A1 · 初級 チャプター 3

Moving and Describing Actions

4 トータルルール
42 例文
6 分
このチャプターのルール クイック練習

Chapter in 30 Seconds

Master the 'how' and 'where' of every action to speak Chinese like a local.

  • Describe the quality of actions using the 'de' particle.
  • Indicate basic movement towards or away from the speaker.
  • Navigate 3D space with complex movement combinations.
Move with purpose and describe actions with precision.

学べること

Hey there! Get ready for a huge leap in your Chinese conversation skills. In this chapter, we're diving deep into how to describe *how well* an action is performed, and *exactly where* movement is headed. Don't worry, even if it sounds a bit complex at first, these concepts are super practical and surprisingly easy to master! First up, we'll unlock the power of «得 (de)» – the Degree Complement. This little particle lets you talk about the quality or extent of an action. Imagine proudly saying

You speak Chinese very well!
or
I eat spicy food quickly.
You'll move beyond just stating an action to truly expressing *how* it's done. Pretty cool, right? Next, we tackle movement with the fundamental «来 (lái)» and «去 (qù).» These simple Directional Complements tell you if an action is moving *towards* you (来) or *away* from you (去). Picture yourself at a train station telling a friend,
My train is coming!
or giving directions:
Go straight from here.
These are the building blocks for navigating any situation involving movement. Finally, we'll combine these basics into Compound Directional Complements, like go up, come down, enter, or exit. Instead of just saying come, you'll be able to specify come upstairs or come inside. By the end of this chapter, you'll be able to describe complex movements and actions with confidence, making your everyday Chinese conversations much more natural and precise. You'll be able to confidently say,
I speak Chinese well!
and give clear directions like a native speaker.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this chapter, you will be able to:

  1. 1
    By the end you will be able to: Evaluate performance quality using 'de' (e.g., 'He runs fast').
  2. 2
    By the end you will be able to: Direct people's movement using simple directional markers.
  3. 3
    By the end you will be able to: Describe complex navigation like entering a room or going upstairs.

チャプターガイド

Overview

Hey there, language adventurers! Get ready to level up your Chinese grammar A1 skills in this exciting chapter. We're diving deep into some truly practical concepts that will drastically improve how you describe actions and movements in Chinese.
This isn't just about memorizing rules; it's about unlocking the ability to express yourself more naturally and precisely, making your everyday conversations far more engaging. By mastering these A1 Chinese structures, you’ll move beyond simple statements to truly paint vivid pictures with your words. Whether you want to compliment someone on their excellent Mandarin or give clear directions, this chapter lays the essential groundwork.
We'll explore the versatile Degree Complement (得), the fundamental Directional Complements (来/去), and finally, combine them into powerful Compound Directional Complements. These elements are crucial for reaching conversational fluency and are core to the CEFR A1 level for Chinese learners.

How This Grammar Works

This chapter focuses on three key areas to help you describe actions and movement. First, the Degree Complement (得 de) allows you to express *how well* an action is performed. The basic structure is: Verb + 得 + Adjective/Adverbial Phrase.
For example, 他说汉语说得很好。 (Tā shuō Hànyǔ shuō de hěn hǎo. – He speaks Chinese very well.) Notice how the verb 说 (shuō – to speak) is repeated when there's an object (汉语 – Hànyǔ – Chinese). If there's no object, it's simply Verb + 得 + Adjective, like 他跑得很快。 (Tā pǎo de hěn kuài.
– He runs very fast.)
Next, we encounter the fundamental Simple Directional Complements (来 lái / 去 qù). These little powerhouses tell you if an action is moving *towards* the speaker's location (来) or *away* from the speaker's location (去). The structure is straightforward: Verb + 来 / 去.
For instance, if you're inside a room and want someone to enter, you'd say 你进来。 (Nǐ jìn lái. – You come in.) If you're leaving a room, you might say 我出去了。 (Wǒ chū qù le. – I went out.) It's all about your perspective!
Finally, we combine these ideas into Compound Directional Complements (复合趋向补语 fùhé qūxiàng bǔyǔ). These describe movement with more specific directions like up, down, in, or out, always ending with 来 or 去. The structure is: Verb + Directional Word (e.g., 上 shàng – up, 下 xià – down, 进 jìn – in, 出 chū – out, 回 huí – back, 过 guò – over) + 来 / 去.
So, 他上楼来了。 (Tā shàng lóu lái le. – He came upstairs.) means he moved *up* and *towards* the speaker. Conversely, 她走下去了。 (Tā zǒu xià qù le.
– She walked down.) indicates she moved *down* and *away* from the speaker. These Chinese compound directions add incredible precision to your descriptions of movement.

Common Mistakes

  1. 1✗ Wrong: 他很好地说汉语。 (Tā hěn hǎo de shuō Hànyǔ. – He very well speaks Chinese.)
✓ Correct: 他说汉语说得很好。 (Tā shuō Hànyǔ shuō de hěn hǎo. – He speaks Chinese very well.) OR 他汉语说得很好。 (Tā Hànyǔ shuō de hěn hǎo. – His Chinese speaking is very good.)
*Explanation:* When using the Degree Complement (得), if the verb has an object, you must either repeat the verb after the object (Verb + Object + Verb + 得 + Adjective) or place the object before the verb (Object + Verb + 得 + Adjective). You cannot simply place an adverbial phrase directly before the verb like in English.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: (Speaker *inside* a room, sees friend *outside*, says) 你出去！ (Nǐ chū qù! – You go out!)
✓ Correct: (Speaker *inside* a room, sees friend *outside*, says) 你进来！ (Nǐ jìn lái! – You come in!)
*Explanation:* The choice between 来 (lái) and 去 (qù) depends on the speaker's location. 来 indicates movement *towards* the speaker, while 去 indicates movement *away* from the speaker. If the speaker is inside, and wants someone outside to enter, the movement is *towards* the speaker, hence 进来.
  1. 1✗ Wrong: 他上楼。 (Tā shàng lóu. – He went upstairs.)
✓ Correct: 他上楼去了。 (Tā shàng lóu qù le. – He went upstairs.) OR 他上楼来了。 (Tā shàng lóu lái le. – He came upstairs.)
*Explanation:* When using Compound Directional Complements, you almost always need to include 来 (lái) or 去 (qù) at the end to indicate the direction relative to the speaker and complete the directional meaning. 上楼 by itself usually describes the action of ascending a building rather than a completed movement to a specific destination relative to the speaker.

Real Conversations

A

A

你中文说得真好！ (Nǐ Zhōngwén shuō de zhēn hǎo! – You speak Chinese really well!)
B

B

谢谢！我学得很努力。 (Xièxie! Wǒ xué de hěn nǔlì. – Thank you! I study very hard.)
A

A

小明，你什么时候过来？ (Xiǎo Míng, nǐ shénme shíhou guò lái? – Xiaoming, when are you coming over?)
B

B

我马上就过去，你等我一下。 (Wǒ mǎshàng jiù guò qù, nǐ děng wǒ yīxià. – I'll go over right away, wait for me a moment.)
A

A

老师，我可以进来吗？ (Lǎoshī, wǒ kěyǐ jìn lái ma? – Teacher, may I come in?)
B

B

请进来吧。 (Qǐng jìn lái ba. – Please come in.)

Quick FAQ

Q

What's the main difference between 说得很好 (shuō de hěn hǎo) and 很好地说 (hěn hǎo de shuō)?

说得很好 uses the Degree Complement (得) to describe *how* an action is performed, emphasizing the result or quality of the action. 很好地说 uses 地 (de) to form an adverbial phrase, describing *how* the action is carried out, but it's less common for quality and often sounds more formal or literary for descriptive adverbs.

Q

Can 来 (lái) or 去 (qù) be used alone without another verb?

Yes, in informal contexts, especially when the verb is obvious. For example, if someone calls you, you might just say “来了！” (Lái le! – Coming!) or “去了！” (Qù le! – Going!).

Q

Are there more Compound Directional Complements than just up/down/in/out?

Absolutely! Besides 上 (shàng), 下 (xià), 进 (jìn), 出 (chū), common ones include 回 (huí) (back), 过 (guò) (over/across), 起 (qǐ) (up from a surface), 开 (kāi) (away/apart).

Q

Does the object always go in the same place with the Degree Complement (得)?

No, when the verb has an object, you have two options: either repeat the verb after the object (e.g., 他说汉语说得很好) or place the object *before* the verb (e.g., 他汉语说得很好).

Cultural Context

Chinese speakers value precision in describing actions and movements, and these grammar patterns reflect that. The frequent use of 来 (lái) and 去 (qù) in daily conversation, even for simple actions, highlights a cultural awareness of position and relative direction. When giving

重要な例文 (6)

1

他跑进教室来了。

彼は教室に走って入ってきました。

中国語の複合方向補語：3D空間での動きを表現する
2

我想走出去看看。

外に歩いて行って、ちょっと見てみたいです。

中国語の複合方向補語：3D空間での動きを表現する
3

进来吧，外边冷。

中に入って、外は寒いよ。

来る・行く：中国語の単純方向補語 (来/去)
4

我下楼去拿外卖。

下の階にデリバリーを取りに行ってきます。

来る・行く：中国語の単純方向補語 (来/去)
5

你{进来|jìnlái}吧！

中に入ってきて！

来るか行くか：方向補語 (来/去)
6

我{回学校去|huí xuéxiào qù}。

学校に戻ります。

来るか行くか：方向補語 (来/去)

ヒントとコツ (4)

⚠️

場所のルールは超厳格！

「教室に入る」と言うとき、場所は必ず「来/去」の前に置きます。「中に入る＋教室＋来る」の順番だよ：«走进教室来。»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の複合方向補語：3D空間での動きを表現する
⚠️

動詞の繰り返しを忘れずに！

目的語があるときは動詞を繰り返してね。 «说中文说得好» と言わないと、ちょっと不自然に聞こえちゃうかも。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 動作の状態を説明する「得」の使い方
🎯

場所のサンドイッチ・ルール

場所の名前は、必ず動詞と「来/去」の間に挟んでください。「動詞＋場所＋方向」の順番が鉄則です。 «回学校来»
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 来る・行く：中国語の単純方向補語 (来/去)
⚠️

「場所」のトラップ

場所を「来」や「去」の後に置いちゃダメ。日本語の「家へ帰る」の感覚で «回去家» と言わず、«回家去» と言いましょう。
frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 来るか行くか：方向補語 (来/去)

重要な語彙 (8)

说(shuō) to speak/say 跑(pǎo) to run 快(kuài) fast 进(jìn) to enter 出(chū) to exit 回(huí) to return 上(shàng) to go up 下(xià) to go down

Real-World Preview

message-circle

Complimenting a Friend

map

Finding Your Way

Review Summary

  • Verb + 得 + Adjective
  • Verb + 来 / 去
  • Verb + [上/下/进/出/回/过/起] + 来/去

よくある間違い

You cannot link a verb directly to an adjective to describe quality; you MUST use the particle 'de' and usually an intensifier like 'hen'.

Wrong: 他说快 (Tā shuō kuài)
正解: 他说得很快 (Tā shuō de hěn kuài)

When using directional complements with a place (like 'home'), the place must come BEFORE 'lai' or 'qu'.

Wrong: 他进来家 (Tā jìn lái jiā)
正解: 他走进家里来 (Tā zǒu jìn jiā lǐ lái)

Students often use 'lai' for any movement. Remember: if the destination is not where you are currently standing, use 'qu'.

Wrong: 我走来 (Wǒ zǒu lái) [while walking away from home]
正解: 我走去 (Wǒ zǒu qù)

Next Steps

You've mastered some of the most unique structures in Chinese grammar today. Keep moving forward—literally!

Record yourself describing your commute using directional verbs.

Write 5 sentences about what your friends are good at using 'de'.

Continue to: Starting, Continuing, and Revealing

クイック練習 (9)

「飛び上がる」という文の間違いを見つけてね。

Find and fix the mistake:

{我|wǒ}{兴|xìng}{奋|fèn}{得|de}{跳|tiào}{起|qǐ}{去|qù}{了|le}。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {跳|tiào}{起|qǐ}{来|lái}{了|le}
「起」の後には必ず「来」が来ます。「去」は使えません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の複合方向補語：3D空間での動きを表現する

場所の「家」が正しい位置にある文はどれかな？

文法的に正しいものを選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {他|tā}{回|huí}{家|jiā}{来|lái}{了|le}。
「家」のような場所は、必ず方向（回）と視点（来/去）の間に挟みます。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の複合方向補語：3D空間での動きを表現する

友達を自分の部屋に招き入れる時、どの文が正しいですか？

文法的に正しい文を選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 请进来吧！
話し手は中にいるので、自分の方に向かう動きを表す「来」を使います。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 来る・行く：中国語の単純方向補語 (来/去)

「家に帰る」の正しい語順を選んでください。

Find and fix the mistake:

どれが正しいですか？

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 回家里去
中国語では、家などの場所は動詞「回」と方向「去」の間に置かなければなりません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 来るか行くか：方向補語 (来/去)

正しい方向を表す言葉を空欄に入れてください。

我明天要回___去。(私は明日、家に帰ります。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 家
場所である「家」は、動詞「回」と方向「去」の間に挟む必要があります。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 来る・行く：中国語の単純方向補語 (来/去)

中にいる自分の方へ入ってくるように言うときの正しい表現を選んでね。

{外|wài}{面|mian}{很|hěn}{冷|lěng}，{快|kuài}{走|zǒu}___。

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: {进来|jìnlái}
話している人は中にいて、相手に「中へ＋こっちへ」と促しているので「进来」が正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 中国語の複合方向補語：3D空間での動きを表現する

この文の間違いを見つけて直してください。

Find and fix the mistake:

他在楼上，他叫我上来楼。(彼は上の階にいて、私に上がってくるように言いました。)

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 他叫我上楼来。
名詞の「楼」は「上」と「来」の間に置かなければなりません。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 来る・行く：中国語の単純方向補語 (来/去)

友達が2階にいて、あなたは1階にいます。友達に何と言いますか？

最適なフレーズを選んでください：

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 你下来吧！
«下来»（降りてくる）は、相手が話し手（低い位置）に向かって近づいてくる動きを表します。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 来るか行くか：方向補語 (来/去)

話し手の位置に基づいて空欄を埋めてください（話し手は外にいます）。

他在房间里，我不想___ (go in).

✓ Correct! ✗ Not quite. Correct answer: 进去
話し手は外にいて、今いる場所から中へ「遠ざかる」動きなので «进去» が正解です。

frontend.learn_grammar.from_rule: 来るか行くか：方向補語 (来/去)

Score: /9

よくある質問 (6)

「来」と「去」の使い分けです。自分に近づく磁石が「«来»」、遠ざかるロケットが「«去»」だと覚えてね！
はい、でもそれは少しレベルが上がってからです。今は「歩く」「走る」「持つ」などの具体的な動きで練習しましょう。«走进来» などが基本です。
動作が「どんな感じか」という質や程度を説明するためだよ。ただ「走る」じゃなくて「速く走る」と言いたい時に使うんだ。 «跑得快»
使えるけど、意味が「〜できる」に変わっちゃうんだ。これは「可能補語」っていう別のルールになるよ。 «做得了»
単独でも「来る」「行く」という動詞になりますが、付け足しとして使う時は「歩く」「戻る」などの具体的な動きの動詞が必要です。 «走过来»
目的地にあなたがいるなら、必ず «来» を使ってください。それ以外の場所にいるなら «去» です。 «你快回来»
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