A1 · 초급 챕터 3

Moving and Describing Actions

4 총 규칙
42 예문
6

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the 'how' and 'where' of every action to speak Chinese like a local.

  • Describe the quality of actions using the 'de' particle.
  • Indicate basic movement towards or away from the speaker.
  • Navigate 3D space with complex movement combinations.
Move with purpose and describe actions with precision.

배울 내용

Hey there! Get ready for a huge leap in your Chinese conversation skills. In this chapter, we're diving deep into how to describe *how well* an action is performed, and *exactly where* movement is headed. Don't worry, even if it sounds a bit complex at first, these concepts are super practical and surprisingly easy to master! First up, we'll unlock the power of «得 (de)» – the Degree Complement. This little particle lets you talk about the quality or extent of an action. Imagine proudly saying

You speak Chinese very well!
or
I eat spicy food quickly.
You'll move beyond just stating an action to truly expressing *how* it's done. Pretty cool, right? Next, we tackle movement with the fundamental «来 (lái)» and «去 (qù).» These simple Directional Complements tell you if an action is moving *towards* you (来) or *away* from you (去). Picture yourself at a train station telling a friend,
My train is coming!
or giving directions:
Go straight from here.
These are the building blocks for navigating any situation involving movement. Finally, we'll combine these basics into Compound Directional Complements, like go up, come down, enter, or exit. Instead of just saying come, you'll be able to specify come upstairs or come inside. By the end of this chapter, you'll be able to describe complex movements and actions with confidence, making your everyday Chinese conversations much more natural and precise. You'll be able to confidently say,
I speak Chinese well!
and give clear directions like a native speaker.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Evaluate performance quality using 'de' (e.g., 'He runs fast').
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Direct people's movement using simple directional markers.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: Describe complex navigation like entering a room or going upstairs.

챕터 가이드

Overview

Hey there, language adventurers! Get ready to level up your Chinese grammar A1 skills in this exciting chapter. We're diving deep into some truly practical concepts that will drastically improve how you describe actions and movements in Chinese.
This isn't just about memorizing rules; it's about unlocking the ability to express yourself more naturally and precisely, making your everyday conversations far more engaging. By mastering these A1 Chinese structures, you’ll move beyond simple statements to truly paint vivid pictures with your words. Whether you want to compliment someone on their excellent Mandarin or give clear directions, this chapter lays the essential groundwork.
We'll explore the versatile Degree Complement (得), the fundamental Directional Complements (来/去), and finally, combine them into powerful Compound Directional Complements. These elements are crucial for reaching conversational fluency and are core to the CEFR A1 level for Chinese learners.

How This Grammar Works

This chapter focuses on three key areas to help you describe actions and movement. First, the Degree Complement (得 de) allows you to express *how well* an action is performed. The basic structure is: Verb + + Adjective/Adverbial Phrase.
For example, 他说汉语说得很好。 (Tā shuō Hànyǔ shuō de hěn hǎo. – He speaks Chinese very well.) Notice how the verb (shuō – to speak) is repeated when there's an object (汉语 – Hànyǔ – Chinese). If there's no object, it's simply Verb + + Adjective, like 他跑得很快。 (Tā pǎo de hěn kuài.
– He runs very fast.)
Next, we encounter the fundamental Simple Directional Complements (来 lái / 去 qù). These little powerhouses tell you if an action is moving *towards* the speaker's location () or *away* from the speaker's location (). The structure is straightforward: Verb + / .
For instance, if you're inside a room and want someone to enter, you'd say 你进来。 (Nǐ jìn lái. – You come in.) If you're leaving a room, you might say 我出去了。 (Wǒ chū qù le. – I went out.) It's all about your perspective!
Finally, we combine these ideas into Compound Directional Complements (复合趋向补语 fùhé qūxiàng bǔyǔ). These describe movement with more specific directions like up, down, in, or out, always ending with or . The structure is: Verb + Directional Word (e.g., 上 shàng – up, 下 xià – down, 进 jìn – in, 出 chū – out, 回 huí – back, 过 guò – over) + / .
So, 他上楼来了。 (Tā shàng lóu lái le. – He came upstairs.) means he moved *up* and *towards* the speaker. Conversely, 她走下去了。 (Tā zǒu xià qù le.
– She walked down.) indicates she moved *down* and *away* from the speaker. These Chinese compound directions add incredible precision to your descriptions of movement.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1Wrong: 他很好地说汉语。 (Tā hěn hǎo de shuō Hànyǔ. – He very well speaks Chinese.)
Correct: 他说汉语说得很好。 (Tā shuō Hànyǔ shuō de hěn hǎo. – He speaks Chinese very well.) OR 他汉语说得很好。 (Tā Hànyǔ shuō de hěn hǎo. – His Chinese speaking is very good.)
*Explanation:* When using the Degree Complement (得), if the verb has an object, you must either repeat the verb after the object (Verb + Object + Verb + + Adjective) or place the object before the verb (Object + Verb + + Adjective). You cannot simply place an adverbial phrase directly before the verb like in English.
  1. 1Wrong: (Speaker *inside* a room, sees friend *outside*, says) 你出去! (Nǐ chū qù! – You go out!)
Correct: (Speaker *inside* a room, sees friend *outside*, says) 你进来! (Nǐ jìn lái! – You come in!)
*Explanation:* The choice between 来 (lái) and 去 (qù) depends on the speaker's location. indicates movement *towards* the speaker, while indicates movement *away* from the speaker. If the speaker is inside, and wants someone outside to enter, the movement is *towards* the speaker, hence 进来.
  1. 1Wrong: 他上楼。 (Tā shàng lóu. – He went upstairs.)
Correct: 他上楼去了。 (Tā shàng lóu qù le. – He went upstairs.) OR 他上楼来了。 (Tā shàng lóu lái le. – He came upstairs.)
*Explanation:* When using Compound Directional Complements, you almost always need to include 来 (lái) or 去 (qù) at the end to indicate the direction relative to the speaker and complete the directional meaning. 上楼 by itself usually describes the action of ascending a building rather than a completed movement to a specific destination relative to the speaker.

Real Conversations

A

A

你中文说得真好! (Nǐ Zhōngwén shuō de zhēn hǎo! – You speak Chinese really well!)
B

B

谢谢!我学得很努力。 (Xièxie! Wǒ xué de hěn nǔlì. – Thank you! I study very hard.)
A

A

小明,你什么时候过来? (Xiǎo Míng, nǐ shénme shíhou guò lái? – Xiaoming, when are you coming over?)
B

B

我马上就过去,你等我一下。 (Wǒ mǎshàng jiù guò qù, nǐ děng wǒ yīxià. – I'll go over right away, wait for me a moment.)
A

A

老师,我可以进来吗? (Lǎoshī, wǒ kěyǐ jìn lái ma? – Teacher, may I come in?)
B

B

请进来吧。 (Qǐng jìn lái ba. – Please come in.)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the main difference between 说得很好 (shuō de hěn hǎo) and 很好地说 (hěn hǎo de shuō)?

说得很好 uses the Degree Complement (得) to describe *how* an action is performed, emphasizing the result or quality of the action. 很好地说 uses (de) to form an adverbial phrase, describing *how* the action is carried out, but it's less common for quality and often sounds more formal or literary for descriptive adverbs.

Q

Can 来 (lái) or 去 (qù) be used alone without another verb?

Yes, in informal contexts, especially when the verb is obvious. For example, if someone calls you, you might just say “来了!” (Lái le! – Coming!) or “去了!” (Qù le! – Going!).

Q

Are there more Compound Directional Complements than just up/down/in/out?

Absolutely! Besides 上 (shàng), 下 (xià), 进 (jìn), 出 (chū), common ones include 回 (huí) (back), 过 (guò) (over/across), 起 (qǐ) (up from a surface), 开 (kāi) (away/apart).

Q

Does the object always go in the same place with the Degree Complement (得)?

No, when the verb has an object, you have two options: either repeat the verb after the object (e.g., 他说汉语说得很好) or place the object *before* the verb (e.g., 他汉语说得很好).

Cultural Context

Chinese speakers value precision in describing actions and movements, and these grammar patterns reflect that. The frequent use of 来 (lái) and 去 (qù) in daily conversation, even for simple actions, highlights a cultural awareness of position and relative direction. When giving

주요 예문 (6)

1

他跑进教室来了。

그는 교실 안으로 뛰어 들어왔어요.

중국어 복합 방향 보어: 3D 공간에서의 이동 표현하기
2

我想走出去看看。

나 밖으로 걸어 나가서 좀 보고 싶어.

중국어 복합 방향 보어: 3D 공간에서의 이동 표현하기
3

进来吧,外边冷。

들어와요, 밖이 추워요.

오다 & 가다: 중국어 단순 방향 보어 (来/去)
4

我下楼去拿外卖。

배달 음식 받으러 아래층으로 내려갈게요.

오다 & 가다: 중국어 단순 방향 보어 (来/去)
5

你{进来|jìnlái}吧!

어서 들어와요!

오고 가기: 방향 보어 (来/去)
6

我{回学校去|huí xuéxiào qù}。

나는 학교로 돌아가요.

오고 가기: 방향 보어 (来/去)

팁과 요령 (4)

⚠️

장소의 위치는 철저해요!

'교실에 들어오다'라고 할 때 '들어와 교실'이라고 하면 안 돼요. 반드시 '들어가 + 교실 + 오다' 순서로 써야 해요: «走进教室来。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 중국어 복합 방향 보어: 3D 공간에서의 이동 표현하기
⚠️

동사 반복 주의!

동사 뒤에 목적어가 있으면 동사를 한 번 더 말해줘야 해요! «{说|shuō} {中|zhōng} {文|wén} {得|de} {好|hǎo}»라고 하면 어색하니 꼭 «{说|shuō} {中|zhōng} {文|wén} {说|shuō} {得|de} {好|hǎo}»라고 하세요.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 정도를 나타내는 보어 '得' (de) 배우기
🎯

샌드위치 규칙

장소가 나올 땐 '동사 + 장소 + 방향' 순서로 샌드위치를 만든다고 생각하세요. Action + Destination + Direction 순서예요.
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 오다 & 가다: 중국어 단순 방향 보어 (来/去)
⚠️

장소 함정 주의!

장소는 절대로 'lái'나 'qù' 뒤에 오면 안 돼요. 항상 huíjiā qù (집에 가다)처럼 중간에 넣으세요. huíqù jiā는 틀린 표현이에요!
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 오고 가기: 방향 보어 (来/去)

핵심 어휘 (8)

说(shuō) to speak/say 跑(pǎo) to run 快(kuài) fast 进(jìn) to enter 出(chū) to exit 回(huí) to return 上(shàng) to go up 下(xià) to go down

Real-World Preview

message-circle

Complimenting a Friend

map

Finding Your Way

Review Summary

  • Verb + 得 + Adjective
  • Verb + 来 / 去
  • Verb + [上/下/进/出/回/过/起] + 来/去

자주 하는 실수

You cannot link a verb directly to an adjective to describe quality; you MUST use the particle 'de' and usually an intensifier like 'hen'.

Wrong: 他说快 (Tā shuō kuài)
정답: 他说得很快 (Tā shuō de hěn kuài)

When using directional complements with a place (like 'home'), the place must come BEFORE 'lai' or 'qu'.

Wrong: 他进来家 (Tā jìn lái jiā)
정답: 他走进家里来 (Tā zǒu jìn jiā lǐ lái)

Students often use 'lai' for any movement. Remember: if the destination is not where you are currently standing, use 'qu'.

Wrong: 我走来 (Wǒ zǒu lái) [while walking away from home]
정답: 我走去 (Wǒ zǒu qù)

Next Steps

You've mastered some of the most unique structures in Chinese grammar today. Keep moving forward—literally!

Record yourself describing your commute using directional verbs.

Write 5 sentences about what your friends are good at using 'de'.

빠른 연습 (9)

안에 있는 사람 쪽으로 들어오는 상황에 알맞은 표현을 고르세요.

{外|wài}{面|mian}{很|hěn}{冷|lěng},{快|kuài}{走|zǒu}___。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {进来|jìnlái}
말하는 사람이 안에 있고(밖은 추움), 상대방이 나에게 '안으로' 들어오는 것이므로 '进来'가 정답이에요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 중국어 복합 방향 보어: 3D 공간에서의 이동 표현하기

'집으로 돌아가다'를 문법에 맞게 표현한 것을 고르세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

다음 중 옳은 것은?

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 回家里去
중국어에서 '家' 같은 장소 명사는 반드시 동사 '回'와 방향 단어 '去' 사이에 위치해야 해요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 오고 가기: 방향 보어 (来/去)

친구는 2층에 있고, 당신은 1층에 있습니다. 친구에게 뭐라고 말할까요?

가장 적절한 명령을 고르세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 你下来吧!
'下来' (내려와)는 상대방이 아래에 있는 나에게로 가까워지는 움직임을 나타내요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 오고 가기: 방향 보어 (来/去)

빈칸에 알맞은 단어를 넣어 문장을 완성하세요.

我明天要回___去。(나는 내일 집에 갈 거야.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer:
장소인 'jiā'는 동사 'huí'와 방향보어 'qù' 사이에 위치해야 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 오다 & 가다: 중국어 단순 방향 보어 (来/去)

말하는 사람의 위치를 고려해 빈칸을 채우세요 (말하는 사람은 밖이 있음).

他在房间里,我不想___ (go in).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 进去
말하는 사람이 밖에 있고 방 안으로 멀어지는 동작이므로 '进去' (들어가다)가 정답이에요.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 오고 가기: 방향 보어 (来/去)

장소 '집(家)'의 위치가 올바른 문장을 고르세요.

문법적으로 올바른 문장을 선택하세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {他|tā}{回|huí}{家|jiā}{来|lái}{了|le}。
'집'과 같은 장소는 반드시 방향 단어(回)와 기준 단어(来/去) 사이에 위치해야 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 중국어 복합 방향 보어: 3D 공간에서의 이동 표현하기

위로 뛰어오르는 동작에서 틀린 부분을 찾으세요.

Find and fix the mistake:

{我|wǒ}{兴|xìng}{奋|fèn}{得|de}{跳|tiào}{起|qǐ}{去|qù}{了|le}。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {跳|tiào}{起|qǐ}{来|lái}{了|le}
'起'는 항상 '来'와만 함께 쓰이며, '去'와는 결합할 수 없습니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 중국어 복합 방향 보어: 3D 공간에서의 이동 표현하기

친구가 방 밖에서 기다리고 있을 때, 안으로 들어오라고 하려면 어떤 문장이 맞을까요?

문법적으로 올바른 문장을 고르세요:

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 请进来吧!
말하는 사람이 안에 있으므로, 나에게 가까워지는 방향인 'lái'를 사용해야 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 오다 & 가다: 중국어 단순 방향 보어 (来/去)

다음 문장에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 고쳐보세요.

他在楼上,他叫我上来楼。(그는 위층에 있어요. 나보고 올라오래요.)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 他叫我上楼来。
명사 '楼'(층)는 반드시 '上'과 '来' 사이에 들어가야 합니다.

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 오다 & 가다: 중국어 단순 방향 보어 (来/去)

Score: /9

자주 묻는 질문 (6)

'来'와 '去'를 헷갈리는 거예요. '来'는 나에게 오는 자석, '去'는 멀어지는 로켓이라고 생각하세요. «你过来。» (이리 와).
네, 하지만 주로 A2/B1 레벨에서 배워요. 지금은 걷기, 달리기, 가져오기 같은 물리적 움직임에 집중하세요. «带回来。» (가져와).
동작의 질, 결과, 정도를 연결해 주는 다리 역할을 해요. 단순히 '달리다'가 아니라 '빨리 달리다'처럼 구체적으로 설명할 때 쓰죠. «{跑|pǎo} {得|de} {快|kuài}»처럼요.
네, 하지만 의미가 '할 수 있다/없다'로 완전히 바뀌어요. 예를 들어 «{做|zuò} {得|de} {리|liǎo}»는 '할 수 있다'는 뜻이 됩니다.
네, '오다'나 '가다'라는 동사로 쓸 수 있어요. 하지만 보어로 쓸 때는 «走进来»처럼 앞에 다른 동사가 꼭 필요해요.
목적지에 이미 있다면 무조건 «来»를 쓰세요. 그 외의 장소에 있다면 «去»를 씁니다.