphasizing the result or quality of the action. 很好地说 uses 地 (de) to form an adverbial phrase, describing *how* the action is carried out, but it's less common for quality and often sounds more formal or literary for descriptive adverbs.

Q

Can 来 (lái) or 去 (qù) be used alone without another verb?

Yes, in informal contexts, especially when the verb is obvious. For example, if someone calls you, you might just say “来了！” (Lái le! – Coming!) or “去了！” (Qù le! – Going!).

Q

Are there more Compound Directional Complements than just up/down/in/out?

Absolutely! Besides 上 (shàng), 下 (xià), 进 (jìn), 出 (chū), common ones include 回 (huí) (back), 过 (guò) (over/across), 起 (qǐ) (up from a surface), 开 (kāi) (away/apart).

Q

Does the object always go in the same place with the Degree Complement (得)?

No, when the verb has an object, you have two options: either repeat the verb after the object (e.g., 他说汉语说得很好) or place the object *before* the verb (e.g., 他汉语说得很好).

Cultural Context

Chinese speakers value precision in describing actions and movements, and these grammar patterns reflect that. The frequent use of 来 (lái) and 去 (qù) in daily conversation, even for simple actions, highlights a cultural awareness of position and relative direction. When giving

Ejemplos clave (4)

1

进来吧，外边冷。

Entra, hace frío afuera.

Venir y ir: Complementos direccionales simples en chino (来/去)
2

我下楼去拿外卖。

Voy a bajar a recoger mi comida.

Venir y ir: Complementos direccionales simples en chino (来/去)
3

你{进来|jìnlái}吧！

¡Pasa adentro!

Hacia aquí o hacia allá: Complementos de dirección (来/去)
4

我{回学校去|huí xuéxiào qù}。

Voy de regreso a la escuela.

Hacia aquí o hacia allá: Complementos de dirección (来/去)

Consejos y trucos (4)

⚠️

La regla del 'Lugar' es sagrada

Nunca digas 'entrar venir casa'. Los lugares siempre van en medio de la acción: «走进家来».
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Direcciones compuestas en chino: Moviéndose en espacio 3D
⚠️

La trampa del verbo

¡No olvides repetir el verbo! Si dices «{说|shuō} {中|zhōng} {文|wén} {得|de} {好|hǎo}», te entenderán, pero suena a chino 'roto'. ¡Repítelo!
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: ¿Qué tan bien lo haces? El complemento de grado (得)
🎯

La regla del sándwich

Recuerda que los lugares SIEMPRE separan el verbo del complemento: Acción + Destino + Dirección. «回家来».
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Venir y ir: Complementos direccionales simples en chino (来/去)
⚠️

La trampa del lugar

Nunca pongas el lugar después de 'lái' o 'qù'. Siempre es 'ir a casa ir': «我回家去。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Hacia aquí o hacia allá: Complementos de dirección (来/去)

Vocabulario clave (8)

说(shuō) to speak/say 跑(pǎo) to run 快(kuài) fast 进(jìn) to enter 出(chū) to exit 回(huí) to return 上(shàng) to go up 下(xià) to go down

Real-World Preview

message-circle

Complimenting a Friend

map

Finding Your Way

Review Summary

  • Verb + 得 + Adjective
  • Verb + 来 / 去
  • Verb + [上/下/进/出/回/过/起] + 来/去

Errores comunes

You cannot link a verb directly to an adjective to describe quality; you MUST use the particle 'de' and usually an intensifier like 'hen'.

Wrong: 他说快 (Tā shuō kuài)
Correcto: 他说得很快 (Tā shuō de hěn kuài)

When using directional complements with a place (like 'home'), the place must come BEFORE 'lai' or 'qu'.

Wrong: 他进来家 (Tā jìn lái jiā)
Correcto: 他走进家里来 (Tā zǒu jìn jiā lǐ lái)

Students often use 'lai' for any movement. Remember: if the destination is not where you are currently standing, use 'qu'.

Wrong: 我走来 (Wǒ zǒu lái) [while walking away from home]
Correcto: 我走去 (Wǒ zǒu qù)

Next Steps

You've mastered some of the most unique structures in Chinese grammar today. Keep moving forward—literally!

Record yourself describing your commute using directional verbs.

Write 5 sentences about what your friends are good at using 'de'.

Continue to: Starting, Continuing, and Revealing

Práctica rápida (6)

Busca la forma gramatical correcta de decir 'Ir de vuelta a casa'.

Find and fix the mistake:

¿Cuál es correcta?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 回家里去
En chino, los lugares como '家' deben ir entre el verbo '回' y la palabra de dirección '去'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Hacia aquí o hacia allá: Complementos de dirección (来/去)

Encuentra y corrige el error en esta frase.

Find and fix the mistake:

他在楼上，他叫我上来楼。(Él está arriba; me pidió que subiera).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 他叫我上楼来。
El sustantivo '楼' (piso/edificio) debe ir entre '上' y '来'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Venir y ir: Complementos direccionales simples en chino (来/去)

Rellena el espacio según la ubicación (quien habla está AFUERA).

他在房间里，我不想___ (go in).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 进去
Como el hablante está afuera y se mueve lejos de su posición hacia el cuarto, '进去' (ir adentro) es lo correcto.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Hacia aquí o hacia allá: Complementos de dirección (来/去)

Llena el espacio con la frase direccional correcta.

我明天要回___去。(Mañana voy a volver a casa).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 家
El lugar 'jiā' debe ir entre el verbo 'huí' y el complemento 'qù'.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Venir y ir: Complementos direccionales simples en chino (来/去)

¿Qué frase es correcta para alguien que invita a un amigo a su habitación?

Elige la frase gramaticalmente correcta:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 请进来吧！
Como el hablante está adentro, usa 'lái' (venir) para indicar movimiento hacia él.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Venir y ir: Complementos direccionales simples en chino (来/去)

Tu amigo está en el piso 2, tú estás en el piso 1. ¿Qué le dices?

Elige la mejor orden:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 你下来吧！
'下来' (venir abajo) implica que la persona se mueve hacia el hablante que está en un nivel inferior.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: Hacia aquí o hacia allá: Complementos de dirección (来/去)

Score: /6

Preguntas frecuentes (6)

Confundir '来' y '去'. Imagina que «来» es un imán hacia ti y «去» un cohete que se aleja: «你过来».
Sí, pero es de nivel avanzado. Por ahora úsalo para moverte o llevar cosas: «拿出来».
Funciona como un puente para describir la calidad o el resultado de una acción. Por ejemplo: «{跑|pǎo} {得|de} {快|kuài}。»
Sí, pero cambia el significado a 'poder' o 'no poder'. Por ejemplo: «{做|zuò} {得|de} {了|liǎo}。»
Sí, como verbos principales. Pero como complementos, necesitan otro verbo antes para mostrar *cómo* fue el movimiento. «你过来».
Si ya estás en el destino, usa siempre '来' (lái). Si estás en cualquier otro lado, usa '去' (qù). «我回去了».
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